Earth Science Study Guide (without tests/quizes)

Which statements describe Earth's continents? Check all that apply. A continent is a large distinct landmass. There are seven continents on Earth. Continents remain the same shape and size over time. Continents cover two-thirds of Earth's surface. Continents are always moving.

-A continent is a large distinct landmass. -There are seven continents on Earth. -Continents are always moving.

Which statements accurately describe the rock cycle? Check all that apply. Any type of rock can change into any other type of rock by weathering and erosion. Rocks change from one type to another in a definite order. Rocks change slowly over time. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types relate to one another. Rocks last forever.

-Any type of rock can change into any other type of rock by weathering and erosion. -Rocks change slowly over time. -The rock cycle shows how the three rock types relate to one another.

Why are the properties of the asthenosphere important? Check all that apply. -The asthenosphere keeps Earth's crust from getting too hot. -Earth's plates float on the denser asthenosphere. -The depth of the asthenosphere keeps pressure on Earth's core. -The asthenosphere allows Earth's crust to move. -The asthenosphere creates Earth's magnetic field.

-Earth's plates float on the denser asthenosphere. -The asthenosphere allows Earth's crust to move.

Which statements describe foliated rocks? Check all that apply. -Examples include granite and shale. -Examples include gneiss and slate. -Grains form in parallel layers. -Grains form in random patterns. -Grains may form in curved, wavy layers.

-Examples include gneiss and slate. -Grains form in parallel layers. -Grains may form in curved, wavy layers.

Which statement explains how convection currents affect the movement of plates? -Gravity pulls one edge of a plate down into the mantle, which causes the rest of the plate to move as well. -Heat from Earth's interior causes lithospheric plates to collide at convergent plate boundaries, causing volcanoes. -Heat from Earth's interior causes currents of hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow, moving the crust along with them. -As convection currents drift across the oceans, they bring the pieces of Earth's crust with them as the supercontinent breaks apart.

-Heat from Earth's interior causes currents of hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow, moving the crust along with them.

Which statements describe sedimentary rock? Check all that apply. It comes from older rocks. It forms from sediments. It is one of the three main types of rocks. It comes from materials that never existed before. It can form from materials solidified from solutions.

-It comes from older rocks. -It forms from sediments. -It is one of the three main types of rocks. -It can form from materials solidified from solutions.

How does Earth's magnetic field provide evidence for seafloor spreading? -It creates a pattern of alternating rock stripes on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge. -It allows scientists to determine the age of drilling samples. -It causes magma to harden quickly underwater. -It shows that younger rocks are located deeper underwater than older rocks.

-It creates a pattern of alternating rock stripes on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge.

Which statements identify evidence of continental drift? Check all that apply. -Explorers noticed that the continents were far apart from one another. -Mountain ranges line up when some continents are placed side by side. -The same animals and plants can currently be found in South America and Antarctica. -South Africa was once covered by glaciers, according to geologic evidence. -Lakes stretch across continents when the continents are placed side by side. -Explorers and mapmakers noticed that the continents fit together like puzzle pieces.

-Mountain ranges line up when some continents are placed side by side. -South Africa was once covered by glaciers, according to geologic evidence. -Explorers and mapmakers noticed that the continents fit together like puzzle pieces.

Which statements describe evidence of continental drift? Check all that apply. -Deserts line up when continents are pushed together. -Mountain ranges often appear on the edges of continents. -Fossils of the same animals appear on different continents. -Tropical plants currently appear in both Antarctica and South America. -Wegener's theories were accepted by most geologists in the 1960s. -Explorers discovered the edges of continents they did not know about.

-Mountain ranges often appear on the edges of continents. -Fossils of the same animals appear on different continents.

Which statements about Pangaea are true according to widely accepted theories? Check all that apply. -Pangaea existed two hundred thousand years ago. -The landmass of Pangaea split into separate continents over time. -Pangaea was discovered by Christopher Columbus. -Pangaea was surrounded by the waters of the ocean. -The coastline of Pangaea stayed consistent over time.

