Earth Science Final Review
Why do scientists develop a hypothesis before conducting research?
It helps to predict outcomes and define the parameters of the research
In the northern hemisphere, daylight hours are longest at the
June solstice, specifically June 21st
________ and _______ both favored a heliocentric solar system, but ______ was forced to recant his beliefs in the inquisition.
Kepler and Galileo, Galileo
Today, new continental crust is being created __________. a.) in the interior of continents b.) at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries c.) at the core-mantle boundary d.) at divergent boundaries
at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries
which of the following measures would reduce the possibility of landsliding ? a.) increased water content of the slope b.) increased slope angle c.) increased weight on the slope d.) increased drainage of the slope
increased drainage of the slope
according to Hubble's Law other galaxies are ________ Earth, and more distant galaxies are doing so _________
moving away from, faster
which form of mass wasting would be most likely after heavy rains on a recently active volcano with significant ash deposits? a.) mudflow b.) slump c.) rockslide d.) debris flow
mudflow
In order for a scientific controversy to be resolved, which of the following is most likely to occur? -all scientists must agree on a resolution -a vote is taken among interested scientists -multiple lines of evidence favor one side -controversies are never really resolved
multiple lines of evidence favor one side.
IN the last stage of stellar evolution following a supernova, massive stars will form a _________ while even more massive stars may form a __________
neutron star, black hole
Divergent margins are where:
new lithosphere is being created
Mercury has almost _______ atmosphere, and ________.
no, great temperature extremes
If a pure quartz sandstone is metamorphosed, a _____ metamorphic rock called ______ will be formed. a.) foliated, quartzite b.) foliated, quartz schist c.) non-foliated, quartzite d.) non-foliated, quartz schist
non-foliated, quartzite
Tides are increased when the shoreline is: a.) shallow and linear b.) steep and irregular c.) steep and linear d.) shallow and irregular
shallow and linear
The Earth absorbs _______ radiation and re-radiates _______ radiation. - Shortwave, shortwave - shortwave, longwave - longwave, shortwave - longwave, longwave
shortwave, longwave
steep, rounded depressions and water-filled holes common in areas of limestone bedrock are: a.) kettles b.) sinkholes c.) tarns d.) stalactites e.) stalagmites
sinkholes
Surface waves are ______ than body waves, and _____ responsible for much ground shaking and structural damage during major earthquakes a.) faster, are b.) faster, are not c.) slower, are d.) slower, are not
slower, are
Most scientists believe that heavy elements were produced by the ____________, and light elements were created by the ____________
stars, big bang
H-R diagram classifies stars according to
stellar luminosity and temperature
This major zone for seawater is where temperature decreases rapidly with depth, reaching a maximum depth of about 1500 km.
thermocline
What is the dominant character of the 4 outer planets? -all are blue-green -they are large and gas rich -all are cold and icy world -they lack associated moons
they are large and gas rich
Some fossil species are of little value to geologists for correlation because: -they existed for a short period of geological time -they were widespread -they existed for a long period of geologic time
they existed for a long period of geological time
Why do continental tropical air mass have relatively low humidity and high temperatures?
they form over low latitude continents
The San Andreas Fault represents a _________ boundary or zone
transform
___________ are lines of equal pressure drawn on a weather map.
Isobars
a possible driving force for plate tectonics is a.) magnetic reversals b.) convection c.) basal drag d.) polar wandering
convection
subduction occurs along what type of plate boundary?
convergent
The highest part of a wave is the _____ and the lowest part the _____. The difference between these is the wave _______. a.) trough, crest, length b.) height, crest, trough c.) crest, trough, height
crest, trough, height
all of these can indicate current direction EXCEPT a.) ripples b.) cross-beds c.) mudcracks d.) clast imbrication
cross-beds
When a liquid cools, minerals can form. This is the process of:
crystallization
subduction zone volcanoes tend to be relatively _______, and are fed by silica-_______ magma. a.) gentle, poor b.) gentle, rich c.) violent, poor d.) violent, rich
d.) violent, rich
What is the Mercalli Intensity scale based upon? a.) Damage and human reports b.) Seismic wave amplitude c.) Measurements from seismometers
damage and human reports
What makes up most of the Universe?
