Emerging Infectious Diseases Final

What is teh only other known carrier of the bacterium that causes leprosy besides humans?

Armadillos!

What is the best way to be sure an individual has tularemia?

Culture the bacteria from a sample taken from the host

What are 3 diseases associated with JC virus?

HIV, MS, Cancer/Radiation

How did leprosy get the name Hansen's disease?

Hansen was the first person to see it under the microscope

What are the small white ulcer spots found in measles patients?

Koplik's spots

What is another name for measles?

Rubeola

What two continents are yellow fever primarily found on?

South America & Africa

What are the vectors of Powassan? What are the Reservoirs?

VECTORS: hard tick species RESERVOIRS: deer mice & other rodents

How is Leptospirosis transmitted?

direct contact with urine

Throughout he exoerythrocytic & erythrocytic phases, plasmodium reproduction was asexual. However, the gametocyte stage is sexual. Why might this be?

evolution -sexual = fitter -asexual = if cant find mate

How does one contract the JC Virus?

fecal-oral route (usually from sewage-contaminated water) & via respiratory system it is excreted in both non-symptomatic carriers as well as those suffering from PML(Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) in urine

Is C. auris a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection?

fungal

What demographic is most susceptible to a C. auris infection?

hospital patients with compromised immune system

Does malaria have a reservoir?

humans are the only relevant reservoir

Explain why the anemia is a characteric sign of malaria in regards to the plasmodium lifecycle. *eye roll*

increase in plasmodium => increase of infected cells (& RBC) => cell lysis & RBC lysis [decrease in RBC count = anemia]

What are the 3 transmission cycles of yellow fever?

intermediate, urban, & jungle

Why does the bacteria mycobacterium leprae that causes Hansen's disease target extremities

it favors colder temperatures

What makes Tularemia difficult to diagnose?

it has many symptoms that are common to many other diseases

What is the minimum amount of time a tick must be attached to transmit Powassan Disease?

minimum of 15 minutes

Why is C. auris hard to diagnose?

special & expensive equiptment is needed to separate C. auris from other candida species pathrogen targets immunocompromised patients that already have underlying conditions

What is the incubation period of Leptospirosis?

1-2 weeks

Are 3rd or 1st world countries more at risk for C. auris outbreak?

1st world

How many antibiotics does Multi-Drug therapy for Leprosy use?

2-3 drugs

What is the mortality rate of severe Dengue Fever if left untreated?

20%

What is one difference between Powassan compared to other tick-borne diseases like Lyme disease?

transmission time Powassan takes 15minutes - 12 hours compared to Lyme diesase which takes approx. 24-48 hours

What is the best way to prevent yellow fever?

vaccines!!!

How does the time of year & location effect the likelihood of contracting Powassan?

warmer months (more tick bites & more people outside) & around woody areas

What are antimalarials prescribed in combination therapy rather than individually?

combo prevents the likelihood of developing drug resistance in the plasmodium parasite & increases likelihood that if drug resistance is already present for one of the drugs, the other drugs will be effective in treating the infection

What host is able to clear the leptospires from all organs except the kidneys?

rats

What year was measles eradicated in the US?

2000's

What is the major cuase of the curent increase in measles virus

Anti-vaxxer movement

What is the incubation period for measles?

10-14 days

How is Lyme Disease & Powassan related? How do doctors differentiate between the two?

-share common vector -Lyme disease can be treated with an antibiotic & Powassan cannot

What are the two (there are many) warning signs that a patient is developing dengue fever?

-stomach tenderness -vomitting x3 within 24 hrs -bleedign from gums or nose -restlessness/irritability -intense muscle or joint pain

How many serotypes does Dengue have?

4 serotypes

How many countries is yellow fever endemic?

47 countries

How many different forms of Tularemia are there?

5

How many days following infection does Leptospirosis take to be shed in urine?

7 days

What is the JC Virus most commonly misdiagnosed as?

MS (multiple sclerosis)

JC Virus is a polyomavirus. What is the primary host of polyomaviruses?

Mammals or Birds

What virulent factor does the dengue virus secrete into the host's bloodstream?

NS1 protein

Leprosy is treatable, so how does treatment effect previous damage caused by the disease?

No effect, the damage is irreversible

Is Powassan Virus prevalent in animals?

No, but they believe it could be possible. Clinical conditions where they give it to mice, but none reported in domesticated animals.

Does Leprosy cause extremities to fall off?

No, it causes extremity to be reabsorbed

When an immune system is compromised, JC Virus can lead to...

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Would a patient be more likely to fall ill with C. auris in a private or public healthcare setting & why? (like many other diseases)

Public, because there is less hygiene, more overcrowding, & lack of funding

Leptospirosis was first isolated from victims who were through to have died from what disease instead?

Yellow Fever

what is P. falciparum more deadly compared to its counterparts?

replicates very quickly in the blood, so infection builds up just as fast, leaving not much time between symptoms & effective treatment

What genus of mosquito primarily infects individuals with yellow fever?

aedes

What is the primary vector for Dengue Fever?

aedes aegypti

How is measles transmitted?

airborne

Why should the vaccine for dengue fever, Dengvaxia, only be given to those who have been infected by the dengue virus before?

because a person who has received the vaccine & has not been infected with the virus before has an increased risk of developing severe dengue if they contract the virus

What is the main concern with the global spread of Candida auris?

mutli-drug resistance

Should immunocompetent patients be worried about JC Virus?

no. immunocompetent patients are able to keep the JC virus at bay, even when were exposed to the virus

What are the 3 stages of yellow fever?

period of infection period of remission period o intoxication

Leptospires have a distinct ______ shape.

question mark

Which diagnostic method is preferred method in determining species of Plasmodia?

thin blood smears