Earth Science Study Guide (without tests/quizes)
Which statements describe Earth's continents? Check all that apply. A continent is a large distinct landmass. There are seven continents on Earth. Continents remain the same shape and size over time. Continents cover two-thirds of Earth's surface. Continents are always moving.
-A continent is a large distinct landmass. -There are seven continents on Earth. -Continents are always moving.
Which statements accurately describe the rock cycle? Check all that apply. Any type of rock can change into any other type of rock by weathering and erosion. Rocks change from one type to another in a definite order. Rocks change slowly over time. The rock cycle shows how the three rock types relate to one another. Rocks last forever.
-Any type of rock can change into any other type of rock by weathering and erosion. -Rocks change slowly over time. -The rock cycle shows how the three rock types relate to one another.
Why are the properties of the asthenosphere important? Check all that apply. -The asthenosphere keeps Earth's crust from getting too hot. -Earth's plates float on the denser asthenosphere. -The depth of the asthenosphere keeps pressure on Earth's core. -The asthenosphere allows Earth's crust to move. -The asthenosphere creates Earth's magnetic field.
-Earth's plates float on the denser asthenosphere. -The asthenosphere allows Earth's crust to move.
Which statements describe foliated rocks? Check all that apply. -Examples include granite and shale. -Examples include gneiss and slate. -Grains form in parallel layers. -Grains form in random patterns. -Grains may form in curved, wavy layers.
-Examples include gneiss and slate. -Grains form in parallel layers. -Grains may form in curved, wavy layers.
Which statement explains how convection currents affect the movement of plates? -Gravity pulls one edge of a plate down into the mantle, which causes the rest of the plate to move as well. -Heat from Earth's interior causes lithospheric plates to collide at convergent plate boundaries, causing volcanoes. -Heat from Earth's interior causes currents of hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow, moving the crust along with them. -As convection currents drift across the oceans, they bring the pieces of Earth's crust with them as the supercontinent breaks apart.
-Heat from Earth's interior causes currents of hot rising magma and cooler sinking magma to flow, moving the crust along with them.
Which statements describe sedimentary rock? Check all that apply. It comes from older rocks. It forms from sediments. It is one of the three main types of rocks. It comes from materials that never existed before. It can form from materials solidified from solutions.
-It comes from older rocks. -It forms from sediments. -It is one of the three main types of rocks. -It can form from materials solidified from solutions.
How does Earth's magnetic field provide evidence for seafloor spreading? -It creates a pattern of alternating rock stripes on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge. -It allows scientists to determine the age of drilling samples. -It causes magma to harden quickly underwater. -It shows that younger rocks are located deeper underwater than older rocks.
-It creates a pattern of alternating rock stripes on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge.
Which statements identify evidence of continental drift? Check all that apply. -Explorers noticed that the continents were far apart from one another. -Mountain ranges line up when some continents are placed side by side. -The same animals and plants can currently be found in South America and Antarctica. -South Africa was once covered by glaciers, according to geologic evidence. -Lakes stretch across continents when the continents are placed side by side. -Explorers and mapmakers noticed that the continents fit together like puzzle pieces.
-Mountain ranges line up when some continents are placed side by side. -South Africa was once covered by glaciers, according to geologic evidence. -Explorers and mapmakers noticed that the continents fit together like puzzle pieces.
Which statements describe evidence of continental drift? Check all that apply. -Deserts line up when continents are pushed together. -Mountain ranges often appear on the edges of continents. -Fossils of the same animals appear on different continents. -Tropical plants currently appear in both Antarctica and South America. -Wegener's theories were accepted by most geologists in the 1960s. -Explorers discovered the edges of continents they did not know about.
-Mountain ranges often appear on the edges of continents. -Fossils of the same animals appear on different continents.
Which statements about Pangaea are true according to widely accepted theories? Check all that apply. -Pangaea existed two hundred thousand years ago. -The landmass of Pangaea split into separate continents over time. -Pangaea was discovered by Christopher Columbus. -Pangaea was surrounded by the waters of the ocean. -The coastline of Pangaea stayed consistent over time.
