EDP 202 - Chapter 1 & 2 (Exam 1)

43. Of the following, what is the best description of a theory? a. A series of related patterns that can be used as a basis for explanation and prediction. b. A large body of information that has limited value in the real world. c. An abstract description of events taking place primarily in the sciences. d.A series of descriptions and conjectures that don't have any basis in fact.

a. A series of related patterns that can be used as a basis for explanation and prediction.

62. Teresa Walker is a second-grade teacher in a large urban elementary school. Her students take a state test near the end of the school year to determine their learning progress. Teresa's year-end evaluation is determined in part by the amount her students improve, such as moving from the 50th to the 60th percentile in reading during the academic year. The overall process Teresa is experiencing best illustrates which of the following? a. Accountability b. High-stakes testing c. Pedagogical content knowledge d. Standards-based instruction

a. Accountability

50. Nikki Yudin, a middle school teacher, has recently read articles suggesting that homework doesn't increase student learning. So, she decides to investigate the question. In two of her classes she gives homework as always, and in two other classes she assigns no homework. She follows this practice for one 9-week grading period, and finds that the classes who did homework scored higher than her other two classes on her 9-weeks test. Which of the following types of research is best illustrated by Nikki's study? a. Action research b. Qualitative research c. Mixed-methods research d. Design-based research

a. Action research

59. Which of the following best describes demographic trends predicted to exist over the next few years in our country? a. By the year 2026 more than half of the students in our country will be members of cultural minorities. b. By the year 2026, more than half country's students will be of Hispanic background. c. By the year 2026, more than half of the students in our country will be students with exceptionalities. d. By the year 2026, more than half of the students in our country will be African American.

a. By the year 2026 more than half of the students in our country will be members of cultural minorities.

1. Of the following, what is the best definition of development? a. Changes that occur in human beings as they grow from infancy to adulthood b. The process of adjusting schemes to maintain a state of equilibrium c. Modifying environmental experience to fit existing schemes d. Physiological changes in an individual that result from genetic makeup

a. Changes that occur in human beings as they grow from infancy to adulthood

52. You understand the statements "People tend to display the same behaviors that they see other people display," and "People are more likely to imitate the behaviors of famous people than people who are less famous." You realize that the statements are related and you then realize why movie stars and athletes are used to help companies sell their products. Of the following, what best describes the two related statements? a. Combined, they illustrate components of a theory. b. Combined, they illustrate experimental research. c. Combined, they illustrate critical decision making. d. Combined, they illustrate pedagogical content knowledge.

a. Combined, they illustrate components of a theory.

24. Research on critical periods in brain research most nearly suggests which of the following? a. Critical periods exist for humans but are flexible. b. The best time for the introduction of reading and math is 6 to 8 years. c. Critical periods provide critical "windows of opportunities" for developmental growth. d. Preschool should be a time of exploration and free play.

a. Critical periods exist for humans but are flexible.

42. Research in education has received a considerable amount of criticism over the years, with its lack of impact on classroom practice being one of the most important. Which of the following types of research has become prominent in response to these criticisms? a. Design-based research b. Qualitative research c. Action research d. Quantitative research

a. Design-based research

7. Of the following, which statement most accurately describes the difference between expert teachers and their colleagues with less expertise? a. Expert teachers possess more professional knowledge and skills that do their colleagues with less expertise. b. Expert teachers have more experience than their colleagues with less expertise. c. Expert teachers care about their students more than their colleagues with less expertise. d.Expert teachers have degrees in specific fields, such as math or English, whereas less expert teachers do not have comparable degrees.

a. Expert teachers possess more professional knowledge and skills that do their colleagues with less expertise.

48. When teachers work with children, Piaget would most strongly advocate which of the following? a. Hands-on experience b. Video and vicarious experience c. Texts with logical systematic teacher presentations d. Lectures and explanations of content to be learned.

a. Hands-on experience

36. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the role of research in teaching? a. It is the mechanism expert teachers use to improve their practice. b. It is the process teachers use to help students understand abstract concepts. c. It is the mechanism expert teachers use to confirm commonsense understanding about teaching. d. It is the process teacher use to understand theoretical problems that don't have direct application in classrooms.

a. It is the mechanism expert teachers use to improve their practice.