-The landmass of Pangaea split into separate continents over time. -Pangaea was surrounded by the waters of the ocean.

Which statements are true concerning mineral formation? Check all that apply. The slower the cooling, the larger the crystals. The faster the cooling, the smaller the crystals. Crystals formed from magma are smaller than crystals formed from lava. Minerals can only form in solutions when the solution is heated deep underground. When a solution cools, elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals. Minerals formed from hot water solutions can form narrow channels in the surrounding rock.

-The slower the cooling, the larger the crystals. The faster the cooling, the smaller the crystals. -When a solution cools, elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals. -Minerals formed from hot water solutions can form narrow channels in the surrounding rock.

Nev forgot to write down one data point, so he made it up. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data

-false data

sedimentary rocks

-form by the accumulation of sediment -usually form in layers -layers of sediment dry together

metamorphic rocks

-form from extreme heat, pressure, and chemical processes -existing rocks are exposed to extreme conditions

Which phrases apply to metamorphic rocks? Check all that apply. form under extreme heat and pressure form from existing rocks form from magma and lava form when sediments combine form from volcanic eruptions

-form under extreme heat and pressure -form from existing rocks

Which processes relate to mechanical weathering?

-freezing and thawing -plant growth -abrasion

Which type of graph groups data into categories and shows how often a particular value occurs? -frequency distribution -histogram -scatterplot

-frequency distribution

Which phrases describe what the rock cycle shows? Check all that apply. how rocks change from one type to another which processes are involved in rock changes that the changes follow a specific order that the process of change is very rapid what makes some rocks change more slowly than others

-how rocks change from one type to another -which processes are involved in rock changes

Keith accidentally left out a step when writing his experimental procedure. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data

-inability to reproduce data

What factors influence the rate of weathering?

-independent variables: factors such as acidity, temperature, surface area, and mineral composition -dependent variable: percentage of mass remaining

Renata surveyed her 30 classmates about their favorite hobby, but her results contained only 13 data points. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data

-lack of enough data

The most destructive type of mass movement is a -landslide -mudflow -slump -creep.

-landslide

Which type of graph is most commonly used to show change over time? -bar graph -line graph -histogram

-line graph

Adele recorded the distance between two objects in inches rather than centimeters. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data

-measurement or recording error

Which characteristics of rocks are used in classification? Check all that apply. origin texture composition weight age

-origin -texture -composition

Which type of graph is most commonly used to show the relationship among parts of a whole? -line graph -pie graph -scatterplot

-pie graph

What evidence supports Hess's theory of seafloor spreading? Check all that apply. fossils of the same animals found in different areas the direction iron in ocean rocks points the tilt and rotation of the Earth's axis the age of different rocks on Earth's surface pillow-shaped rocks found in the sea

-the direction iron in ocean rocks points -the age of different rocks on Earth's surface -pillow-shaped rocks found in the sea

Which definition describes data? -the act of recognizing an occurrence using the senses -the information gathered from a scientific investigation -the part of an experiment used to compare results -the factor that is changed in a scientific investigation

-the information gathered from a scientific investigation

moraine

A ridge formed by the till deposited at the edge of a glacier.

Hydrosphere/Cryosphere

All the water on earth (all frozen water as well)

John Tuzo Wilson

Canadian scientist who proposed the theory of plate tectonics (lithosphere is broken in sections called plates, plates carry continents and/or parts of ocean floor, combined his ideas w plate tectonic theory) pieces of lithosphere are slowly but constantly moving

-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt contains fine grains and has little space for water.

Clay

Qualitative

Data in the form of words

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

what occurs at subduction zones and what does that mean

Deep ocean trenches (denser plate slides under lighter plate and crust material becomes molten rock)

Coal fields in (Europe/Africa/South America) match those found in North America, supporting the theory of continental drift.

Europe

Alfred Wegener

German scientist, proposed that the continents move., thought all were connected at one point) this became the theory of continental drift; Pangaea

-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt is dark, highly decomposed organic matter found in soil.

