Earth Science Final Review

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Why do scientists develop a hypothesis before conducting research?

It helps to predict outcomes and define the parameters of the research

In the northern hemisphere, daylight hours are longest at the

June solstice, specifically June 21st

________ and _______ both favored a heliocentric solar system, but ______ was forced to recant his beliefs in the inquisition.

Kepler and Galileo, Galileo

Today, new continental crust is being created __________. a.) in the interior of continents b.) at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries c.) at the core-mantle boundary d.) at divergent boundaries

at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries

which of the following measures would reduce the possibility of landsliding ? a.) increased water content of the slope b.) increased slope angle c.) increased weight on the slope d.) increased drainage of the slope

increased drainage of the slope

according to Hubble's Law other galaxies are ________ Earth, and more distant galaxies are doing so _________

moving away from, faster

which form of mass wasting would be most likely after heavy rains on a recently active volcano with significant ash deposits? a.) mudflow b.) slump c.) rockslide d.) debris flow

mudflow

In order for a scientific controversy to be resolved, which of the following is most likely to occur? -all scientists must agree on a resolution -a vote is taken among interested scientists -multiple lines of evidence favor one side -controversies are never really resolved

multiple lines of evidence favor one side.

IN the last stage of stellar evolution following a supernova, massive stars will form a _________ while even more massive stars may form a __________

neutron star, black hole

Divergent margins are where:

new lithosphere is being created

Mercury has almost _______ atmosphere, and ________.

no, great temperature extremes

If a pure quartz sandstone is metamorphosed, a _____ metamorphic rock called ______ will be formed. a.) foliated, quartzite b.) foliated, quartz schist c.) non-foliated, quartzite d.) non-foliated, quartz schist

non-foliated, quartzite

Tides are increased when the shoreline is: a.) shallow and linear b.) steep and irregular c.) steep and linear d.) shallow and irregular

shallow and linear

The Earth absorbs _______ radiation and re-radiates _______ radiation. - Shortwave, shortwave - shortwave, longwave - longwave, shortwave - longwave, longwave

shortwave, longwave

steep, rounded depressions and water-filled holes common in areas of limestone bedrock are: a.) kettles b.) sinkholes c.) tarns d.) stalactites e.) stalagmites

sinkholes

Surface waves are ______ than body waves, and _____ responsible for much ground shaking and structural damage during major earthquakes a.) faster, are b.) faster, are not c.) slower, are d.) slower, are not

slower, are

Most scientists believe that heavy elements were produced by the ____________, and light elements were created by the ____________

stars, big bang

H-R diagram classifies stars according to

stellar luminosity and temperature

This major zone for seawater is where temperature decreases rapidly with depth, reaching a maximum depth of about 1500 km.

thermocline

What is the dominant character of the 4 outer planets? -all are blue-green -they are large and gas rich -all are cold and icy world -they lack associated moons

they are large and gas rich

Some fossil species are of little value to geologists for correlation because: -they existed for a short period of geological time -they were widespread -they existed for a long period of geologic time

they existed for a long period of geological time

Why do continental tropical air mass have relatively low humidity and high temperatures?

they form over low latitude continents

The San Andreas Fault represents a _________ boundary or zone

transform

___________ are lines of equal pressure drawn on a weather map.

Isobars

a possible driving force for plate tectonics is a.) magnetic reversals b.) convection c.) basal drag d.) polar wandering

convection

subduction occurs along what type of plate boundary?

convergent

The highest part of a wave is the _____ and the lowest part the _____. The difference between these is the wave _______. a.) trough, crest, length b.) height, crest, trough c.) crest, trough, height

crest, trough, height

all of these can indicate current direction EXCEPT a.) ripples b.) cross-beds c.) mudcracks d.) clast imbrication

cross-beds

When a liquid cools, minerals can form. This is the process of:

crystallization

subduction zone volcanoes tend to be relatively _______, and are fed by silica-_______ magma. a.) gentle, poor b.) gentle, rich c.) violent, poor d.) violent, rich

d.) violent, rich

What is the Mercalli Intensity scale based upon? a.) Damage and human reports b.) Seismic wave amplitude c.) Measurements from seismometers

damage and human reports

What makes up most of the Universe?

