Egypt

egyptologists

modern day peoples who study the history of ancient Egypt

per nefer

"house of beauty" where the internal organs are removed during mummification(For ladies).

nile

6,670 km (4,160 miles) in length and is the longest river in Africa and in the world. creates a fertile green valley across the desert. It was by the banks of the river that one of the oldest civilizations in the world began. The ancient Egyptians lived and farmed along the_____, using the soil to produce food for themselves and their animals.

hatshepsut

A daughter of King Thutmose I,_________ became queen of Egypt when she married her half-brother, Thutmose II, around the age of 12. Upon his death, she began acting as regent for her stepson, the infant Thutmose III, but later took on the full powers of a pharaoh, becoming co-ruler of Egypt around 1473 B.C. As pharaoh, she extended Egyptian trade and oversaw ambitious building projects, most notably the Temple of Deir el-Bahri, located in western Thebes, where she would be buried. Depicted (at her own orders) as a male in many contemporary images and sculptures, she remained largely unknown to scholars until the 19th century.

chariots

A_________ is a type of carriage driven by a charioteer using primarily horses to provide rapid motive power.

bes

Ancient Egyptian deity worshipped as a protector of households, and in particular, of mothers and children and childbirth.

book of the dead

Book containing useful spells and information for use in the afterlife

decline of new kingdom

Cleopatra VII tried to re-establish Egypt's independence; Egypt..... • Became a Roman province instead • Cleopatra became the last pharaoh of Egypt • Power declines after Ramses II • Succession of invaders • Sea people, Hyksos, Persians Greeks, and Romans

canopic jars

Containers used to store organs after death

pyramid age

Egypt's large pyramids are the work of the Old Kingdom society that rose to prominence in the Nile Valley after 3000 B.C. Historical analysis tells us that the Egyptians built the Giza Pyramids in a span of 85 years between 2589 and 2504 BC.

memphis

Egyptian city that served not just as an important city but also as the capital of ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom

ebers papyrus

Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to c. 1550 BC. Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, it was purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873-74 by Georg Ebers.

ba

Egyptian term for a soul

hyksos

Fifteenth Dynasty of Asiatic rulers of northern Egypt. In Egyptian________ means "ruler(s) of foreign countries"

mummification

First, the internal organs were removed and all moisture from the body was eliminated. Next, the body was wrapped with long strips of linen, and then covered with a large linen cloth.

cataract

dangerous rapids/deadly waterfalls

Gift of the nile

Herodotus called Egypt this because he said that the land owed its survival to the annual flooding of the river

hygiene

Loved being clean The lavatory was made out of limestone or wood Pot at the bottom of the whole with sand Created lozenges to sweeten breathe Made of myrrh, juniper berries, honey, and various incense Lower class washed themselves usually in the Nile Upper class had washrooms (shower rooms) Made of mud-bricks and limestone Poured water into jug with holes, precursor of the showerhead Sloped floor to drain

red land

desert

cult of osiris

One of the most famous cults of this god-fearing Egypt was the _____________, which had faith in the myth of Osiris and Isis.

importance to modern world

Papyrus, Mathematics and fractions, calendar, medicine, irrigation, sandals, paper, baskets, rafts and riverboats

djeser-djeseru

The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, also known as the__________("Holy of Holies"), is an ancient funerary shrine in Upper Egypt

cosmetics

Unlike other civilizations, Egyptians focused on their eyes Outlined them with green and black to emphasize their size and shape Originally used a paste until the middle of the Old Kingdom Switched to using black kohl Produced from galena (mineral) that came from Sinai Old Kingdom originally used Malachite Protected eyes from sun, dust, flies and infections Scented Oils and Ointments were most common

pyramids

Who built them: could have been slaves or paid workers Construction materials: limestone/other stone materials What is it?

ammit

_______ the destroyer: "devourer" or "soul-eater"; also called Ammut or Ahemait) was a female demon in ancient Egyptian religion with a body that was part lion, hippopotamus and crocodile—the three largest "man-eating" animals known to ancient Egyptians.

nefertiti

________ was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh. She and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshiped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc.

valley of the kings

________ was part of the ancient city of Thebes and was the burial site of almost all the kings (pharaohs) of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties (1539-1075 bce), from Thutmose I to Ramses X.

akhenaten

__________ tried to bring about a departure from traditional religion, yet in the end it would not be accepted. After his death, his monuments were dismantled and hidden, his statues were terminated and his name was not to be included in the king lists. Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, and when some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the 18th Dynasty founded a new dynasty, they discredited him and his immediate successors, referring to him as "the enemy" or "that criminal" in archival records.

