Ecology, Chapter 13 (Exam 3)
Select all of the major kinds of symbiotic relationships.
- Mutualism - Parasitism - Commensalism
Which of the following are considered to be characteristics of models used in ecological research?
- abstraction - insightful - man-made construct
In the results of their experiments with planthoppers about intraspecific competition, Denno and Roderick found that insects grown in the highest density cages were characterized by which of the following?
- decreased body length - increased development time - reduced survivorship
The re-evaluation of research on competition has led to which of the following?
- focus on experimental design - reanalysis of past research
Which of the following factors in Brown's experiments with desert rats help to provide strong evidence of competition?
- well replicated - long time scale - large spatial scale
The study of competition has gone through several phases. Organize the following in order from first (at top) to most recent (at bottom).
1. Theoretical 2. Laboratory models 3. Experimentation 4. Re-evaluation
True or false: One of the factors strengthening the results of Brown's experiments on competition between desert rats is that it was conducted at several distant locations.
False
True or false: When the paramecium were grown separately, the change in carrying capacity in response to a change in food supply is evidence of interspecific competition.
False
True or false: Under the principle of competitive exclusion, beak size in Darwin's finches should be linked to differences in feeding niches.
True
In his experiments with barnacles, Connell looked at the effects of competition by transplanting ___ to the lower intertidal zone.
adult Chthamalus
Competition is ___ factor in the spread of invasive species.
an important
Under self-thinning, plant populations ___ as they grow older.
become less dense
In a symbiotic relationship called ___ , one member is benefited and the other member is neither benefited nor harmed.
commensalism
In what symbiotic relationship does one member benefit while the other is neither benefited nor harmed?
commensalism
The ability of invasive species to successfully invade is a result of their superior ___ abilities.
competitive
When the two paramecium species were grown together in Gause's paramecium experiments with just one food source, the extinction of one of the species is evidence of the ___.
competitive exclusion principle
In the barnacle plots where Balanus was allowed to settle, Chthamalus populations declined due to ___ by the Balanus.
crowding
When grown separately, the carrying capacity for each paramecium species ___ when the bacterial food supply was reduced.
decreased
When the two species of paramecium were grown together in Gause's paramecium experiments, reducing the food supply resulted in _blank_ the time taken for one of the species to go to exclusion.
decreasing
The beak sizes of Darwin's finches are related to differences in ___ and those differences result in changes in fitness as some birds were able to out-compete others.
diet
From the perspective of interspecific competition, we would expect that under the competitive exclusion principle, species living together will generally have ___ niches.
different
Interference competition involves ___ interaction between individuals.
direct
How did Brown restrict the movement of rodents into and out of the study plots?
fencing
In Tilman's experiments with grass, the addition of nitrogen to the soil resulted in _blank_ plant biomass in low-density treatments as compared to high-density treatments.
greater
Along coastal locations with greater fetch, you would expect S. anglica to be found at a __________ in the intertidal zone as compared to more sheltered locations.
higher elevation
The competitive exclusion principle states that two species with ___ niches cannot coexist indefinitely.
identical
Grosholz, based on experimental results, proposed that the effects of competition between isopods were the result of ___.
increased cannibalism
The type of competition that involves the direct interaction between individuals is ___ competition
interference
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, coexistence will occur when ___ competition is greater than ___ competition for both species.
intraspecific; interspecific
When Tansley grew the two Galium species together, one species dominated in ___.
its native soil type
The spread of Batillaria from its initial colonization site has been limited due to ___.
lack of planktonic larvae
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, when the value of the competition coefficient (α) is greater than 1, then we can think of intraspecific competition being ___ interspecific competition.
less than
In Tilman's experiments with grass, plants grown at higher densities had _blank_ biomass per plant than those grown at lower densities.
lower
A symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit is called
mutualism
In what type of symbiotic relationship do both members benefit?
mutualism
Match the name of the symbiotic relationship on the left with its correct definition on the right
mutualism - both species benefit commensalism - one species benefits, other does not benefit nor is harmed Parasitism - one species benefits, other is harmed
In Gause's competition experiments with Paramecium species, he was interested in finding out whether ___.
one species would drive the other to extinction
Character displacement occurs when two species differ more from each other when their ranges ___ as compared to where they ___.
overlap; do not overlap
The invasive marine snail Batillaria arrived in California as an accidental tourist associated with the introduction of ___ from Japan.
oysters
In what symbiotic relationship does one member benefit while the other is harmed?
parasitism
When an organism such as a tick benefits by sucking blood from a deer who is harmed, this is a symbiotic relationship called
parasitism
The results of mathematical models in ecology can be used to generate ___ for experimental research.
predictions
Denno and Roderick proposed that the effects of the increased competition between planthoppers were the result of ___.
reduced food quality
Denno and Roderick proposed that the effects of the increased competition between planthoppers were the result of ___.
reduced food quality
The Lotka-Volterra model assumes that _blank_ will diminish as a result of both intra- and interspecific competition.
resources
An important condition of Gause's experiments with Paramecium species was that ___.
resources were limiting
Granivores are organisms that feed on ___ and were divided by Brown into two groups based on their size.
seeds
By changing the size of holes in the fencing of the desert rodent he was studying, Brown was able to make the study plots "semipermeable" with respect to what characteristic of the rodents?
size
In his experiments on competition between several species of desert rodents, Brown grouped the species based upon ___ and ___.
size; feeding habits
When the two species of Galium were grown in acidic soils in Tansley's experiments, both species grew ___ when they were grown in more basic soil.
slower than
Grosholz, in his competition experiments, found that isopods grown at higher density had reduced ___ compared to those grown at lower densities.
survivorship
Character displacement is more likely to occur when two species are ___.
sympatric
Self-___ is the process where greater amounts of biomass are concentrated in fewer individuals as plants grow.
thinning
The local distribution of S. anglica is determined by inundation by ________ and ________.
tides; waves
In the Lotka-Volterra model of competition, which term is added to the logistic equation for a population to reflect the effects of the competitor?
αN
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, the term α21N 1 can be thought of as the number of species _blank_ that is equivalent to the number of species _blank_ in depleting resources.
1; 2
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, the competition coefficient α12 measures the effects of an individual of species _blank_ on species ___.
2; 1