dark energy in the universe- 70%

The volume of water flowing in a stream per unit time is the stream's: a.) capacity b.) velocity c.) drainage d.) discharge

discharge

Flat-lying sedimentary rocks are found beneath an erosional surface, and other flat-lying rocks are found above the erosional surface. The erosional surface is a _______. -angular unconformity -conformity -disconformity -nonconformity

disconformity

What does the Gulf Stream do? -distributes heat to the North Atlantic -distributes heat to the Gulf of Mexico -distributes heat to the South Atlantic

distributes heat to the North Atlantic

Where would you find the largest difference in shallow and deep ocean temperatures?

low latitudes (near equator)

Which system are more likely to be associated with cloudy conditions and why?

low pressure systems because air rises there

What air pressure and wind directions are present in tornadoes?

low pressure, winds flow inward

Felsic magmas are characterized by a ______ temperature and a _____ silica content than magic magmas. a.) lower, higher b.) higher, lower c.) similar, higher d.) similar, lower

lower, higher

Which feature on Earth's moon is the oldest and consists of heavily cratered, feldspar rich, igneous rock?

lunar highlands

The Hawaiian Islands are thought to have been formed at a ________.

mantle hot spot

How does mass wasting connect the processes of weathering and erosion? a.) mass wasting causes increased weathering and transports material to the ocean in streams or the like. b.) Mass wasting processes remove material from the weathering site and transport it to a stream or the like c.) Mass wasting transports material to a weathering site where erosion removes it downslope to the ocean d.) mass wasting processes add material to the streams at the bottom of steep slopes so that erosion can add it to weathering sites

mass wasting processes remove material from the weathering site and transport it to a stream or the like

Oxbow lakes are formed by _______ rivers or streams, and occur as a river bend ______. a.) braided, is abandoned b.) braided, becomes more sinuous c.) meandering, is abandoned d.) meandering, becomes more sinuous

meandering, is abandoned

Latent heat energy is absorbed by _________

melting

which processes would change a metamorphic rock to an igneous rock? a.) weathering, transport, and lithification b.) melting and crystallization c.) increased temperature and pressure

melting and crystallization

Shock metamorphism results from: a.) contact with a hot magma body b.) mountain-building c.) subduction d.) meteorite impacts e.) gradual pressure increase with depth

meteorite impacts

The atmosphere of Neptune contains a small amount of _______ which gives its blue-green color

methane

Unconformities represent _______ time, and are commonly marked by a ________.

missing, erosional surface

Air masses are characterized by their _______ content and ________

moisture, temperature

Global warming will cause ________ methane to be released into the atmosphere from ocean deposits, which will _______ warming.

more, increase

Land surfaces heat ______ rapidly than water, and cool ______ rapidly than water.

more, more

Volcanic rocks form from the ______ cooling of magma, result in the formation of relatively ______ crystals. a.) rapid, large b.) rapid, small c.) slow, large d.) slow, small

rapid, small

According to Kepler's second law, called the law of equal areas, planets move ______. -at a constant speed -rapidly when close the Sun and slower farther from the Sun. -slowly when close the Sun and rapidly farther from the Sun -None of the above

rapidly when close to the Sun and slower farther from the Sun.

What happens to relative humidity of an isolated, unsaturated parcel of air as temperature decreases?

relative humidity increases

Which of the following is NOT a plutonic rock? a.) gabbro b.) granite c.) diorite d.) rhyolite

rhyolite

Which tectonic setting accounts for the majority of lava production? a.) rift b.) subduction c.) intraplate d.) transform

rift

Pluto still exists, so how do you explain that we are now officially only have 8 planets in our solar system? -scientific explanations are tentative -science is based on empirical observations -scientific explanations make predictions -science is limited by technology

science is based on empirical observations

Which statement best describes science? -science is a large body of factual knowledge -science is the process of discovery -science is the quest for ultimate truth

science is the process of discovery

a volcano that is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders is a _____? a.) scoria cone b.) shied volcano c.) composite volcano d.) volcanic dome e.) caldera

scoria cone

Hess's explanation of the formation of ocean crust is called:

seafloor spreading

A large, flat-topped submerged hill rising from the sea floor is a what?

seamount

A sedimentary rock composed of clay-sized particles is best classified as: a.) shale b.) slate c.) sandstone d.) conglomerate

shale

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 200 million years. If 6.2% of the parent product remains and 93.8% have been replaced by the daughter product, how old is the sample in million years? -200 -375 -400 -800

800

A scientific theory must be all of the following EXCEPT -Logical -Testable -Predictive -Speculative

-Logical

Which geologic time principle states that older geologic units are below younger geologic units? -Principle of superposition -Principle of cross cutting relations -Principle of original horizontality

-Principle of superposition

What are the Pythagorean Paradigm three key points?