oasis

a fertile spot in a desert where water is found

theocracy

a form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives.

isis

a goddess from the polytheistic pantheon of Egypt. She was first worshiped in ancient Egyptian religion, and later her worship spread throughout the Roman Empire and the greater Greco-Roman world. sister of osiris and very important leader as seen through Cleopatra's Moon

vizier

a high official

papyrus

a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats

shadoof

a pole with a bucket and counterweight used especially in Egypt for raising water

sarcophagus

a stone coffin in which a mummy lies

bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

asia minor

also known as modern day turkey

ramses

also known as_________ the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. He took the throne of Egypt in his early twenties (around 1279 BC) and ruled for 66 years until his death (1213 BC). He was the third ruler of the 19th Dynasty and ruled for an amazing 67 years, the second longest reign of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs.

osiris

an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead, but more appropriately as the god of transition, resurrection, and regeneration; considered the brother of Isis

anubis

an extremely ancient deity whose name appears in the oldest mastabas of the Old Kingdom and the Pyramid Texts as a guardian and protector of the dead. He was originally a god of the underworld, but became associated specifically with the embalming process and funeral rites.

empire

an individual or single people rule over many other people & their territories

ankh

an object or design resembling a cross but having a loop instead of the top arm, used in ancient Egypt as a symbol of life

cartouche

an oval or oblong enclosing a group of Egyptian hieroglyphs, typically representing the name and title of a monarch

maat

ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice.____ was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment of creation.

sobek

ancient Egyptian deity with a complex and fluid nature. He is associated with the Nile crocodile and is either represented in its form or as a human with a crocodile head.

khafre

ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He was the son of Khufu and the throne successor of Djedefre. he built a great tomb and the sphinx.

edwin smith papyrus

ancient Egyptian medical text, named after the dealer who bought it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise

ian

baboon

pharmacopoeia

book of medicinal cures and practices

pets

cats, dogs, monkeys

mortality

causes of this included... bacteria, worms, infections, childbirth, fever, disease, etc Common disease: Infections of the eye Poisoning from snakes and scorpions Tuberoses Influenza Parasitic diseases Smallpox

king tut

chiefly known for his intact tomb, discovered in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in 1922. Since then, his remains have held millions in awe over the mystery of his life and death.

ablutions

cleaning process performed twice a day

decline of old kingdom

collapse: power struggles between local monarchs, food shortages, severe crop failures and drought that led to starvation, high cost of pyramids

pyramid

cone shaped structure made of stone commonly used as a burial place

palettes

cosmetic________ are archaeological artifacts, originally used in predynastic Egypt to grind and apply ingredients for facial or body cosmetics.

thoth

credited by the ancient Egyptians as the inventor of writing, and alphabets (ie. hieroglyphs) themselves. He was also considered to have been the scribe of the underworld

miu

egyptian name for a cat

medjay

egyptian police force

tesem

egyptian term for a dog

ky

egyptian term for a monkey

circumcision

evidence shows that __________ was conducted in the pre-adolescent stage of a male's life. This is borne out in textual evidence as well as in the examinations of male mummies. As with other African peoples to this day, it was not done in infancy but perhaps in some cases marked an initiation rite between boyhood and manhood.

unguents

fat and oil based ointment derived from animal fat used for skin care

green nile valley

fertile area around the nile river

silt

fine sand, clay, or other material carried by the nile and deposited as a sediment

treaty of kadesh

first ever peace treaty developed after the battle of kadesh. oldest international treaty known to historians

peseshet

first female doctor/supervisor and potentially a physician

shabti

funerary figures in ancient Egypt who accompanied the deceased to the after-life

ptah

god of craftsman

herodotus

greek historian who visited ancient Egypt and recorded what he saw

witch doctor

help patients recover using spells and potions

solar barge

intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC. The ship now is preserved in the Giza Solar boat museum. purpose: ships carried the dead to the afterlife by ra

horus

is the god of the sky, and the son of Osiris, the creator. became depicted as a falcon, or as a falcon-headed man. the patron of pharaohs and protector of Egypt

ahmose

king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1539-14 bce) and founder of the 18th dynasty who completed the expulsion of the Hyksos (Asiatic rulers of Egypt), invaded Palestine, and re-exerted Egypt's hegemony over northern Nubia, to the south.