-The landmass of Pangaea split into separate continents over time. -Pangaea was surrounded by the waters of the ocean.
Which statements are true concerning mineral formation? Check all that apply. The slower the cooling, the larger the crystals. The faster the cooling, the smaller the crystals. Crystals formed from magma are smaller than crystals formed from lava. Minerals can only form in solutions when the solution is heated deep underground. When a solution cools, elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals. Minerals formed from hot water solutions can form narrow channels in the surrounding rock.
-The slower the cooling, the larger the crystals. The faster the cooling, the smaller the crystals. -When a solution cools, elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals. -Minerals formed from hot water solutions can form narrow channels in the surrounding rock.
Nev forgot to write down one data point, so he made it up. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data
-false data
sedimentary rocks
-form by the accumulation of sediment -usually form in layers -layers of sediment dry together
metamorphic rocks
-form from extreme heat, pressure, and chemical processes -existing rocks are exposed to extreme conditions
Which phrases apply to metamorphic rocks? Check all that apply. form under extreme heat and pressure form from existing rocks form from magma and lava form when sediments combine form from volcanic eruptions
-form under extreme heat and pressure -form from existing rocks
Which processes relate to mechanical weathering?
-freezing and thawing -plant growth -abrasion
Which type of graph groups data into categories and shows how often a particular value occurs? -frequency distribution -histogram -scatterplot
-frequency distribution
Which phrases describe what the rock cycle shows? Check all that apply. how rocks change from one type to another which processes are involved in rock changes that the changes follow a specific order that the process of change is very rapid what makes some rocks change more slowly than others
-how rocks change from one type to another -which processes are involved in rock changes
Keith accidentally left out a step when writing his experimental procedure. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data
-inability to reproduce data
What factors influence the rate of weathering?
-independent variables: factors such as acidity, temperature, surface area, and mineral composition -dependent variable: percentage of mass remaining
Renata surveyed her 30 classmates about their favorite hobby, but her results contained only 13 data points. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data
-lack of enough data
The most destructive type of mass movement is a -landslide -mudflow -slump -creep.
-landslide
Which type of graph is most commonly used to show change over time? -bar graph -line graph -histogram
-line graph
Adele recorded the distance between two objects in inches rather than centimeters. -lack of enough data -false data -measurement or recording error -inability to reproduce data
-measurement or recording error
Which characteristics of rocks are used in classification? Check all that apply. origin texture composition weight age
-origin -texture -composition
Which type of graph is most commonly used to show the relationship among parts of a whole? -line graph -pie graph -scatterplot
-pie graph
What evidence supports Hess's theory of seafloor spreading? Check all that apply. fossils of the same animals found in different areas the direction iron in ocean rocks points the tilt and rotation of the Earth's axis the age of different rocks on Earth's surface pillow-shaped rocks found in the sea
-the direction iron in ocean rocks points -the age of different rocks on Earth's surface -pillow-shaped rocks found in the sea
Which definition describes data? -the act of recognizing an occurrence using the senses -the information gathered from a scientific investigation -the part of an experiment used to compare results -the factor that is changed in a scientific investigation
-the information gathered from a scientific investigation
moraine
A ridge formed by the till deposited at the edge of a glacier.
Hydrosphere/Cryosphere
All the water on earth (all frozen water as well)
John Tuzo Wilson
Canadian scientist who proposed the theory of plate tectonics (lithosphere is broken in sections called plates, plates carry continents and/or parts of ocean floor, combined his ideas w plate tectonic theory) pieces of lithosphere are slowly but constantly moving
-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt contains fine grains and has little space for water.
Clay
Qualitative
Data in the form of words
Quantitative
Data that is in numbers
what occurs at subduction zones and what does that mean
Deep ocean trenches (denser plate slides under lighter plate and crust material becomes molten rock)
Coal fields in (Europe/Africa/South America) match those found in North America, supporting the theory of continental drift.
Europe
Alfred Wegener
German scientist, proposed that the continents move., thought all were connected at one point) this became the theory of continental drift; Pangaea
-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt is dark, highly decomposed organic matter found in soil.