Humus

-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt is a mixture of materials that holds moisture and drains well.

Loam

Mountain ranges often appear on the edges of continents. What theory does this support? -Mountains were formed when Earth's crust cooled and Earth shrank. -Mountain ranges were formed when continents collided. -Mountain ranges did not exist millions of years ago. -Mountain ranges were formed only by glaciers.

Mountain ranges were formed when continents collided.

Wally is a planetologist in the future. He discovers a planet similar to Earth that has two major oceans. Ocean A is very large and looks like it has baseball stitches down its center. Ocean B is very small and has volcanoes all along one side. Wally needs to predict what the planet will look like far into the future. Which prediction would most likely come true? Ocean A will shrink, and Ocean B will get bigger. Ocean A will disappear, and Ocean B will remain the same. Ocean A will get bigger, and Ocean B will shrink. Both Ocean A and Ocean B will remain the same.

Ocean A will get bigger, and Ocean B will shrink.

Which statement correctly summarizes Wegener's theory of continental drift? All seven continents have always been in the same locations on Earth as they are today. When a meteorite crashed onto the planet, it broke the giant supercontinent Pangaea into smaller landmasses. The seven continents on Earth drifted until they formed one giant supercontinent, which Wegener called Pangaea. Over tens of millions of years, the giant supercontinent Pangaea began to slowly drift apart, forming the continents as they are known today.

Over tens of millions of years, the giant supercontinent Pangaea began to slowly drift apart, forming the continents as they are known today.

continental drift

Pangaea broke and spread apart, continents were once landmass

-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt contains coarse grains and allows water to drain quickly.

Sand

-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt contains medium grains and retains water.

Silt

Which event would most likely occur if Earth did not retain the heat from its formation? The inner core would liquefy. Seismic waves would move the crust. The Earth's magnetic field would disappear. The asthenosphere and outer core would solidify.

The asthenosphere and outer core would solidify.

Which statements about Earth's crust are true? Check all that apply. The crust includes soil, rock, and water. There are three different kinds of crust. The crust is thickest under the ocean. The ocean crust is made of young rocks. The ocean crust is denser than continental crust.

The crust includes soil, rock, and water. The ocean crust is made of young rocks. The ocean crust is denser than continental crust.

When molten material cools very slowly deep inside Earth, what happens to the size of the crystals? The crystals are smaller compared to crystals formed closer to Earth's surface. The crystals grow at the same rate as those formed closer to Earth's surface. The crystals are larger than those formed closer to Earth's surface. The crystals are smaller because they form in a hot water solution.

The crystals are larger than those formed closer to Earth's surface.

Diana and Kinsey are put in charge of choosing a mascot for their basketball team. There are 15 players on the team, but Diana and Kinsey survey only the five players on the starting lineup about their favorite mascot. Which best describes this error in data collection? The data are inadequate. The data are false. The data were recorded incorrectly. The data cannot be reproduced.

The data are inadequate.

Which statement accurately describes plate tectonics? Pieces of the lithosphere move quickly and constantly. The motion of subduction drives plate movement. When one plates slides under another, it is called a convection current. The lithosphere is broken into sections called plates.

The lithosphere is broken into sections called plates.

Which statement accurately describes how magnetic stripes in ocean rock provide evidence of seafloor spreading? The pattern of magnetic stripes shows that Earth's magnetic north has always been the same. The presence of iron indicates that new material cannot be formed at mid-ocean ridges. The pattern of magnetic stripes shows that the seafloor is expanding at mid-ocean ridges.

The pattern of magnetic stripes shows that the seafloor is expanding at mid-ocean ridges.

According to Hess's theory, what might happen if the magma under a mid-ocean ridge cools? The magnetic stripes might reverse direction. The deep-ocean trench might become deeper. The crust at the ridge might form more quickly. The plates on either side of the ridge might stop moving.

The plates on either side of the ridge might stop moving.

plucking

The process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows over the land

till

The sediments deposited directly by a glacier

What happens to elements and compounds that are dissolved in a solution when the water evaporates? They become liquid. They crystallize. They disappear. They gain special properties.