57. Which of the following best explains why the Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSSI) was developed? a. States wanted to ensure that all students graduate from high school with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life, regardless of where they live. b. Our federal government wanted to create a national curriculum that would be competitive with other advanced nations. c. States in our country wanted standards to focus to a much greater extent on the impact of technology on learning and teaching. d. Educational leaders wanted to create standards that would "level the playing field" for students who are members of cultural minorities.

a. States wanted to ensure that all students graduate from high school with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life, regardless of where they live.

29. Raphael Sanchez represents the concept crustacean by showing his students a lobster, a crab, and shrimp and having them identify the characteristics they have in common. Which of the following is Raphael best applying by representing crustaceans in this way? a. Strategy 2: Linking abstract concepts to concrete representations from the National Council on Teacher Quality's Six Strategies that Every New Teacher Needs to Know b. General pedagogical knowledge as a form of professional knowledge that all teachers should possess c. Principle 2: What students already know affects their learning, from the Top 20 Principles from Psychology for PreK-12 Teaching and Learning d. Principle 6: Clear, explanatory, and timely feedback to students is important for learning, from the Top 20 Principles from Psychology for PreK-12 Teaching and Learning

a. Strategy 2: Linking abstract concepts to concrete representations from the National Council on Teacher Quality's Six Strategies that Every New Teacher Needs to Know

61. Which of the following best describes experts' estimates of the impact that technology will have on education over the next several years? a. Technology will present both potential benefits and challenges for teachers; technology is neither all good nor all bad. b. Technology will revolutionize teaching; in 10 years teaching won't resemble the way it exists today. c. The influence of technology on teaching will largely be limited to using the Internet to access information. d. Research suggests that technology is having a negative impact on learning because of the amount of time students spend on activities such as texting and playing video games.

a. Technology will present both potential benefits and challenges for teachers; technology is neither all good nor all bad.

25. Which of the following best describes the concept of neuroplasticity? a. The ability of the brain to rewire itself in response to experience b. The tendency of people to be left-brained or right-brained c. The tendency of the brain to look for patterns in the way the world works d. The ability of the brain to govern and determine a range of behaviors

a. The ability of the brain to rewire itself in response to experience

18. The components of neurons that receive incoming messages from other neurons are called: a. dendrites. b. lobes. c. synapses. d. axons.

a. dendrites.

15. "You can't teach what you don't know" is a commonly stated maxim in teaching. Of the following, it most nearly describes: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

a. knowledge of content.

19. Gretchen wants to strengthen her American literature instruction during the next school year, so she enrolls in a master's-level course that focuses on American classics, such as The Scarlet Letter and To Kill a Mockingbird. By enrolling in this course Gretchen is illustrating her desire to increase her: a. knowledge of content. b. general pedagogical knowledge. c. general prior knowledge. d. pedagogical content knowledge.

a. knowledge of content.

20. After studying educational psychology, Jeff Curry understands that the thinking of his high school students is concrete, e.g., they are able to understand abstract concepts like density, nationalism, or symbolism, for examples, only after seeing concrete illustrations of them. Without these illustrations, they attempt to memorize formulas or definitions that have little meaning for them. Of the following, the teacher's understanding would best be described as: a. knowledge of learners and learning. b. knowledge of content. c. pedagogical content knowledge. d. general pedagogical knowledge.

a. knowledge of learners and learning.

10. Jennifer is fortunate enough to go to a school that has a full-time school psychologist, school nurse, and small class sizes. Sonya's school, however, is overcrowded, and the school psychologist only comes twice a week, because he has two other schools for which he is responsible. These influences on personal development would be classified in Bronfenbrenner's model as part of the: a. microsystem. b. mesosystem. c. exosystem. d. macrosystem.

a. microsystem.