dark energy in the universe- 70%
The volume of water flowing in a stream per unit time is the stream's: a.) capacity b.) velocity c.) drainage d.) discharge
discharge
Flat-lying sedimentary rocks are found beneath an erosional surface, and other flat-lying rocks are found above the erosional surface. The erosional surface is a _______. -angular unconformity -conformity -disconformity -nonconformity
disconformity
What does the Gulf Stream do? -distributes heat to the North Atlantic -distributes heat to the Gulf of Mexico -distributes heat to the South Atlantic
distributes heat to the North Atlantic
Where would you find the largest difference in shallow and deep ocean temperatures?
low latitudes (near equator)
Which system are more likely to be associated with cloudy conditions and why?
low pressure systems because air rises there
What air pressure and wind directions are present in tornadoes?
low pressure, winds flow inward
Felsic magmas are characterized by a ______ temperature and a _____ silica content than magic magmas. a.) lower, higher b.) higher, lower c.) similar, higher d.) similar, lower
lower, higher
Which feature on Earth's moon is the oldest and consists of heavily cratered, feldspar rich, igneous rock?
lunar highlands
The Hawaiian Islands are thought to have been formed at a ________.
mantle hot spot
How does mass wasting connect the processes of weathering and erosion? a.) mass wasting causes increased weathering and transports material to the ocean in streams or the like. b.) Mass wasting processes remove material from the weathering site and transport it to a stream or the like c.) Mass wasting transports material to a weathering site where erosion removes it downslope to the ocean d.) mass wasting processes add material to the streams at the bottom of steep slopes so that erosion can add it to weathering sites
mass wasting processes remove material from the weathering site and transport it to a stream or the like
Oxbow lakes are formed by _______ rivers or streams, and occur as a river bend ______. a.) braided, is abandoned b.) braided, becomes more sinuous c.) meandering, is abandoned d.) meandering, becomes more sinuous
meandering, is abandoned
Latent heat energy is absorbed by _________
melting
which processes would change a metamorphic rock to an igneous rock? a.) weathering, transport, and lithification b.) melting and crystallization c.) increased temperature and pressure
melting and crystallization
Shock metamorphism results from: a.) contact with a hot magma body b.) mountain-building c.) subduction d.) meteorite impacts e.) gradual pressure increase with depth
meteorite impacts
The atmosphere of Neptune contains a small amount of _______ which gives its blue-green color
methane
Unconformities represent _______ time, and are commonly marked by a ________.
missing, erosional surface
Air masses are characterized by their _______ content and ________
moisture, temperature
Global warming will cause ________ methane to be released into the atmosphere from ocean deposits, which will _______ warming.
more, increase
Land surfaces heat ______ rapidly than water, and cool ______ rapidly than water.
more, more
Volcanic rocks form from the ______ cooling of magma, result in the formation of relatively ______ crystals. a.) rapid, large b.) rapid, small c.) slow, large d.) slow, small
rapid, small
According to Kepler's second law, called the law of equal areas, planets move ______. -at a constant speed -rapidly when close the Sun and slower farther from the Sun. -slowly when close the Sun and rapidly farther from the Sun -None of the above
rapidly when close to the Sun and slower farther from the Sun.
What happens to relative humidity of an isolated, unsaturated parcel of air as temperature decreases?
relative humidity increases
Which of the following is NOT a plutonic rock? a.) gabbro b.) granite c.) diorite d.) rhyolite
rhyolite
Which tectonic setting accounts for the majority of lava production? a.) rift b.) subduction c.) intraplate d.) transform
rift
Pluto still exists, so how do you explain that we are now officially only have 8 planets in our solar system? -scientific explanations are tentative -science is based on empirical observations -scientific explanations make predictions -science is limited by technology
science is based on empirical observations
Which statement best describes science? -science is a large body of factual knowledge -science is the process of discovery -science is the quest for ultimate truth
science is the process of discovery
a volcano that is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders is a _____? a.) scoria cone b.) shied volcano c.) composite volcano d.) volcanic dome e.) caldera
scoria cone
Hess's explanation of the formation of ocean crust is called:
seafloor spreading
A large, flat-topped submerged hill rising from the sea floor is a what?
seamount
A sedimentary rock composed of clay-sized particles is best classified as: a.) shale b.) slate c.) sandstone d.) conglomerate
shale
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 200 million years. If 6.2% of the parent product remains and 93.8% have been replaced by the daughter product, how old is the sample in million years? -200 -375 -400 -800
800
A scientific theory must be all of the following EXCEPT -Logical -Testable -Predictive -Speculative
-Logical
Which geologic time principle states that older geologic units are below younger geologic units? -Principle of superposition -Principle of cross cutting relations -Principle of original horizontality
-Principle of superposition
What are the Pythagorean Paradigm three key points?