They crystallize.

Why are rocks important to geologists? Check all that apply. They give clues about Earth's past environments. They present opportunities for future use in technology. They contain valuable resources used for building. Many people like to collect different types of rocks. Rocks are important to modern transportation.

They give clues about Earth's past environments. They present opportunities for future use in technology. They contain valuable resources used for building.

Continental drift was first proposed by a scientist named Alfred _______. He theorized that the ______ were once one large landmass that drifted apart very slowly over a long time.

Wegener, continents

kettle lake

When a chunk of ice left behind by a receding glacier melts, the water stays in the kettle, forming a

gully

a channel of connected groves created by runoff

the steps of seafloor spreading from first to last

a crack forms, magma pushes upwards, rock moves outward, magma hardens

Loess

a deposit of fine, mineral-rich soil that is good for agriculture

slump

a loosely connected mass of rock and soil that moves a short distance

stream

a series of connected channels that fills with water

rill

a small grove in soil created by runoff

Intrusive rock

a type of igneous rock that cools slowly under the earths surface in magma chambers, forms large crystals, has a course texture and can be seen at the surface through erosion

How are glaciers formed

accumulation (piling up) and compaction (packing down) of snow

Horizon O

accumulation of organic material (top layer)

A rock is an ____ of minerals.

aggregate

biosphere

all organisms on earth

fracture

an irregular way of breaking apart

deposition by waves (2)

barrier island, beach, sandbar

waves also create what through deposition

beaches, spits, barrier islands, sandbars

A scientist uses a special instrument to measure the depth of Earth's crust. He measures one location that is 65 kilometers deep. Where is this section of crust most likely located? below a vast ocean below a deep canyon below a mountain range below an island volcano

below a mountain range

lower mantle

below asthenosphere, 2,250 km thick, solid

where does magma cool

below earth's surface

Asthenosphere

below the lithosphere, 180 km thick, tarry

During which stage of formation are sediments finally solidified into rock? cementation compaction deposition erosion

cementation

process of sediment binding together to form a new rock

cementation

-Clastic -Organic -Chemical _____ rocks form when minerals that dissolve in a solution crystalize.

chemical

-Clastic -Organic -Chemical ____ rocks form when rock fragments are squeezed together.

clastic

What is the term for the ability of a mineral to break into flat surfaces -cleavage -density -fracture -hardness

cleavage

Which criteria do scientists consider when they classify soil?

climate, soil composition

The ____ of a rock is a result of its mineral composition.

color

properties of minerals

color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density

the process of sediment layers being squeezed together

compaction

bar graph

compare quantities for particular categories

Oceanic crust

composed mostly of basalt, 5-10 kilometers thick, denser/younger than continental

Continental crust

composed mostly of granite, up to 70 kilometers thick, less dense/older than oceanic

Hess expanded on Wegener's theory of (Pangaea landmass/continental drift/conveyor belt) Hess proposed the idea that (mid-ocean ridges/continents/deep-ocean trenches) are places where crust is created.

continental drift, mid-ocean ridges

Subduction

convection currents cause this (the process of one plate sliding beneath another)

Which sources do scientists use to study the interior of Earth? Check all that apply. Earth's orbit core samples sea level earthquakes S waves rock composition

core samples earthquakes S waves rock composition

-Seismograph -Core samples -Earthquakes ____ provide us with the actual rocks from inside Earth. They are considered (indirect, direct, seismic) evidence of Earth's interior.

core samples, direct

The least destructive and slowest-moving type of mass movement is -landslide -mudflow -slump -creep.

creep

Scientists discovered that new molten materials from inside Earth create new (crust/plates/ridges) Rocks closest to the center of a mid-ocean ridge are (older/the same age/younger) than those that are farther away.

crust, younger

Horizon A

decomposed organic material mixes with weathered parent material (topsoil)

wind erosion works in two ways

deflation and abrasion

deposition by rivers

delta, flood plain, alluvial fan

What property is measured by the amount of mass in a given volume? -density -luster -hardness -streak

density

Which factors affect the rate of deposition?