16. Brain nerve cells are called: a. neurons. b. dendrites. c. synapses. d.lobes.

a. neurons.

10. The body of information and skills that is unique to an area of study, such as law, medicine, or teaching is best described as: a. professional knowledge. b. expert knowledge. c. background knowledge. d. formal knowledge.

a. professional knowledge.

41. The ability to mentally trace a line of reasoning back to its beginning is referred to as: a. reversibility. b. centration. c. transformation. d. systematic reasoning.

a. reversibility.

42. The stage in which children are unable to remember physical objects that are no longer visible is called the: a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. concrete operational stage. d. formal operational stage.

a. sensorimotor stage.

47. The process of ordering of objects according to increasing length, weight, or volume is called: a. seriation. b. transformation. c. conservation. d.centration.

a. seriation.

22. The way April represented her content—standing on one foot and then standing on two feet to show the students the difference between force and pressure is best described as a(n): a. simulation. b. model. c. case study. d.example.

a. simulation.

3. At the center of Bronfenbrenner's model is/are: a. the individual. b. parents. c. the microsystem. d. the mesosytem.

a. the individual.

38. Of the following, the best definition of a scheme is: a. the knowledge, procedures, and relationships that we use to understand the world. b. the orderly durable changes in a learner resulting from learning, experience, and maturation. c. a state of conceptual balance and order. d. the process of modifying environmental experience to fit present understanding.

a. the knowledge, procedures, and relationships that we use to understand the world.

28. With respect to cognitive development, which of the following conclusions is most valid? a. Darlene is more "developed" than is Alysia, because she made a comment based on observation. b. Alysia is more "developed" than is Darlene, because she made a cognitively more sophisticated conclusion. c. Alysia is more "developed" than Darlene, because she is more mature. d.Both of the children are about equally developed, because they are both in the first grade, and children of the same age tend to be at about the same developmental level.

b. Alysia is more "developed" than is Darlene, because she made a cognitively more sophisticated conclusion.

11. Jenny Newhall, a first-grade teacher, demonstrates that air takes up space by pushing an inverted drink cup into a fish bowl of water. The students see that the cup doesn't fill with water. Darlene explains that water doesn't go into the cup because "the cup is tipped over." Alysia says, "Air kept the water out. My dad and I were in the swimming pool, and when he tipped the cup, some air got out and water got in, but if he didn't tip the cup, no water could get in." Which of the following principles of development does this example best illustrate? a. Development proceeds in orderly and predictable patterns. b. Development depends on both heredity and the environment. c. People develop at different rates. d. Development occurs in a variety of domains.

b. Development depends on both heredity and the environment.

53. You have studied a theory that focuses on the way people learn, and you understand the theory thoroughly. Of the following, which statement best describes how you will use this understanding in the real world? a. It provides you with information about the way people learn that you know to be true for all cases. b. It allows you to predict what kind of practice will likely result in the most learning. c. It provides you with a set of teaching rules, which if properly applied will almost always work. d. It provides you with knowledge and understanding, even though it has limited application for classroom practice.

b. It allows you to predict what kind of practice will likely result in the most learning.

8. Fred Rogers encourages parental involvement in his students' activities. He calls parents, has his students create a newsletter that goes to parents each month, and sends packets of work home to be signed and returned. Which of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems is best illustrated by Fred's efforts? a. Microsystem. b. Mesosystem. c. Exosystem. d. Macrosystem.

b. Mesosystem.