1.) The planets, Sun, Moon and stars move in perfectly circular orbits 2.) The speed of the planets, Sun, Moon and stars in their circular orbits is perfectly uniform 3.) The Earth is at the exact center of the motion of the celestial bodies

A Richter magnitude 5 earthquake releases ______ times less energy than a Richter magnitude 8. a.) 3 b.) 100 c.) 1,000 d.) 32,000

100

The best estimate as to the age of the universe using cosmic background radiation data is about __________ years

13.7 billion

The salinity of seawater ranges from _______ to _______ percent.

3.3-3.7

How long ago did the Earth form? -4 thousand years ago -4.5 millions years ago -460 million years ago -4.6 billion years ago -46 billions years ago

4.6 billion years ago

About ______% of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface

50

Approximately what percentage of the earth's surface is covered by the oceans?

70%

What percentage of heat from global warming has the ocean absorbed in the past 40 years?

90%

Which of the following is not used to study temperature variations over the last thousand years? - Coral growth - Ice cores - Tree rings - All of the above are used

All of the above are used -Coral growth -Ice cores - tree rings

Think about the orbits of Kuiper belt comets, Oort cloud comets and asteroids. Place them in order from longest to shortest average amount of time required for each of them to orbit the sun. -Kuiper belt, Oort cloud, asteroid -Oort cloud, Kuiper belt, asteroid -Asteroid, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud

Asteroid, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud

The parent material of soils can best be identified by examining the _____ horizon a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) E

C

Which of the following would tend to increase the rate of chemical weathering and produce thicker soil horizons? a.) mechanical weathering b.) increased rainfall c.) higher temperatures d.) C and B e.) all of the above

C and B

Which of the following will not lead to the formation of a metamorphic rock? a.) Burial and compaction of sediments b.) Evaporation of salt water c.) Extreme pressures and temperatures associated with mountain building d.) All of the above will lead to the formation of metamorphic rocks

C.)

All of the following are potential environmental, ecological, and human effects of global warming except: - Wet places will get wetter - Dry places will get drier - Coastal erosion will decrease - Oceans will get more acidic - Floods and droughts will occur more often

Coastal erosion will decrease

Which of the following does not cause long-term climate change? - changing locations of continents and oceans due to plate tectonics - changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun - Coriolis effect on air masses in the troposphere - Variations in the composition of the atmosphere such as concentrations of greenhouse gases

Coriolis effect on air masses in the troposphere

The plate consists of the a.) Asthenosphere, crust b.) Crust, upper mantle c.) Upper mantle, asthenosphere

Crust, upper mantle

what phenomenon does the Coriolis Effect arise from?

Curvature of the earth's surface

In the southern hemisphere, daylight hours are longest at the

December solstice

If only about 2% of the world's water is tied up in glacial ice, why would we worry if all of the ice melted?

Even though the percentage is low, the volume is large, so melting the glaciers will raise sea level and flood the coastlines of the world

On average, what weather phenomenon kills the most people in the US every year?

Excessive heat

In the context of science, how would you classify the following statement? Dinosaurs become extinct because a large asteroid collided with Earth. -Theory -Hypothesis -Observation

Hypothesis

In the past the areas of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica were joined. This supercontinent was called:

Gondwanaland

Which of these circulation systems has a sinking limb around 30 degrees north and south? - Hadley Cell - Polar Cell - Walker Cell

Hadley Cell

Where have some of the strongest and earliest impacts of global warming occurred?

In northern latitudes

Which of the 4 Galilean moons is the most volcanically active object in the Solar System, erupting sulfur-rich lava?

Io

what is the correct order of 8 of the planets?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

A fossil that forms when an object is pressed into mud and dries is a(n) _________ fossil? -Imprint -Mold -Cast -Trace

Mold

This planet was mathematically predicted to be present before it was actually seen

Neptune

The most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere is _________.