cleopatra VII

last active pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, briefly survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion. After her reign, Egypt became a province of the recently established Roman Empire. Had three kids and married Mark antony. died after learning of her husband's death

new kingdom

o Capital: Thebes o Important pharaohs: Hatshepsut Thutmose III Akhenaten Tutankhamen Ramses II (the Great) Cleopatra VII (NOT native) Burial place: valley of the kings o They are wealthy from their extended territory o Queen Hatshepsut: & nephew Thutmose extended land into Syria and Palestine o The priest end up accumulating too much power and wealth o Amenhotep came to power; took power away from priests; took new name Akhenaten o One god: Aten o Egyptians did not accept new religion o Wife Nefertiti ruled after his death Two iconic pieces of art: • The bust of Queen Nefertiti • The golden sarcophagus King Tutankhamen Notes: • New leaders drive out Hyksos • Results in stronger pharaohs

battle of kadesh

o Hittite empire- Asia minor/modern day turkey o Ramses II VS Hittites: large chariot battle, ended in stalemate

old kingdom

o capital: Memphis (lower Egypt) burial place: pyramids Plantations owned by wealthy Great leaders, great pyramids, strong religious beliefs, preservation/mummification upper and lower egypt became united "pyramid age"

great pyramid

oldest and largest of the three pyramids built for khufu

senenmut

one of the most powerful and famous (or infamous) officials of ancient Egypt. At the height of his power he was the Chief Steward of Amun, Tutor to the Princess Neferure and confidant (and possibly lover ) of the pharaoh Hatshepsut. However, both his early career and the circumstances surrounding his death and burial are obscure.

amun

one of the most powerful gods in ancient Egypt. At the height of Egyptian civilisation he was called the 'King of the Gods'. often paired with the sun god ra

cartonage

paper or resin glue surrounding a mummy's body

ibu

place of purification or tent where mummification takes place

pharaoh

political and religious leader of the Egyptian people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple', and 'Lord of the Two Lands'; was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt.

kites

professional mourners

lower egypt

region in the north of egypt

upper egypt

region in the south of egypt

religion

revolved around the Nile, saw kings as gods, important for guiding through life, especially important at time of death and contained many special rituals including

natron

salt used to dry out bodies after death

delta

series of rivers and tributaries that pour out into the med sea

set

storm god associated with strange and frightening events such as eclipses, thunderstorms and earthquakes. He was considered to be very strong but dangerous, and strange.____ was a friend of the dead, helping them to ascend to heaven on his ladder, and he protected the life giving oases of the desert, and was at times a powerful ally to the pharaoh and even the sun god Ra.

treatments

surgery (dental, eye, stitches), tools (prosthetics, scalpels for blisters), herbs (willow for amputees and mint for chest pain), magic (spiritual healing, using a pigs eye to give a human animal eye sight)

hatshepsuts projects

temple of Deir-el-Bahari, obelisks, other temples

demotic script

the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta, and the stage of the Egyptian language written in this script, following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic

thebes

the capital of the ancient Egyptian empire at its heyday, located right next to the Nile river across from the valley of the kings

ka

the life force

khufu

the second pharaoh of the 4th dynasty, he followed his possible father, king Sneferu, on the throne. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza

ra

the sun god of ancient egypt

amulet

these might be carried, used in necklaces, bracelets, or rings, and—especially—placed among a mummy's bandages (hung from neck; not on the heart) to ensure the deceased a safe, healthy, and productive afterlife. Knot of Isis Believed to hold bound magic Protected the wearer from harm Djed Represent Osiris Ensured resurrection Headrest Provided physical comfort for the deceased

surveyors

those who studies the flood patterns of the Nile and established boundary markers

hieroglyphs

• Ancient form of writing; 1st seen in 3000 B.C.E. • 600+ signs- represent words and objects • Made paper from papyrus plant • Made ink from soot, water, and plant juice • Probably based on Sumerian script • Pictographic & alphabetic elements

rosetta stone

• Discovered 18th Century by Napoleon's soldiers • Allows scholars to translate hieroglyphs • Egyptians engraved important documents in stone • Top was hieroglyphs, middle was "Demotic", and Greek was bottom

obelisks

• Lateran Obelisk o Erected by Thutmose III to commemorate his victories o Tallest Obelisk in Rome o Shipped from Egypt o 32 m tall, 230 tons • Obelisk of Theodosius • Thutmose III's • Transported to Constantinople by Theodosius I

women's rights

• Old kingdom: property of their husbands • New Kingdom: could own property and divorce their husbands; had more rights

social hierarchy

• Upper class: kings, nobles, priests • Middle Class: artisans, scribes, and merchants • Lower Class: majority of Egyptians, = farmers, poor • Lowest of the low: slaves • Upper class families lived in cities • Families= husband, wife, mom children • Poor families lived outside the city; this also included grandparents and other relatives