1.) The planets, Sun, Moon and stars move in perfectly circular orbits 2.) The speed of the planets, Sun, Moon and stars in their circular orbits is perfectly uniform 3.) The Earth is at the exact center of the motion of the celestial bodies
A Richter magnitude 5 earthquake releases ______ times less energy than a Richter magnitude 8. a.) 3 b.) 100 c.) 1,000 d.) 32,000
100
The best estimate as to the age of the universe using cosmic background radiation data is about __________ years
13.7 billion
The salinity of seawater ranges from _______ to _______ percent.
3.3-3.7
How long ago did the Earth form? -4 thousand years ago -4.5 millions years ago -460 million years ago -4.6 billion years ago -46 billions years ago
4.6 billion years ago
About ______% of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface
50
Approximately what percentage of the earth's surface is covered by the oceans?
70%
What percentage of heat from global warming has the ocean absorbed in the past 40 years?
90%
Which of the following is not used to study temperature variations over the last thousand years? - Coral growth - Ice cores - Tree rings - All of the above are used
All of the above are used -Coral growth -Ice cores - tree rings
Think about the orbits of Kuiper belt comets, Oort cloud comets and asteroids. Place them in order from longest to shortest average amount of time required for each of them to orbit the sun. -Kuiper belt, Oort cloud, asteroid -Oort cloud, Kuiper belt, asteroid -Asteroid, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud
Asteroid, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud
The parent material of soils can best be identified by examining the _____ horizon a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) E
C
Which of the following would tend to increase the rate of chemical weathering and produce thicker soil horizons? a.) mechanical weathering b.) increased rainfall c.) higher temperatures d.) C and B e.) all of the above
C and B
Which of the following will not lead to the formation of a metamorphic rock? a.) Burial and compaction of sediments b.) Evaporation of salt water c.) Extreme pressures and temperatures associated with mountain building d.) All of the above will lead to the formation of metamorphic rocks
C.)
All of the following are potential environmental, ecological, and human effects of global warming except: - Wet places will get wetter - Dry places will get drier - Coastal erosion will decrease - Oceans will get more acidic - Floods and droughts will occur more often
Coastal erosion will decrease
Which of the following does not cause long-term climate change? - changing locations of continents and oceans due to plate tectonics - changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun - Coriolis effect on air masses in the troposphere - Variations in the composition of the atmosphere such as concentrations of greenhouse gases
Coriolis effect on air masses in the troposphere
The plate consists of the a.) Asthenosphere, crust b.) Crust, upper mantle c.) Upper mantle, asthenosphere
Crust, upper mantle
what phenomenon does the Coriolis Effect arise from?
Curvature of the earth's surface
In the southern hemisphere, daylight hours are longest at the
December solstice
If only about 2% of the world's water is tied up in glacial ice, why would we worry if all of the ice melted?
Even though the percentage is low, the volume is large, so melting the glaciers will raise sea level and flood the coastlines of the world
On average, what weather phenomenon kills the most people in the US every year?
Excessive heat
In the context of science, how would you classify the following statement? Dinosaurs become extinct because a large asteroid collided with Earth. -Theory -Hypothesis -Observation
Hypothesis
In the past the areas of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica were joined. This supercontinent was called:
Gondwanaland
Which of these circulation systems has a sinking limb around 30 degrees north and south? - Hadley Cell - Polar Cell - Walker Cell
Hadley Cell
Where have some of the strongest and earliest impacts of global warming occurred?
In northern latitudes
Which of the 4 Galilean moons is the most volcanically active object in the Solar System, erupting sulfur-rich lava?
Io
what is the correct order of 8 of the planets?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
A fossil that forms when an object is pressed into mud and dries is a(n) _________ fossil? -Imprint -Mold -Cast -Trace
Mold
This planet was mathematically predicted to be present before it was actually seen
Neptune
The most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere is _________.