20. The process of firing and insulating a neural circuit is best described as which of the following? a. Synaptic pruning b. Myelination c. Neural connectivity d. Neuroplasticity

b. Myelination

50. Most students during kindergarten and first grade are at what stage of cognitive development? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational

b. Preoperational

48. Luisa Hernandez is an educational researcher. She surveys everyone in the district to obtain their opinions about after-school enrichment programs. What type of research is best illustrated by Luisa's efforts? a. Quantitative research b. Qualitative research c. Mixed-methods research d. Design-based research

b. Qualitative research

51. Researchers observe a sample of teachers and find that those who ask large numbers of questions have students who are more attentive than those who spend more time lecturing and explaining. They also interview a selected sample of students to determine students' emotional reactions to being asked large numbers of questions. Of the following which type of research is best illustrated by the researchers' practices? a. Quantitative research b. Qualitative research c. Mixed-methods research d. Action research

b. Qualitative research

46. A research study indicating that teachers who use concrete examples to illustrate their topics have students who score higher on their achievement tests than teachers who represent the ideas abstractly best illustrates what kind of research? a. Qualitative research b. Quantitative research c. Descriptive research d.Longitudinal research

b. Quantitative research

28. "I'm going to have the children practice on long-vowel sounds and blends during skills block tomorrow," Ava Goodwin, a kindergarten teacher, says to herself as she plans for the next week. "I don't think I've spent enough time on basic skills the past few weeks." Ava then spends more time on basic skills the next week. Ava's concluding that she hasn't been spending enough time on basic skills best illustrates which of the following characteristics of expert teaching? a. Decision making in ill-defined contexts b. Reflective practice c. Pedagogical content knowledge d. A body of specialized knowledge

b. Reflective practice

35. Which of the following is the best definition of research? a. The process of making decisions about the best way to represent the content that is being taught b. The process of systematically gathering information in an attempt to answer professional questions c. The process of requiring students to demonstrate that they have met specified standards, and holding teachers responsible for students' performance d. The process of making changes in educational policy to more nearly meet the needs of students at all levels

b. The process of systematically gathering information in an attempt to answer professional questions

49. Of the following, which is the best description of the state of typical kindergartners' cognitive development? a. Their thinking is limited to the motor processing of information. b. Their thinking is dominated by their perception of concrete objects. c. Their thinking is logical if they are presented with concrete experiences. d. Their thinking is logical if they are able to work together in pairs or small groups.

b. Their thinking is dominated by their perception of concrete objects.

11. Of the following, which description is most characteristic of beginning teachers? a. They are realistic, sometimes even pessimistic, about the extent to which they'll be able to help young people from disadvantaged backgrounds. b. They believe that they will be more effective than teachers now in the field. c. They are unsure of their commitment to teaching. d.They go into teaching for material rewards.

b. They believe that they will be more effective than teachers now in the field.

23. Of the following, the form of content representation best illustrated by the vignette Kathy displayed is best described as: a. an example. b. a case study. c. a simulation. d. a model.

b. a case study.

39. The process of changing existing schemes in response to new experiences is called: a. assimilation. b. accommodation. c. equilibration. d. maturation.

b. accommodation.

40. A form of adaptation in which an experience in the environment is modified to fit an existing scheme is called: a. organization. b. accommodation. c. assimilation. d.maturation.

b. accommodation.

2. A person who is highly knowledgeable or skilled in a particular domain, such as physics, anesthesiology, or teaching is best describes as a(n): a. professional. b. expert. c. scholar. d. technician.

b. expert.

12. Research indicates that effective teaching requires four kinds of professional knowledge. They include: a. knowledge of content, general pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners and learning, and knowledge of human relations. b. knowledge of content, pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of learners and learning. c. pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners and learning, and knowledge of human relations. d. knowledge of teaching skills, knowledge of learning styles, knowledge of student learning, and knowledge of content.

b. knowledge of content, pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of learners and learning.

36. The biological changes we see in individuals as a result of the interaction of their genetic makeup with the environment is called: a. learning. b. maturation. c. development. d. experience.

b. maturation

5. In Bronfenbrenner's model, interactions between people and activities in the child's immediate surroundings, such as interactions between peers, school, and the immediate neighborhood, make up the: a. microsystem. b. mesosystem. c. exosystem. d. macrosystem.

b. mesosystem.