density, size of the sediment and he velocity of the agent of erosion

a glacier melts and leaves behind sediment and rock fragments

deposition

the process by which sediment is added to new location is called

deposition

mechanical weathering

does not change rock composition, abrasion, ice wedging

Non-foliated rock

does not split into layers, form in random arrangements, quartzite

soil horizon

each layer of a soil profile

how do glaciers shape the earth through deposition and erosion

erode land through plucking and abrasion, create tills/moraines/kettles/kettle lakes through deposition

how do waves shape the earth through deposition and erosion

erode through impact/abrasion, create wave-cut cliffs, sea arches and sea stacks through erosion and form beaches/spits/sandbars through deposition

how does wind shape the earth through deposition and erosion

erodes through deflation and abrasion, creates sand dunes/loess by deposition

wind blows sediment and small rock fragments

erosion

The Hawaiian islands formed when molten material erupted from the ocean floor. As the lava flowed out, cooled, and hardened, massive rocks formed. These rocks have a very fine texture and tiny crystals that cannot be seen with the naked eye. These massive rocks formed into the islands that are present today. What type of igneous rock are the Hawaiian islands? intrusive or extrusive

extrusive

organic rocks

form from plant or animal debris (remains)

chemical rocks

form from solutions chemical weathering

clastic rocks

form from weathered sediment when rock fragments or clasts are squeezed together

ingenious rocks

form when magma and lava cools and solidifies

Which statements accurately describe groundwater?

found below Earth's surface, erosion leads to the creation of caves, can cause chemical weathering

formation of minerals

from magma/lava and solutions

Evidence of what feature is found in South Africa, despite South Africa's relatively mild climate? mountains glaciers coal fields tropical plant fossils

glaciers

A geologist discovers a new rock formation. The rock is dark in color and appears to have formed in layers. The layers are thick and not parallel but instead show some folding. Which type of rock did the geologist most likely find? gneiss marble slate quartzite

gneiss

Which conditions promote karst development? Check all that apply. dry climate good groundwater circulation hard rocks near Earth's surface moderate to heavy rainfall poor groundwater circulation soft rocks near Earth's surface

good groundwater circulation, moderate to heavy rainfall, soft rocks near Earth's surface

Corundum is a mineral with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs hardness scale. For which application would corundum most likely be useful? seasoning food grinding glass making toothpaste creating makeup

grinding glass

frequency distributions

group data into categories and show how often a particular value occurs

What property refers to a mineral's ability to resist scratching? -density -luster -hardness -streak

hardness

asthenosphere

has a tarry consistency

foliated rocks

have grains that form in parallel layers and tend to split apart along their bands

stalactite

icicle shaped formation that hangs from ceiling of a cave

A geologist is studying a massive rock outcrop. The texture of the rock is coarse-grained with large round grains. The geologist determines that the rock probably formed when lava cooled on Earth's surface. What type of rock has the geologist identified? -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary

igneous

Which type of rock is formed from molten materials? -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary

igneous

Stone Mountain is a great example of the rock cycle at work. Streams erode existing (igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary/igneous) and (metamorphic/sedimentary) rocks. The processes of compaction and cementation form these sand particles into sandstone, (a igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary) rock.

igneous metamorphic sedimentary

Extrusive rock

igneous rock that cools rapidly on Earth's surface due to exposer to air and water, forms small crystals due to rapid cooling, has a fine texture

waves shape coastlines through what

impact, abrasion, changing direction

Glomar Challenger

in 1968 this machine collected drilling samples from the ocean floor (rocks closer to center of mid-ocean ridges are always younger than those that are farther away)

how to prevent wind erosion

installing windbreaks, alternating crops, using mulch to cover exposed soil

outer core of earth

is made of liquified metal

inner core of earth

is under great pressure and is solid

lower mantle

is under the asthenosphere

Groundwater erosion may lead to the formation of what

karst topography

plate tectonics

landforms result from moving plates, lithosphere is made of large pieces, plates move and interact