Humus
-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt is a mixture of materials that holds moisture and drains well.
Loam
Mountain ranges often appear on the edges of continents. What theory does this support? -Mountains were formed when Earth's crust cooled and Earth shrank. -Mountain ranges were formed when continents collided. -Mountain ranges did not exist millions of years ago. -Mountain ranges were formed only by glaciers.
Mountain ranges were formed when continents collided.
Wally is a planetologist in the future. He discovers a planet similar to Earth that has two major oceans. Ocean A is very large and looks like it has baseball stitches down its center. Ocean B is very small and has volcanoes all along one side. Wally needs to predict what the planet will look like far into the future. Which prediction would most likely come true? Ocean A will shrink, and Ocean B will get bigger. Ocean A will disappear, and Ocean B will remain the same. Ocean A will get bigger, and Ocean B will shrink. Both Ocean A and Ocean B will remain the same.
Ocean A will get bigger, and Ocean B will shrink.
Which statement correctly summarizes Wegener's theory of continental drift? All seven continents have always been in the same locations on Earth as they are today. When a meteorite crashed onto the planet, it broke the giant supercontinent Pangaea into smaller landmasses. The seven continents on Earth drifted until they formed one giant supercontinent, which Wegener called Pangaea. Over tens of millions of years, the giant supercontinent Pangaea began to slowly drift apart, forming the continents as they are known today.
Over tens of millions of years, the giant supercontinent Pangaea began to slowly drift apart, forming the continents as they are known today.
continental drift
Pangaea broke and spread apart, continents were once landmass
-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt contains coarse grains and allows water to drain quickly.
Sand
-Clay -Humus -Loam -Sand -Silt contains medium grains and retains water.
Silt
Which event would most likely occur if Earth did not retain the heat from its formation? The inner core would liquefy. Seismic waves would move the crust. The Earth's magnetic field would disappear. The asthenosphere and outer core would solidify.
The asthenosphere and outer core would solidify.
Which statements about Earth's crust are true? Check all that apply. The crust includes soil, rock, and water. There are three different kinds of crust. The crust is thickest under the ocean. The ocean crust is made of young rocks. The ocean crust is denser than continental crust.
The crust includes soil, rock, and water. The ocean crust is made of young rocks. The ocean crust is denser than continental crust.
When molten material cools very slowly deep inside Earth, what happens to the size of the crystals? The crystals are smaller compared to crystals formed closer to Earth's surface. The crystals grow at the same rate as those formed closer to Earth's surface. The crystals are larger than those formed closer to Earth's surface. The crystals are smaller because they form in a hot water solution.
The crystals are larger than those formed closer to Earth's surface.
Diana and Kinsey are put in charge of choosing a mascot for their basketball team. There are 15 players on the team, but Diana and Kinsey survey only the five players on the starting lineup about their favorite mascot. Which best describes this error in data collection? The data are inadequate. The data are false. The data were recorded incorrectly. The data cannot be reproduced.
The data are inadequate.
Which statement accurately describes plate tectonics? Pieces of the lithosphere move quickly and constantly. The motion of subduction drives plate movement. When one plates slides under another, it is called a convection current. The lithosphere is broken into sections called plates.
The lithosphere is broken into sections called plates.
Which statement accurately describes how magnetic stripes in ocean rock provide evidence of seafloor spreading? The pattern of magnetic stripes shows that Earth's magnetic north has always been the same. The presence of iron indicates that new material cannot be formed at mid-ocean ridges. The pattern of magnetic stripes shows that the seafloor is expanding at mid-ocean ridges.
The pattern of magnetic stripes shows that the seafloor is expanding at mid-ocean ridges.
According to Hess's theory, what might happen if the magma under a mid-ocean ridge cools? The magnetic stripes might reverse direction. The deep-ocean trench might become deeper. The crust at the ridge might form more quickly. The plates on either side of the ridge might stop moving.