Nitrogen
Where do stream channels experience the most erosion? a.) On the inside of a bend where velocity is lower b.) On the inside of a bend where the velocity is higher c.) On the outside of a bend where the velocity is lower d.) On the outside of a bend where the velocity is higher
On the outside of a bend where the velocity is higher
This is the least dense of all the planets. It is - Mercury - Saturn - Neptune - Uranus
Saturn
if sedimentary rocks account for only about 5% of the Earth's top 10 km, which one of the following is NOT a reason why sedimentary rocks are still considered "important"? a.) Sedimentary rocks contain fossils that are vital tools in the study of geological past. b.) Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the crystallization sequence of minerals produced by solidifying magma c.)Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of past events and environments in which their particles were deposited. d.) Many sedimentary rocks are important economically since they contain coal and other mined materials
Sedimentary rocks contain evidence of the crystallization sequence of minerals produced by solidifying magma
what type of volcanoes form the Hawaiian Islands? a.) Shield volcanoes b.) Stratovolcanoes c.) Cinder cone volcanoes
Shield volcanoes
How long have asteroids been striking Earth?
Since Earth formed
_______ was the first person to determine that the gravity force must also extend "to the orb of the moon".
Sir Isaac Newton
_____________ are explosive ejections of particles that last about an hour and heat solar gas to tens of millions of degrees Celsius. These particles approach the speed of light and when they reach the Earth they can disrupt radio communications.
Solar flares
You examine an igneous rock that has mineral grains which are large and are primarily dark green and black color. Which statement concerning the rock IS NOT accurate? a.) The textural classification of the rock would be course grained b.) This rock would be classified as plutonic rock. c.) This rock likely has minerals with chemical elements like iron and magnesium in them d.) The composition of the magma that formed this rock would be Felsic e.) A likely rock name for this specimen would be a gabbro
The composition of the magma that formed this rock would be Felsic
What must be true of a rock unit that is cut by an igneous intrusion? -The rock unit is the same age as the intrusion. -The rock unit is younger than the intrusion -The rock unit is older than the intrusion
The rock unit is older than the intrusion
During LaNina _________ waters are present in the easter Pacific and there are droughts in __________. -Warm, Africa -Warm, South America -Cool, Africa -Cool, South America
Warm, South America
Most moons do not have significant atmospheres. The exception is -Ganymede -Titan -Io -Enceladus
Titan
This Texas area contains one of the largest oil-producing regions in the world a.) South Texas Brush Country b.) Edward Plateau c.) Trans-Pecos d.) Rolling Plains e.) High Plains
Trans-Pecos
This Texas area contains varied topography from deserts to mountains a.) South Texas Brush Country b.) Trans-Pecos c.) Rolling Plains d.) High Plains e.) Piney Woods
Trans-Pecos
True or False: The California current is cold
True
True or False: Warm water expands, so warming of the oceans leads to an increase in sea level.
True
Volcanoes at convergent boundaries have more hydrogen compared to those at divergent boundaries which have more carbon. a.) True b.) False
True
________________ was a Danish astronomer who was skeptical of the heliocentric hypothesis of Copernicus, and collected the most accurate planetary data of the time from an astronomical observatory that was built in the year of 1572 on the Danish island of Hven
Tycho Brahe
Which principle suggests that geologic processes that operate on Earth today are similar to those that operated in the past? -Catastrophic -Uniformitarian -Deep time
Uniformitarian
Geostrophic winds form in the _______ troposphere and flow ______ to the pressure gradient.
Upper, parallel
Which planets have rings? -Mars and Jupiter -Uranus and Neptune -Saturn and Venus -Saturn and Triton
Uranus and Neptune
What factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved? -the age of the fossil and the age of sediments in which it is preserved -the temperature of the granite and how fast it cooled -whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried -the color of the original organism compared to the color of the sediments in which it is found -whether the creature was a predator or was prey
Whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried
which of the following was not a line of evidence used by Suess and Wegener to prove continental movement?
age of the ocean
Metamorphic rocks may form from: a.) sedimentary rocks b.) igneous rocks c.) metamorphic rocks d.) all of the above e.) only B and C
all of the above
The first person to orbit the Earth was
Yuri Gagarin
A seismic gap is defined as a place along a fault where _______ a.) large earthquakes have recently occurred b.) a large earthquake has not occurred for a long time c.) no earthquakes have occurred d.) several earthquakes have recently occurred
a large earthquake has not occurred for a long time
which statement is true about magma and volcanoes? a.) a high viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a low viscosity magma. Therefore the eruption will explosive. b.) a low viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a magma with high viscosity. Therefore the eruption will be fluid and passive. c.) a high viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a low viscosity magma. Therefore the eruption will be fluid and passive d.) a low viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a magma with high viscosity. Therefore the eruption will be explosive.
a low viscosity magma will flow more readily and easily than a magma with high viscosity. Therefore the eruption will be fluid and passive.