4. In Bronfenbrenner's model, the people and activities in the child's immediate surroundings, which include parents, peers, school, and other influences such as television and the Internet, make up the: a. environment. b. microsystem. c. chronosystem. d. exosystem.

b. microsystem.

19. Of the following, the part of the brain most nearly responsible for much of human problem solving and language is the: a. dendrite branch. b. neural connection. c. synaptic center. d.cerebral cortex.

b. neural connection.

14. The ability to find or create examples of topics so that the topics are meaningful to learners is best described as: a knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

b. pedagogical content knowledge.

21. Her ability to represent the concept pressure in this way best illustrates her: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

b. pedagogical content knowledge.

25. Kathy's ability to create her vignette to help her students reach her goal is best described as: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

b. pedagogical content knowledge.

37. Researchers will often investigate educational events, such as the impact of a certain teaching strategy on the achievement of students, using numerical data and statistical techniques. This process is best described as: a. qualitative research. b. quantitative research. c. descriptive research. d. longitudinal research.

b. quantitative research.

56. Statements that describe what students should know or be able to do at the end of a prescribed period of study are best described as: a. forms of accountability. b. standards. c. value-added models. d. assessments.

b. standards.

31. Geraldo, a third grader, is creating a story map that identifies the feelings of the character in the story. His teacher's goal is for all of her students to be able to draw inferences about characters' feelings based on clues in the stories they read. The part of the learning physiology of Geraldo's brain that will be most strongly influenced by these experiences are the: a. dendrites. b. synapses. c. axons. d. neurons.

b. synapses.

23. The finding that people who learn a foreign language later in life often speak with an accent is best explained by: a. the importance of optimal environments. b. the existence of critical periods. c. increased neural activity during language development. d.the effects of enriched environments.

b. the existence of critical periods.

29. With respect to the experience with air taking up space and the learning physiology of the brain, which of the following conclusions is most valid? a. Darlene will have more synaptic connections related to air taking up space than will Alysia. b. Both of the children will have about the same number of synaptic connections. c. Alysia will have more synaptic connections than will Darlene. d. The experience will result in more synaptic pruning for Alysia than it will for Darlene.

c. Alysia will have more synaptic connections than will Darlene.

30. Which of the following best illustrates Principle 5: Acquiring long-term knowledge and skill is largely dependent on practice from the Top 20 Principles from Psychology for PreK-12 Teaching and Learning? a. Grace Simek gives her 6th graders several examples of different types of figurative language, such as simile, metaphor, and personification. b. Luna Rodriguez tries to ask questions, such as "Why?" and "How do you Know?" as often as possible in her teaching? c. Dylan Jacobs is working with his 1st graders on adding and subtracting whole numbers. After his lesson he has the students work on a seatwork assignment for several minutes and monitors their efforts. d. Jack Toner always provides detailed explanations for frequently missed items on both his homework assignments and on his weekly quizzes.

c. Dylan Jacobs is working with his 1st graders on adding and subtracting whole numbers. After his lesson he has the students work on a seatwork assignment for several minutes and monitors their efforts.

6. Societal influences, such as parents' jobs, school systems, and workplace conditions, best describe which of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems? a. Microsystem b. Mesosystem c. Exosystem d. Macrosystem

c. Exosystem

7. One eighth grader is a young woman, physically and emotionally mature, whereas her classmate is still a "little girl," both physically and emotionally. Which of the following principles of development does this example best illustrate? a. Development proceeds in orderly and predictable patterns. b. Experience enhances development. c. People develop at different rates. d. Development depends on both heredity and the environment.

c. People develop at different rates.

33. Which of the following is the most important implication of neuroscience for our teaching? a. Attempt to design our instruction so it's consistent with students' preferred learning styles. b. Encourage school leaders to organize the curriculum so content is presented during students' critical periods for learning. c. Provide students with a great deal of practice with the content and skills they are attempting to acquire. d. Allow students to have input into projects, so right-brained and left-brained students can capitalize on their learning tendencies.

c. Provide students with a great deal of practice with the content and skills they are attempting to acquire.