The plates on either side of the ridge might stop moving.
plucking
The process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows over the land
till
The sediments deposited directly by a glacier
What happens to elements and compounds that are dissolved in a solution when the water evaporates? They become liquid. They crystallize. They disappear. They gain special properties.
They crystallize.
Why are rocks important to geologists? Check all that apply. They give clues about Earth's past environments. They present opportunities for future use in technology. They contain valuable resources used for building. Many people like to collect different types of rocks. Rocks are important to modern transportation.
They give clues about Earth's past environments. They present opportunities for future use in technology. They contain valuable resources used for building.
Continental drift was first proposed by a scientist named Alfred _______. He theorized that the ______ were once one large landmass that drifted apart very slowly over a long time.
Wegener, continents
kettle lake
When a chunk of ice left behind by a receding glacier melts, the water stays in the kettle, forming a
gully
a channel of connected groves created by runoff
the steps of seafloor spreading from first to last
a crack forms, magma pushes upwards, rock moves outward, magma hardens
Loess
a deposit of fine, mineral-rich soil that is good for agriculture
slump
a loosely connected mass of rock and soil that moves a short distance
stream
a series of connected channels that fills with water
rill
a small grove in soil created by runoff
Intrusive rock
a type of igneous rock that cools slowly under the earths surface in magma chambers, forms large crystals, has a course texture and can be seen at the surface through erosion
How are glaciers formed
accumulation (piling up) and compaction (packing down) of snow
Horizon O
accumulation of organic material (top layer)
A rock is an ____ of minerals.
aggregate
biosphere
all organisms on earth
fracture
an irregular way of breaking apart
deposition by waves (2)
barrier island, beach, sandbar
waves also create what through deposition
beaches, spits, barrier islands, sandbars
A scientist uses a special instrument to measure the depth of Earth's crust. He measures one location that is 65 kilometers deep. Where is this section of crust most likely located? below a vast ocean below a deep canyon below a mountain range below an island volcano
below a mountain range
lower mantle
below asthenosphere, 2,250 km thick, solid
where does magma cool
below earth's surface
Asthenosphere
below the lithosphere, 180 km thick, tarry
During which stage of formation are sediments finally solidified into rock? cementation compaction deposition erosion
cementation
process of sediment binding together to form a new rock
cementation
-Clastic -Organic -Chemical _____ rocks form when minerals that dissolve in a solution crystalize.
chemical
-Clastic -Organic -Chemical ____ rocks form when rock fragments are squeezed together.
clastic
What is the term for the ability of a mineral to break into flat surfaces -cleavage -density -fracture -hardness
cleavage
Which criteria do scientists consider when they classify soil?
climate, soil composition
The ____ of a rock is a result of its mineral composition.
color
properties of minerals
color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density
the process of sediment layers being squeezed together
compaction
bar graph
compare quantities for particular categories
Oceanic crust
composed mostly of basalt, 5-10 kilometers thick, denser/younger than continental
Continental crust
composed mostly of granite, up to 70 kilometers thick, less dense/older than oceanic
Hess expanded on Wegener's theory of (Pangaea landmass/continental drift/conveyor belt) Hess proposed the idea that (mid-ocean ridges/continents/deep-ocean trenches) are places where crust is created.
continental drift, mid-ocean ridges
Subduction
convection currents cause this (the process of one plate sliding beneath another)
Which sources do scientists use to study the interior of Earth? Check all that apply. Earth's orbit core samples sea level earthquakes S waves rock composition
core samples earthquakes S waves rock composition
-Seismograph -Core samples -Earthquakes ____ provide us with the actual rocks from inside Earth. They are considered (indirect, direct, seismic) evidence of Earth's interior.
core samples, direct
The least destructive and slowest-moving type of mass movement is -landslide -mudflow -slump -creep.
creep
Scientists discovered that new molten materials from inside Earth create new (crust/plates/ridges) Rocks closest to the center of a mid-ocean ridge are (older/the same age/younger) than those that are farther away.