A meteorite is...
a meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth's atmosphere and lands upon the Earth's surface
what is the best definition of the term "theory," as it is used in science? -a theory is a guess or hunch about something that has occurred in nature. -a theory is a comprehensive set of ideas explaining a phenomenon in nature -a theory is based on verifiable laws and can be proven true -a theory is a hypothesis that uses laws and observation to make an assumption
a theory is a comprehensive set of ideas explaining a phenomenon in nature
What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens and what caused the explosion? a.) It is a strata-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were quickly released. b.) It is a strata-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were slowly released. c.) It is a shield-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were quickly released. d.) It is a shield-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were slowly released.
a.) it is a strato-volcano that exploded when trapped gasses were quickly released
The lava texture that is block and jagged is called: a.) aa b.) pahoehoe c.) clastic d.) ropy
aa
In locating an earthquake epicenter all of the following are necessary EXCEPT: a.) calculating the Richter magnitude b.) determine the difference in P and S wave arrive times c.) calculating distance using a travel-time curve d.) plotting distance from at least three seismic stations
calculating the Richter magnitude
Calcite (CaCO3) is a ________ mineral, while gypsum (CaSO4) is a __________
carbonate, sulfate
The organisms living around hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean get their energy from ________.
chemosynthesis: creating energy from sulfur-bearing chemicals
Suppose you pick up a rock that formed from the sediments of weathered rocks. What type of rock have you found?
clastic
the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar will produce _______. a.) calcite b.) clay c.) glass d.) sodium feldspar
clay
_______ and _______ ocean currents will sink.
cold, fresh
The two fundamental identifying characteristics of a mineral are
composition and structure
The rate and direction of plate movements can be determined using all EXCEPT: a.) ages of seafloor rocks at various distances from a spreading ridge b.) direct measurements from satellites c.) hot spots d.) erosion rate of volcanic rocks
erosion rate of volcanic rocks
When air is forced to rise it _________, and its temperature __________
expands, decreases
the alignment of platy minerals, like clays or micas, during metamorphism leads to the development of a.) foliation b.) lineation c.) dehydration d.) porosity
foliation
Transform plate boundaries are characterized by:
frequent earthquakes
The jet stream flows:
from west to east
The mineral _____ is commonly used to make plasterboard (also called wallboard). a.) calcite b.) gypsum c.) halite d.) olivine
gypsum
The heat-holding capacity of seawater is _______, so that sea surface temperature ______ an important effect on weather and climate
high, has an
Floods in urbanized basins often have _____ peak discharges, and reach their peaks more _____ than floods in undeveloped basins a.) higher, quickly b.) higher, slowly c.) lower, quickly d.) lower, slowly
higher, quickly
A location where a stationary magma plume creates volcanoes
hot spot
Where is most of Earth's freshwater? a.) ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater b.) groundwater and rivers c.) lakes and swamps d.) rivers and streams e.) oceans
ice caps, glaciers, and groundwater
Precursors to volcanic eruptions may include all of the following EXCEPT a.) increased earthquakes b.) change in composition of emitted gases c.) bulge or tilt of the earth's surface d.) increases frequency of lahars
increased frequency of lahars
The burning of fossil fuels has ______ the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and appears to be contributing to the global ________ problem.
increased, warming
In general the density of rocks ______ with depth, and the speed of earthquake waves _____ with depth.
increases, increases
the bonding characterized by joining Cl- to NA+ is
ionic
A reddish coloration in sedimentary rocks results from the presence of __________, and points towards an oxygen-________ environment. a.) iron oxide, poor b.) iron oxide, rich c.) organic detritus, poor d.) organic detritus, rich
iron oxide, rich
Most groundwater pumped in the United States is used for: a.) industry b.) irrigation c.) drinking water d.) swimming pools
irrigation
What happens to the density of air with increasing elevation in the atmosphere?
it decreases
Most of the hydrogen and helium can be found in the ______ planets, and most of the heavy elements such as iron, aluminum and silica are found in the _________ planets.