31. Mike Melvin, a 5th grade teacher, is working with his students on adding and subtracting fractions with unlike denominators. However, on his homework assignments he also includes some problems that involve adding and subtracting fractions with like denominators. Then, when he moves to multiplying and dividing fractions, he also includes a problem or two where students must add and subtract fractions, with both like and unlike denominators. Which of the following six essential teaching strategies that all new teachers need to know, from the National Council on Teacher Quality is Mike most nearly applying with his homework practice? a. Strategy 5: Distributing practice b. Strategy 2: Linking abstract concepts to concrete representations c. Strategy 4: Alternating problems with solutions provided and problems students must solve d. Strategy 6: Assessing learning

c. Strategy 4: Alternating problems with solutions provided and problems students must solve

6. Research has identified a number of positive outcomes for students taught by expert teachers compared to students taught by teachers with less expertise. Which of the following is not one of those best describes the outcome for students taught by expert teachers compared to students taught by teachers with less expertise? a. Students taught by expert teachers are less likely to have children out of wedlock than are students taught by teachers with less expertise. b. Students taught by expert teachers are likely to earn higher salaries that are students taught by teachers with less expertise. c. Students taught by expert teachers are more likely to come to school socially mature than are students taught by teachers with less expertise. d. Students taught by expert teachers are more likely to attend college than are students taught by teachers with less expertise.

c. Students taught by expert teachers are more likely to come to school socially mature than are students taught by teachers with less expertise.

26. Several controversies exist with respect to neuroscience. Which of the following is not one of those controversies? a. The tendency of people to use neuroscience to explain behaviors and events it is incapable of explaining. b. The benefits or lack of benefits of added stimulation for cognitive development in young children c. The influence of experience on the physiology of the brain. d. The role of critical periods for development

c. The influence of experience on the physiology of the brain.

27. Neuroscientists, psychologists, and educators generally believe that teenagers need firm and consistent home and school environments that support learning and development. Which of the following components of the physiology of our brains and nervous systems is most closely related to this conclusion? a. The neuron b. The cerebral cortex c. The prefrontal cortex d. The dendrite

c. The prefrontal cortex

15. Research has uncovered a number of characteristics of our brains. Of the following, which is not one of those characteristics? a. The brain is our body's most complex organ. b. The brain instinctively looks for patterns in the way the world works. c. The structure of the brain develops during childhood and remains largely unchanged after that time. d.Genetically determined electric circuits are the foundation of the nervous system.

c. The structure of the brain develops during childhood and remains largely unchanged after that time.

40. Of the following, the best description of the type of research that is most commonly conducted by teachers in their classrooms is: a. descriptive research. b. correlational research. c. action research. d. experimental research.

c. action research.

43. The inability to interpret an event from another person's point of view is called: a. irreversibility. b. centration. c. egocentrism. d. assimilation.

c. egocentrism.

45. Of the following, the best description of the use of theories is to: a. rehearse and reflect. b. describe and correlate. c. explain and predict. d. inquire and experiment.

c. explain and predict.

13. Teacher abilities such as questioning and the ability to organize a classroom so it functions smoothly would best be described as: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

c. general pedagogical knowledge.

26. Kathy's practicing what she preached by calling on her own students best indicates her: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

c. general pedagogical knowledge.

3. People's professional knowledge and skills, social abilities, and personality attributes that contribute to a nation's cultural and economic advancement, best describes: a. effective teaching. b. expert teaching. c. human capital. d. human learning.

c. human capital.

39. Research that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to trying to answer an educational question is best described as: a. descriptive research. b. correlational research. c. mixed-methods research. d. longitudinal research.

c. mixed-methods research.

22. A misconception generated by a misunderstanding, a misreading or a misquoting of facts scientifically established by brain research best describes a: a. neuro-segment. b. critical period. c. neuromyth. d. neuro-fallacy.

c. neuromyth.