crust, younger
Horizon A
decomposed organic material mixes with weathered parent material (topsoil)
wind erosion works in two ways
deflation and abrasion
deposition by rivers
delta, flood plain, alluvial fan
What property is measured by the amount of mass in a given volume? -density -luster -hardness -streak
density
Which factors affect the rate of deposition?
density, size of the sediment and he velocity of the agent of erosion
a glacier melts and leaves behind sediment and rock fragments
deposition
the process by which sediment is added to new location is called
deposition
mechanical weathering
does not change rock composition, abrasion, ice wedging
Non-foliated rock
does not split into layers, form in random arrangements, quartzite
soil horizon
each layer of a soil profile
how do glaciers shape the earth through deposition and erosion
erode land through plucking and abrasion, create tills/moraines/kettles/kettle lakes through deposition
how do waves shape the earth through deposition and erosion
erode through impact/abrasion, create wave-cut cliffs, sea arches and sea stacks through erosion and form beaches/spits/sandbars through deposition
how does wind shape the earth through deposition and erosion
erodes through deflation and abrasion, creates sand dunes/loess by deposition
wind blows sediment and small rock fragments
erosion
The Hawaiian islands formed when molten material erupted from the ocean floor. As the lava flowed out, cooled, and hardened, massive rocks formed. These rocks have a very fine texture and tiny crystals that cannot be seen with the naked eye. These massive rocks formed into the islands that are present today. What type of igneous rock are the Hawaiian islands? intrusive or extrusive
extrusive
organic rocks
form from plant or animal debris (remains)
chemical rocks
form from solutions chemical weathering
clastic rocks
form from weathered sediment when rock fragments or clasts are squeezed together
ingenious rocks
form when magma and lava cools and solidifies
Which statements accurately describe groundwater?
found below Earth's surface, erosion leads to the creation of caves, can cause chemical weathering
formation of minerals
from magma/lava and solutions
Evidence of what feature is found in South Africa, despite South Africa's relatively mild climate? mountains glaciers coal fields tropical plant fossils
glaciers
A geologist discovers a new rock formation. The rock is dark in color and appears to have formed in layers. The layers are thick and not parallel but instead show some folding. Which type of rock did the geologist most likely find? gneiss marble slate quartzite
gneiss
Which conditions promote karst development? Check all that apply. dry climate good groundwater circulation hard rocks near Earth's surface moderate to heavy rainfall poor groundwater circulation soft rocks near Earth's surface
good groundwater circulation, moderate to heavy rainfall, soft rocks near Earth's surface
Corundum is a mineral with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs hardness scale. For which application would corundum most likely be useful? seasoning food grinding glass making toothpaste creating makeup
grinding glass
frequency distributions
group data into categories and show how often a particular value occurs
What property refers to a mineral's ability to resist scratching? -density -luster -hardness -streak
hardness
asthenosphere
has a tarry consistency
foliated rocks
have grains that form in parallel layers and tend to split apart along their bands
stalactite
icicle shaped formation that hangs from ceiling of a cave
A geologist is studying a massive rock outcrop. The texture of the rock is coarse-grained with large round grains. The geologist determines that the rock probably formed when lava cooled on Earth's surface. What type of rock has the geologist identified? -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary
igneous
Which type of rock is formed from molten materials? -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary
igneous
Stone Mountain is a great example of the rock cycle at work. Streams erode existing (igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary/igneous) and (metamorphic/sedimentary) rocks. The processes of compaction and cementation form these sand particles into sandstone, (a igneous/metamorphic/sedimentary) rock.