Nitrogen

Where do stream channels experience the most erosion? a.) On the inside of a bend where velocity is lower b.) On the inside of a bend where the velocity is higher c.) On the outside of a bend where the velocity is lower d.) On the outside of a bend where the velocity is higher

On the outside of a bend where the velocity is higher

This is the least dense of all the planets. It is - Mercury - Saturn - Neptune - Uranus

Saturn

if sedimentary rocks account for only about 5% of the Earth's top 10 km, which one of the following is NOT a reason why sedimentary rocks are still considered "important"? a.) Sedimentary rocks contain fossils that are vital tools in the study of geological past. b.) Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the crystallization sequence of minerals produced by solidifying magma c.)Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of past events and environments in which their particles were deposited. d.) Many sedimentary rocks are important economically since they contain coal and other mined materials

Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the crystallization sequence of minerals produced by solidifying magma

what type of volcanoes form the Hawaiian Islands? a.) Shield volcanoes b.) Stratovolcanoes c.) Cinder cone volcanoes

Shield volcanoes

How long have asteroids been striking Earth?

Since Earth formed

_______ was the first person to determine that the gravity force must also extend "to the orb of the moon".

Sir Isaac Newton

_____________ are explosive ejections of particles that last about an hour and heat solar gas to tens of millions of degrees Celsius. These particles approach the speed of light and when they reach the Earth they can disrupt radio communications.

Solar flares

You examine an igneous rock that has mineral grains which are large and are primarily dark green and black color. Which statement concerning the rock IS NOT accurate? a.) The textural classification of the rock would be course grained b.) This rock would be classified as plutonic rock. c.) This rock likely has minerals with chemical elements like iron and magnesium in them d.) The composition of the magma that formed this rock would be Felsic e.) A likely rock name for this specimen would be a gabbro

The composition of the magma that formed this rock would be Felsic

What must be true of a rock unit that is cut by an igneous intrusion? -The rock unit is the same age as the intrusion. -The rock unit is younger than the intrusion -The rock unit is older than the intrusion

The rock unit is older than the intrusion

During LaNina _________ waters are present in the easter Pacific and there are droughts in __________. -Warm, Africa -Warm, South America -Cool, Africa -Cool, South America

Warm, South America

Most moons do not have significant atmospheres. The exception is -Ganymede -Titan -Io -Enceladus

Titan

This Texas area contains one of the largest oil-producing regions in the world a.) South Texas Brush Country b.) Edward Plateau c.) Trans-Pecos d.) Rolling Plains e.) High Plains

Trans-Pecos

This Texas area contains varied topography from deserts to mountains a.) South Texas Brush Country b.) Trans-Pecos c.) Rolling Plains d.) High Plains e.) Piney Woods

Trans-Pecos

True or False: The California current is cold

True

True or False: Warm water expands, so warming of the oceans leads to an increase in sea level.

True

Volcanoes at convergent boundaries have more hydrogen compared to those at divergent boundaries which have more carbon. a.) True b.) False

True

________________ was a Danish astronomer who was skeptical of the heliocentric hypothesis of Copernicus, and collected the most accurate planetary data of the time from an astronomical observatory that was built in the year of 1572 on the Danish island of Hven

Tycho Brahe

Which principle suggests that geologic processes that operate on Earth today are similar to those that operated in the past? -Catastrophic -Uniformitarian -Deep time

Uniformitarian

Geostrophic winds form in the _______ troposphere and flow ______ to the pressure gradient.

Upper, parallel

Which planets have rings? -Mars and Jupiter -Uranus and Neptune -Saturn and Venus -Saturn and Triton

Uranus and Neptune

What factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved? -the age of the fossil and the age of sediments in which it is preserved -the temperature of the granite and how fast it cooled -whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried -the color of the original organism compared to the color of the sediments in which it is found -whether the creature was a predator or was prey

Whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried

which of the following was not a line of evidence used by Suess and Wegener to prove continental movement?

age of the ocean

Metamorphic rocks may form from: a.) sedimentary rocks b.) igneous rocks c.) metamorphic rocks d.) all of the above e.) only B and C

all of the above

The first person to orbit the Earth was

Yuri Gagarin

A seismic gap is defined as a place along a fault where _______ a.) large earthquakes have recently occurred b.) a large earthquake has not occurred for a long time c.) no earthquakes have occurred d.) several earthquakes have recently occurred

a large earthquake has not occurred for a long time

which statement is true about magma and volcanoes? a.) a high viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a low viscosity magma. Therefore the eruption will explosive. b.) a low viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a magma with high viscosity. Therefore the eruption will be fluid and passive. c.) a high viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a low viscosity magma. Therefore the eruption will be fluid and passive d.) a low viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a magma with high viscosity. Therefore the eruption will be explosive.

a low viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a magma with high viscosity. Therefore the eruption will be fluid and passive.