16. Reflective practice is defined as: a. the spontaneous problem-solving effective teachers employ. b. the confidence to communicate with parents, other teachers, and administrators. c. the process of conducting a critical self-examination of one's practice and thinking. d. the accumulation of day to day interactions that engaged teachers use when working with struggling learners.

c. the process of conducting a critical self-examination of one's practice and thinking.

45. The ability to mentally record the process of change from one state to another-such as mentally recording a clay ball being flattened-is called: a. centration. b. reversibility. c. transformation. d. conservation.

c. transformation.

49. A research team from a nearby university collaborates with Felice Hernandez, a 5th grade teacher, to examine the impact of concept maps, on students' reading comprehension. A series of studies are conducted with Felice's, and each study's design depends in part on the results of the previous study. Of the following, which type of research is best illustrated by this description? a. Quantitative research b. Qualitative research c. Action research d. Design-based research

d. Design-based research

2. Which of the following is a principle of development? a. Development proceeds in discrete steps, like walking up a stairway. b. Development and learning are relatively independent. c. Children develop at about the same rate until they reach school age. d. Development depends on both heredity and the environment.

d. Development depends on both heredity and the environment.

4. Which of the following best describes expert teaching? a. Some people are natural teachers, and others are not. It is very difficult to acquire the skills needed to be an expert teacher without a great deal of natural ability. b. Some teachers possess more natural ability than others, but expertise can be acquired through study and practice. c. Expertise in teaching is acquired largely through experience in classrooms. d. Expert teaching in elementary schools is acquired through study and practice, but expert teaching in middle and secondary schools largely depends on teachers' knowledge of content.

d. Expert teaching in elementary schools is acquired through study and practice, but expert teaching in middle and secondary schools largely depends on teachers' knowledge of content.

32. "I just attended the best workshop I've ever been to," Suzanne exclaims to her friend, Molly. "They talked at length about being sure to adapt our instruction to our students' preferred learning styles, and I'm trying to make sure I do that now as I plan." Of the following, which is the best assessment of Suzanne's efforts? a. Her efforts are likely to dramatically increase her students' learning. b. Her efforts are likely to increase her student's learning, but not dramatically. c. Her efforts are likely to significantly decrease her students' learning. d. Her efforts are not likely to impact her students' learning one way or the other.

d. Her efforts are not likely to impact her students' learning one way or the other.

27. Jack Ryan, a math teacher, uses lecture as his primary instructional strategy, and if his students are confused, he tries to explain the content even more clearly. Lucas Walsh, also a math teacher, uses a great deal of questioning with his students, varies his activities, and works hard to represent the content he teaches in ways that students can understand. Of the following, which is the most likely explanation for the differences between Jack's and Lucas's approaches to teaching? a. Lucas has more experience than does Jack. b. Lucas understands math better than does Jack. c. Lucas has more native ability than does Jack. d. Lucas possesses more professional knowledge than does Jack.

d. Lucas possesses more professional knowledge than does Jack.

21. The process of eliminating synapses that are infrequently used is best described as which of the following? a. Myelination b. Neuroplasticity c. Neural reduction d. Synaptic pruning

d. Synaptic pruning

5. If the schools' results are consistent with patterns identified by research, which of the following is the most likely outcome? a. The whole-language approach will result in more student learning than will the approach emphasizing phonics in all the elementary grades. b. The approach emphasizing phonics will result in more student learning than will the approach emphasizing whole language in all the elementary grades. c. The approach emphasizing phonics will result in more student learning in the lower elementary grades, but the approach emphasizing whole language will result in more learning in the upper elementary grades. d. The effectiveness of either approach depends on the knowledge and skills of the teacher implementing the program; one is not necessarily better than the other

d. The effectiveness of either approach depends on the knowledge and skills of the teacher implementing the program; one is not necessarily better than the other

60. Which of the following best describes the poverty rates in our country compared to other industrialized countries? a. The percentage of American families below the poverty line is consistently lower than in other industrialized countries. b. The percentage of American families below the poverty line is about the same as in other industrialized countries. c. The percentage of rural American families below the poverty line is lower than in other industrialized countries, but the percentage of urban American families below the poverty line is higher than in other industrialized countries. d. The percentage of American families below the poverty line is consistently higher than in other industrialized countries.

d. The percentage of American families below the poverty line is consistently higher than in other industrialized countries.