igneous metamorphic sedimentary
Extrusive rock
igneous rock that cools rapidly on Earth's surface due to exposer to air and water, forms small crystals due to rapid cooling, has a fine texture
waves shape coastlines through what
impact, abrasion, changing direction
Glomar Challenger
in 1968 this machine collected drilling samples from the ocean floor (rocks closer to center of mid-ocean ridges are always younger than those that are farther away)
how to prevent wind erosion
installing windbreaks, alternating crops, using mulch to cover exposed soil
outer core of earth
is made of liquified metal
inner core of earth
is under great pressure and is solid
lower mantle
is under the asthenosphere
Groundwater erosion may lead to the formation of what
karst topography
plate tectonics
landforms result from moving plates, lithosphere is made of large pieces, plates move and interact
kettles
large holes left from the melting of huge chunks of glacial ice
When wind slows down, it deposits sediment. What feature is created by the deposition of loosely packed, mineral-rich soil? moraine beach loess sand dune
loess
What property identifies minerals as metallic or nonmetallic? -density -luster -hardness -streak
luster
Which phrases are true of only the mantle? Check all that apply. made of three layers has a tarry layer made of two layers has a molten outer layer has a solid outer layer
made of three layers has a tarry layer has a solid outer layer
how do seafloor spreading and subduction work together
magma rises, crust forms and moves away, crust sinks under lighter plate and ocean floor then changes
Rocks beneath the surface are forced toward the _______. This increases pressure and heat. ______ pockets rise, increasing heat. Temperature and pressure cause _____ to change.
mantle, magma, minerals
Which type of metamorphic rock forms when limestone is exposed to heat and pressure? slate quartzite marble granite
marble
Which features are formed by river erosion? Check all that apply. gullies meanders oxbow lakes rills streams waterfalls
meanders, oxbow lakes, waterfalls
what rocks form from existing rocks
metaphoric (igneous, sedimentary, others)
Which landforms might you see at a divergent plate boundary? Check all that apply. mid-ocean ridge mountain range rift valley volcano island
mid-ocean ridge, rift valley
Most rocks contain more than one type of _____
mineral
What determines the color of a rock? texture grain pattern mineral type grain shape
mineral type
geosphere
mostly solid part of Earth (rocks, minerals, landforms, Earth's interior)
Convection Currents
motion in mantel that drives plate movement (material near core gets hot, becomes less dense as it rises to the surface while cooling, as they cool they become more dense and sink back to core
Primary (P) waves
move like a spring and travel through solids/liquids
Secondary (S) waves
move like ripples in water, only travel through solids
mass movement
movement of large amounts of soil and rock/rock debris down a slope
A _______ can occur after heavy rains in dry areas. -landslide -mudflow -slump -creep.
mudflow
characteristics of minerals
naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, crystal structure, definite chemical composition
seafloor spreading
occurs at mid-ocean ridges, creates new crust when magma rises and cools to form rock, pushes older crust away from ridge
Fossils on continents that are now separated by (oceans/mountains/valleys) support the theory of continental drift.
oceans
where does lava cool
on earth's surface
tributary
one of many channels that connect to form a river
-Clastic -Organic -Chemical _____ rocks form where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in layers.
organic
chemical weathering
oxidation, changes rock composition, acid rain
Horizon C
parent material barely affected by soil formation process (weathered rock)
Which properties of grains determine the texture of rocks? Check all that apply. feel pattern color shape size
pattern shape size
How can groundwater erosion be prevented
plant trees and other vegetation, decrease the slope of riverbanks, avoid soil compaction (the packing down of soil), build drains and ditches with adequate outlets
convergent boundary
plates collide, makes volcanos and mountains
transform boundary
plates slide past each other, causes earthquakes
Glaciers erode land through which two processes? chemical weathering and deflation deflation and abrasion plucking and abrasion plucking and deflation
plucking and abrasion
sesmic waves
provide indirect evidence (caused by earthquakes, travel through Earth's interior have two centers; epicenter/focus, radiates outward and are studied using seismographs
mudflow
rapid downhill flow of a mix of rock, soil and water
histogram
represent the distribution of data
two key factors that affect the rate of weathering
rock type and climate
Which phrase provides the best definition of sedimentary rocks? rocks that form when a solution evaporates rocks that act as glue to hold larger rocks together rocks that form from materials that existed in older rocks rocks that form from broken pieces of younger rocks
rocks that form from materials that existed in older rocks
sand dune
sand deposited against an obstruction
Wind deposition creates
sand dunes and loess
seafloor spreading
seafloor spreads along mid-ocean ridges (creates new ocean floor and moves continents)
Which type of rock needs weathering or erosion to form? -igneous -metamorphic -sedimentary
sedimentary
what do geologists use to study seismic waves
seismic waves,
-Seismic waves -Epicenters -Energy ripples ____ are a form of energy that travels through or across Earth and helps scientists infer what is inside Earth. They are considered (direct, temporary, indirect) evidence of Earth's interior.