A meteorite is...

a meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth's atmosphere and lands upon the Earth's surface

what is the best definition of the term "theory," as it is used in science? -a theory is a guess or hunch about something that has occurred in nature. -a theory is a comprehensive set of ideas explaining a phenomenon in nature -a theory is based on verifiable laws and can be proven true -a theory is a hypothesis that uses laws and observation to make an assumption

a theory is a comprehensive set of ideas explaining a phenomenon in nature

What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens and what caused the explosion? a.) It is a strata-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were quickly released. b.) It is a strata-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were slowly released. c.) It is a shield-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were quickly released. d.) It is a shield-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were slowly released.

a.) it is a strato-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were quickly released

The lava texture that is block and jagged is called: a.) aa b.) pahoehoe c.) clastic d.) ropy

aa

In locating an earthquake epicenter all of the following are necessary EXCEPT: a.) calculating the Richter magnitude b.) determine the difference in P and S wave arrive times c.) calculating distance using a travel-time curve d.) plotting distance from at least three seismic stations

calculating the Richter magnitude

Calcite (CaCO3) is a ________ mineral, while gypsum (CaSO4) is a __________

carbonate, sulfate

The organisms living around hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean get their energy from ________.

chemosynthesis: creating energy from sulfur-bearing chemicals

Suppose you pick up a rock that formed from the sediments of weathered rocks. What type of rock have you found?

clastic

the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar will produce _______. a.) calcite b.) clay c.) glass d.) sodium feldspar

clay

_______ and _______ ocean currents will sink.

cold, fresh

The two fundamental identifying characteristics of a mineral are

composition and structure

The rate and direction of plate movements can be determined using all EXCEPT: a.) ages of seafloor rocks at various distances from a spreading ridge b.) direct measurements from satellites c.) hot spots d.) erosion rate of volcanic rocks

erosion rate of volcanic rocks

When air is forced to rise it _________, and its temperature __________

expands, decreases

the alignment of platy minerals, like clays or micas, during metamorphism leads to the development of a.) foliation b.) lineation c.) dehydration d.) porosity

foliation

Transform plate boundaries are characterized by:

frequent earthquakes

The jet stream flows:

from west to east

The mineral _____ is commonly used to make plasterboard (also called wallboard). a.) calcite b.) gypsum c.) halite d.) olivine

gypsum

The heat-holding capacity of seawater is _______, so that sea surface temperature ______ an important effect on weather and climate

high, has an

Floods in urbanized basins often have _____ peak discharges, and reach their peaks more _____ than floods in undeveloped basins a.) higher, quickly b.) higher, slowly c.) lower, quickly d.) lower, slowly

higher, quickly

A location where a stationary magma plume creates volcanoes

hot spot

Where is most of Earth's freshwater? a.) ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater b.) groundwater and rivers c.) lakes and swamps d.) rivers and streams e.) oceans

ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater

Precursors to volcanic eruptions may include all of the following EXCEPT a.) increased earthquakes b.) change in composition of emitted gases c.) bulge or tilt of the earth's surface d.) increases frequency of lahars

increased frequency of lahars

The burning of fossil fuels has ______ the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and appears to be contributing to the global ________ problem.

increased, warming

In general the density of rocks ______ with depth, and the speed of earthquake waves _____ with depth.

increases, increases

the bonding characterized by joining Cl- to NA+ is

ionic

A reddish coloration in sedimentary rocks results from the presence of __________, and points towards an oxygen-________ environment. a.) iron oxide, poor b.) iron oxide, rich c.) organic detritus, poor d.) organic detritus, rich

iron oxide, rich

Most groundwater pumped in the United States is used for: a.) industry b.) irrigation c.) drinking water d.) swimming pools

irrigation

What happens to the density of air with increasing elevation in the atmosphere?

it decreases

Most of the hydrogen and helium can be found in the ______ planets, and most of the heavy elements such as iron, aluminum and silica are found in the _________ planets.