kettles

large holes left from the melting of huge chunks of glacial ice

When wind slows down, it deposits sediment. What feature is created by the deposition of loosely packed, mineral-rich soil? moraine beach loess sand dune

loess

What property identifies minerals as metallic or nonmetallic? -density -luster -hardness -streak

luster

Which phrases are true of only the mantle? Check all that apply. made of three layers has a tarry layer made of two layers has a molten outer layer has a solid outer layer

made of three layers has a tarry layer has a solid outer layer

how do seafloor spreading and subduction work together

magma rises, crust forms and moves away, crust sinks under lighter plate and ocean floor then changes

Rocks beneath the surface are forced toward the _______. This increases pressure and heat. ______ pockets rise, increasing heat. Temperature and pressure cause _____ to change.

mantle, magma, minerals

Which type of metamorphic rock forms when limestone is exposed to heat and pressure? slate quartzite marble granite

marble

Which features are formed by river erosion? Check all that apply. gullies meanders oxbow lakes rills streams waterfalls

meanders, oxbow lakes, waterfalls

what rocks form from existing rocks

metaphoric (igneous, sedimentary, others)

Which landforms might you see at a divergent plate boundary? Check all that apply. mid-ocean ridge mountain range rift valley volcano island

mid-ocean ridge, rift valley

Most rocks contain more than one type of _____

mineral

What determines the color of a rock? texture grain pattern mineral type grain shape

mineral type

geosphere

mostly solid part of Earth (rocks, minerals, landforms, Earth's interior)

Convection Currents

motion in mantel that drives plate movement (material near core gets hot, becomes less dense as it rises to the surface while cooling, as they cool they become more dense and sink back to core

Primary (P) waves

move like a spring and travel through solids/liquids

Secondary (S) waves

move like ripples in water, only travel through solids

mass movement

movement of large amounts of soil and rock/rock debris down a slope

A _______ can occur after heavy rains in dry areas. -landslide -mudflow -slump -creep.

mudflow

characteristics of minerals

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystal structure, definite chemical composition

seafloor spreading

occurs at mid-ocean ridges, creates new crust when magma rises and cools to form rock, pushes older crust away from ridge

Fossils on continents that are now separated by (oceans/mountains/valleys) support the theory of continental drift.

oceans

where does lava cool

on earth's surface

tributary

one of many channels that connect to form a river

-Clastic -Organic -Chemical _____ rocks form where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in layers.

organic

chemical weathering

oxidation, changes rock composition, acid rain

Horizon C

parent material barely affected by soil formation process (weathered rock)

Which properties of grains determine the texture of rocks? Check all that apply. feel pattern color shape size

pattern shape size

How can groundwater erosion be prevented

plant trees and other vegetation, decrease the slope of riverbanks, avoid soil compaction (the packing down of soil), build drains and ditches with adequate outlets

convergent boundary

plates collide, makes volcanos and mountains

transform boundary

plates slide past each other, causes earthquakes

Glaciers erode land through which two processes? chemical weathering and deflation deflation and abrasion plucking and abrasion plucking and deflation

plucking and abrasion

sesmic waves

provide indirect evidence (caused by earthquakes, travel through Earth's interior have two centers; epicenter/focus, radiates outward and are studied using seismographs

mudflow

rapid downhill flow of a mix of rock, soil and water

histogram

represent the distribution of data

two key factors that affect the rate of weathering

rock type and climate

Which phrase provides the best definition of sedimentary rocks? rocks that form when a solution evaporates rocks that act as glue to hold larger rocks together rocks that form from materials that existed in older rocks rocks that form from broken pieces of younger rocks

rocks that form from materials that existed in older rocks

sand dune

sand deposited against an obstruction

Wind deposition creates

sand dunes and loess

seafloor spreading

seafloor spreads along mid-ocean ridges (creates new ocean floor and moves continents)