jovian, terrestrial
Headward erosion is the process whereby a stream: a.) deepens its channel b.) lengthens its channel c.) widens its channel d.) fills its channel
lengthens its channel
Most karst landscapes are underlain by the rock ________ a.) sandstone b.) limestone c.) granite d.) shale
limestone
The S-wave shadow zone is produced by the blocking of waves by the _______ a.) liquid outer core b.) lower mantle c.) crust-mantle boundary d.) solid inner core
liquid outer core
The low-velocity zone is a seismic discontinuity produced by the boundary between the ______ and _______.
lithosphere, asthenosphere
Tsunami waves in the open ocean are characterized by __________ wavelengths and ___________ wave heights.
long, low
which of the following are present on Earth but not on any other planet? -ice -features interpreted to have formed by flowing water -volcanoes -dust storms -none of these
none of these
Which of the following is the main reason that a delta forms when a stream flows into a lake or sea? a.) the stream flows backward during high tide b.) ocean waves push the sediment up onto the beach c.) the velocity of the stream decreases d.) the stream began downcutting during the ice ages e.) none of these
ocean waves push the sediment up onto the beach
At an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary, the _____ plate will subduct, and a _____ arc will form a.) continental, continental volcanic b.) continental, volcanic island c.) oceanic, continental volcanic d.) oceanic, volcanic island
oceanic, continental volcanic
what type of chemical weathering causes rust to form? a.) dissolution b.) hydrolysis c.) oxidation
oxidation
A very coarse-grained igneous rock, believed to form from water-rich, very fluid magma, is a.) pegmatite b.) porphyry c.) phenocryst d.) glassy
pegmatite
Minerals such as diamond and graphite that have the same chemical composition but different structures are called ______.
polymorphs
if a sedimentary rock is composed of many different size particles it is said to be: a.) poorly sorted b.) poorly rounded c.) lithified d.) exfoliated
poorly sorted
Which of the following sequences below correctly describes the evolution of the Sun from young to old? -white dwarf, red giant, main-sequence, protostar -red giant, main-sequence, white dwarf, protostar -protostar, red giant, main-sequence, white dwarf -protostar, main-sequence, white dwarf, red giant -protostar, main-sequence, red giant, white dwarf
protostar, main-sequence, red giant, white dwarf
When scientists report uncertainty in their data, they are? -expressing concern over whether their date are correct -stating that they do not know what their research means -quantifying the degree of error and variability present in the data -suggesting that others should not trust their conclusions
quantifying the degree of error and variability present in the data
To get to safety if you are caught in a rip current you should: a.) swim directly back to shore b.) relax and go with the current c.) go underwater and swim back to shore d.) swim perpendicular to the current
swim perpendicular to the current
What typically happens when a warm front passes through a region?
temperatures rise, pressures rise
What is a tectonic plate? a.) the plastic asthenosphere above the rigid core and upper mantle b.) the crust and underlying rigid mantle above the asthenosphere
the crust and underlying rigid mantle above the asthenosphere
which one of the following statements concerning foci and epicenters is correct? a.) The focus is the faulted point on the surface directly above the epicenter b.) the fault first cracks at the epicenter and breaks through to the surface at the focus c.) the epicenter is at the surface directly above the focus where the earthquake initiates d.) the earthquake starts at the focus and the rupture extends down to the epicenter
the epicenter is at the surface directly above the focus where the earthquake initiates.
what criteria are primarily used to classify mass wasting? a.) land use and velocity of movement b.) volume of water and velocity of movement c.) type of material and type of movement d.) slope angle and volume of precipitation
type of material and type of movement
Volcanic domes are formed by a.) hot spots b.) abundant eruption of cinders and other pyroclastic c.) viscous, rhyolitic lavas d.) lahars
viscous, rhyolitic lavas
Carbonate sedimentation, which forms limestone, is most likely to occur in a.) deep, cold waters b.) warm, shallow waters c.) a beach environment d.) a tidal flat
warm, shallow waters
the depth at which the orbital motion in waves dies out
wave base
the deflection of waves approaching an irregular coastline
wave refraction
What happens to the wavelength and wave height of an ocean wave as it approaches the coast? a.) wavelength and wave height decrease b.) wavelength decreases, wave height increases c.) wavelength increases, wave height decreases d.) wavelength and wave height increase
wavelength decreases, wave height increases
Mineral cleavage is:
when the mineral breaks along one or more flat planes
Groins will ______ updraft beaches, and _____ downdrift beaches. a.) erode, erode b.) erode, widen c.) widen, widen d.)widen, erode
widen, erode