58. The process of requiring students to demonstrate that they have met standards, and making teachers responsible for ensuring that students do indeed meet the standards is best described as: a. value-added modeling. b. standards-based education. c. assessment. d. accountability.

d. accountability.

30. Bruce is struggling with a word problem in math. The part of his brain that is most directly involved in his attempts is the: a. occipital lobe. b. temporal lobe. c. parietal lobe. d. cerebral cortex.

d. cerebral cortex.

46. The idea that the "amount" of some substance stays the same regardless of its shape or the number of pieces into which it is divided is called: a. centration. b. equilibrium. c. transformation. d. conservation.

d. conservation.

37. According to Piaget, people's need for order, structure, and predictability is called: a. development. b. learning. c. maturation. d. equilibrium.

d. equilibrium.

17. Look at the following statement: Research recognizes that students do not passively receive information from teachers (like tape recorders), but instead construct their own knowledge of the topics they study as they attempt to make sense of the information. You understand this statement and prepare and deliver your instruction with this idea in mind. Your understanding most closely relates to: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. general pedagogical knowledge. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

d. knowledge of learners and learning.

24. We see that Kathy understood that "simply telling her students to ask many questions will be less effective than showing them something concrete." Kathy's understanding in this instance is best described as: a. knowledge of content. b. pedagogical content knowledge. c. knowledge of correlational research. d. knowledge of learners and learning.

d. knowledge of learners and learning.

9. Michaels's cultural background emphasizes individualism, autonomy, and self-reliance, whereas Chu's culture emphasizes group cooperation and respect for authority. In Bronfenbrenner's model, these influences on personal development would be classified as part of the: a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem

d. macrosystem

18. Hector is a middle school earth science teacher. He knows his students have difficulty understanding the geology of different land forms in our country. Knowing this, he has gone to the Internet and found a number of colored pictures of young mountains, mature mountains, young rivers, old rivers, and the same for plateaus. Recognizing that his students have difficulty with this concept and finding a way to better assist their learning, best illustrates Hector's: a. domain-specific prior knowledge. b. general pedagogical knowledge. c. general prior knowledge. d. pedagogical content knowledge.

d. pedagogical content knowledge.

38. The use of surveys, interviews, or observations to identify people's opinions and attitudes is best described as: a. quantitative research. b. correlational research. c. experimental research. d. qualitative research.

d. qualitative research.

47. Amanda Jones is an educational researcher who uses a series of case studies to investigate factors related to the success of members of cultural minorities in colleges and universities. The type of research that Amanda does can best be described as: a. quantitative research. b. action research. c. mixed-methods research. d. qualitative research.

d. qualitative research.

41. When conducting action research, after identifying and diagnosing a problem that is important to you, the next step is to: a. use the results of the study to generate additional research. b. implement the findings to solve or improve a local problem. c. generalize the findings to other action research settings. d. systematically plan and conduct a research study.

d. systematically plan and conduct a research study.

44. Sets of related principles that are based on observations and are used to explain additional observations best define: a. pedagogical content knowledge. b. random assignment. c. research. d. theories.

d. theories.

Of the following factors, which contributes most to students' learning and development? a. The curriculum that students follow b. The size of the classes students are in c. The students' school facilities and extracurricular activities d.The students' teachers

d.The students' teachers

17. The components of neurons that transmit outgoing messages to other neurons are called: a. dendrites. b. lobes. c. synapses. d.axons

d.axons

44. The tendency to focus on one perceptual aspect of an event to the exclusion of all others is called: a. egocentrism. b. irreversibility. c. transformation. d.centration

d.centration