Which type of rock needs weathering or erosion to form? -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary

sedimentary

what do geologists use to study seismic waves

seismic waves,

-Seismic waves -Epicenters -Energy ripples ____ are a form of energy that travels through or across Earth and helps scientists infer what is inside Earth. They are considered (direct, temporary, indirect) evidence of Earth's interior.

seismic waves, indirect

Geologists can use ______ waves to learn about Earth's interior. P waves travel faster than S waves. S waves travel through solids only, which tells geologists that the _____ core is liquid. Geologists call the outer, solid area of Earth the crust; the next layer is the ______ . Finally, at the very center, is the core.

seismic, outer, mantle

During an earthquake, geologists use a machine called a (seismograph/drilling rig/magnetometer) to study seismic waves. P waves can pass through both solid and molten rock, but S waves can pass only through (molten/solid/tarry) rock

seismograph and solid

line graphs

show changes over time

scatterplots

show the relationship between two variables

What type of mass movement has materials that move in a single large mass or block? landslide creep mudflow slump

slump

Lava is pouring out of the crust at a vent on the ocean floor. As it cools, igneous rocks form. Which characteristics would one expect to find when studying the cooled lava? small crystals and coarse texture small crystals and fine texture large crystals and coarse texture large crystals and fine texture

small crystals and fine texture

Which features are created by groundwater erosion and deposition? All that apply. stalagmites sinkholes rills stalactites gullies rivers

stalagmites, sinkholes, stalactites

Which factors can lead to a mass movement?

steep slopes, removal of vegetation, earthquakes, undercutting of a slope

What property refers to the color of a mineral's powder? -density -luster -hardness -streak

streak

Through the process of ________ old, dense crust is pushed toward a deep-ocean . There, it sinks under lighter crust. It returns to molten rock, becoming part of the _______ again.

subduction, mantle

the ____ of a rock is determined by the shape, size, and pattern of its _____

texture, grains

cleaveage

the ability of a mineral to break along flat surfaces

magnetism

the ability to attract certain metals

flouresence

the ability to produce a visble glow

atmosphere

the air surrounding the earth

rate is

the distance a plate moves in a certain period of time

crystal system

the number and angle of crystal faces

Uniformitarianism

the present is the key to the past

Deflation

the process by which the wind moves particles that are loose

Abrasion

the process in which wind wears down solid objects

landslide

the rapid downhill movement of a mass of rock, debris or soil

creep

the slow downhill movement of rock and soil

Continents closer to the equator have warmer climates, yet fossils of (tropical plants/mammals/dinosaurs) have been found on islands near the North Pole. This supports the idea that islands drifted from the equator.

tropical plants

Horizon B

undergoes the most change, barely resembles parent material (subsoil)

Lithosphere

uppermost part of mantle and crust, 100 km thick, solid

stalagmite

upward growing mound of mineral deposits on a cave floor

soil profile

vertical section of soil that ranges from the surface to the bedrock

What is the most common and powerful agent of erosion? wind ice water animal behavior

water

runoff

water that flows over the surface (main cause of erosion, carries topsoil/nutrients other materials across the ground)

erosion by rivers

waterfall, oxbow lake, meander

erosion by waves (2)

wave-cut cliff, sea arch, sea stack

a river breaks down rocks along its bank

weathering

breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces by natural forces

weathering

weathering, erosion, deposition

weathering breaks down surface material into sediment, erosion transports sediment, deposition puts sediment in new places

order of the processes of sedimentary rock formation occur

weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

When did people begin to notice that coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces? -when satellites began taking pictures of Earth from space -when Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift -when early explorers traveled from Europe and Asia to the Americas -when geologists first started examining the fossil record of South America

when early explorers traveled from Europe and Asia to the Americas

How do metamorphic rocks form?

when existing rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure (rocks beneath surface are moved to mantle creating heat, magma pockets rise and the temp/pressure change cause minerals to change

abrasion

when glaciers scrape the underlying rock as they move

divergent boundary

when plates move apart from one another (ocean and land) forms mid-ocean ridges