jovian, terrestrial

Headward erosion is the process whereby a stream: a.) deepens its channel b.) lengthens its channel c.) widens its channel d.) fills its channel

lengthens its channel

Most karst landscapes are underlain by the rock ________ a.) sandstone b.) limestone c.) granite d.) shale

limestone

The S-wave shadow zone is produced by the blocking of waves by the _______ a.) liquid outer core b.) lower mantle c.) crust-mantle boundary d.) solid inner core

liquid outer core

The low-velocity zone is a seismic discontinuity produced by the boundary between the ______ and _______.

lithosphere, asthenosphere

Tsunami waves in the open ocean are characterized by __________ wavelengths and ___________ wave heights.

long, low

which of the following are present on Earth but not on any other planet? -ice -features interpreted to have formed by flowing water -volcanoes -dust storms -none of these

none of these

Which of the following is the main reason that a delta forms when a stream flows into a lake or sea? a.) the stream flows backward during high tide b.) ocean waves push the sediment up onto the beach c.) the velocity of the stream decreases d.) the stream began downcutting during the ice ages e.) none of these

ocean waves push the sediment up onto the beach

At an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary, the _____ plate will subduct, and a _____ arc will form a.) continental, continental volcanic b.) continental, volcanic island c.) oceanic, continental volcanic d.) oceanic, volcanic island

oceanic, continental volcanic

what type of chemical weathering causes rust to form? a.) dissolution b.) hydrolysis c.) oxidation

oxidation

A very coarse-grained igneous rock, believed to form from water-rich, very fluid magma, is a.) pegmatite b.) porphyry c.) phenocryst d.) glassy

pegmatite

Minerals such as diamond and graphite that have the same chemical composition but different structures are called ______.

polymorphs

if a sedimentary rock is composed of many different size particles it is said to be: a.) poorly sorted b.) poorly rounded c.) lithified d.) exfoliated

poorly sorted

Which of the following sequences below correctly describes the evolution of the Sun from young to old? -white dwarf, red giant, main-sequence, protostar -red giant, main-sequence, white dwarf, protostar -protostar, red giant, main-sequence, white dwarf -protostar, main-sequence, white dwarf, red giant -protostar, main-sequence, red giant, white dwarf

protostar, main-sequence, red giant, white dwarf

When scientists report uncertainty in their data, they are? -expressing concern over whether their date are correct -stating that they do not know what their research means -quantifying the degree of error and variability present in the data -suggesting that others should not trust their conclusions

quantifying the degree of error and variability present in the data

To get to safety if you are caught in a rip current you should: a.) swim directly back to shore b.) relax and go with the current c.) go underwater and swim back to shore d.) swim perpendicular to the current

swim perpendicular to the current

What typically happens when a warm front passes through a region?

temperatures rise, pressures rise

What is a tectonic plate? a.) the plastic asthenosphere above the rigid core and upper mantle b.) the crust and underlying rigid mantle above the asthenosphere

the crust and underlying rigid mantle above the asthenosphere

which one of the following statements concerning foci and epicenters is correct? a.) The focus is the faulted point on the surface directly above the epicenter b.) the fault first cracks at the epicenter and breaks through to the surface at the focus c.) the epicenter is at the surface directly above the focus where the earthquake initiates d.) the earthquake starts at the focus and the rupture extends down to the epicenter

the epicenter is at the surface directly above the focus where the earthquake initiates.

what criteria are primarily used to classify mass wasting? a.) land use and velocity of movement b.) volume of water and velocity of movement c.) type of material and type of movement d.) slope angle and volume of precipitation

type of material and type of movement

Volcanic domes are formed by a.) hot spots b.) abundant eruption of cinders and other pyroclastic c.) viscous, rhyolitic lavas d.) lahars

viscous, rhyolitic lavas

Carbonate sedimentation, which forms limestone, is most likely to occur in a.) deep, cold waters b.) warm, shallow waters c.) a beach environment d.) a tidal flat

warm, shallow waters

the depth at which the orbital motion in waves dies out

wave base

the deflection of waves approaching an irregular coastline

wave refraction

What happens to the wavelength and wave height of an ocean wave as it approaches the coast? a.) wavelength and wave height decrease b.) wavelength decreases, wave height increases c.) wavelength increases, wave height decreases d.) wavelength and wave height increase

wavelength decreases, wave height increases

Mineral cleavage is:

when the mineral breaks along one or more flat planes

Groins will ______ updraft beaches, and _____ downdrift beaches. a.) erode, erode b.) erode, widen c.) widen, widen d.)widen, erode

widen, erode


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