seismic waves, indirect
Geologists can use ______ waves to learn about Earth's interior. P waves travel faster than S waves. S waves travel through solids only, which tells geologists that the _____ core is liquid. Geologists call the outer, solid area of Earth the crust; the next layer is the ______ . Finally, at the very center, is the core.
seismic, outer, mantle
During an earthquake, geologists use a machine called a (seismograph/drilling rig/magnetometer) to study seismic waves. P waves can pass through both solid and molten rock, but S waves can pass only through (molten/solid/tarry) rock
seismograph and solid
line graphs
show changes over time
scatterplots
show the relationship between two variables
What type of mass movement has materials that move in a single large mass or block? landslide creep mudflow slump
slump
Lava is pouring out of the crust at a vent on the ocean floor. As it cools, igneous rocks form. Which characteristics would one expect to find when studying the cooled lava? small crystals and coarse texture small crystals and fine texture large crystals and coarse texture large crystals and fine texture
small crystals and fine texture
Which features are created by groundwater erosion and deposition? All that apply. stalagmites sinkholes rills stalactites gullies rivers
stalagmites, sinkholes, stalactites
Which factors can lead to a mass movement?
steep slopes, removal of vegetation, earthquakes, undercutting of a slope
What property refers to the color of a mineral's powder? -density -luster -hardness -streak
streak
Through the process of ________ old, dense crust is pushed toward a deep-ocean . There, it sinks under lighter crust. It returns to molten rock, becoming part of the _______ again.
subduction, mantle
the ____ of a rock is determined by the shape, size, and pattern of its _____
texture, grains
cleaveage
the ability of a mineral to break along flat surfaces
magnetism
the ability to attract certain metals
flouresence
the ability to produce a visble glow
atmosphere
the air surrounding the earth
rate is
the distance a plate moves in a certain period of time
crystal system
the number and angle of crystal faces
Uniformitarianism
the present is the key to the past
Deflation
the process by which the wind moves particles that are loose
Abrasion
the process in which wind wears down solid objects
landslide
the rapid downhill movement of a mass of rock, debris or soil
creep
the slow downhill movement of rock and soil
Continents closer to the equator have warmer climates, yet fossils of (tropical plants/mammals/dinosaurs) have been found on islands near the North Pole. This supports the idea that islands drifted from the equator.
tropical plants
Horizon B
undergoes the most change, barely resembles parent material (subsoil)
Lithosphere
uppermost part of mantle and crust, 100 km thick, solid
stalagmite
upward growing mound of mineral deposits on a cave floor
soil profile
vertical section of soil that ranges from the surface to the bedrock
What is the most common and powerful agent of erosion? wind ice water animal behavior
water
runoff
water that flows over the surface (main cause of erosion, carries topsoil/nutrients other materials across the ground)
erosion by rivers
waterfall, oxbow lake, meander
erosion by waves (2)
wave-cut cliff, sea arch, sea stack
a river breaks down rocks along its bank
weathering
breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces by natural forces
weathering
weathering, erosion, deposition
weathering breaks down surface material into sediment, erosion transports sediment, deposition puts sediment in new places
order of the processes of sedimentary rock formation occur
weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
When did people begin to notice that coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces? -when satellites began taking pictures of Earth from space -when Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift -when early explorers traveled from Europe and Asia to the Americas -when geologists first started examining the fossil record of South America
when early explorers traveled from Europe and Asia to the Americas
How do metamorphic rocks form?
when existing rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure (rocks beneath surface are moved to mantle creating heat, magma pockets rise and the temp/pressure change cause minerals to change
abrasion
when glaciers scrape the underlying rock as they move
divergent boundary
when plates move apart from one another (ocean and land) forms mid-ocean ridges