Emerging Infectious Diseases Final
What is teh only other known carrier of the bacterium that causes leprosy besides humans?
Armadillos!
What is the best way to be sure an individual has tularemia?
Culture the bacteria from a sample taken from the host
What are 3 diseases associated with JC virus?
HIV, MS, Cancer/Radiation
How did leprosy get the name Hansen's disease?
Hansen was the first person to see it under the microscope
What are the small white ulcer spots found in measles patients?
Koplik's spots
What is another name for measles?
Rubeola
What two continents are yellow fever primarily found on?
South America & Africa
What are the vectors of Powassan? What are the Reservoirs?
VECTORS: hard tick species RESERVOIRS: deer mice & other rodents
How is Leptospirosis transmitted?
direct contact with urine
Throughout he exoerythrocytic & erythrocytic phases, plasmodium reproduction was asexual. However, the gametocyte stage is sexual. Why might this be?
evolution -sexual = fitter -asexual = if cant find mate
How does one contract the JC Virus?
fecal-oral route (usually from sewage-contaminated water) & via respiratory system it is excreted in both non-symptomatic carriers as well as those suffering from PML(Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) in urine
Is C. auris a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection?
fungal
What demographic is most susceptible to a C. auris infection?
hospital patients with compromised immune system
Does malaria have a reservoir?
humans are the only relevant reservoir
Explain why the anemia is a characteric sign of malaria in regards to the plasmodium lifecycle. *eye roll*
increase in plasmodium => increase of infected cells (& RBC) => cell lysis & RBC lysis [decrease in RBC count = anemia]
What are the 3 transmission cycles of yellow fever?
intermediate, urban, & jungle
Why does the bacteria mycobacterium leprae that causes Hansen's disease target extremities
it favors colder temperatures
What makes Tularemia difficult to diagnose?
it has many symptoms that are common to many other diseases
What is the minimum amount of time a tick must be attached to transmit Powassan Disease?
minimum of 15 minutes
Why is C. auris hard to diagnose?
special & expensive equiptment is needed to separate C. auris from other candida species pathrogen targets immunocompromised patients that already have underlying conditions
What is the incubation period of Leptospirosis?
1-2 weeks
Are 3rd or 1st world countries more at risk for C. auris outbreak?
1st world
How many antibiotics does Multi-Drug therapy for Leprosy use?
2-3 drugs
What is the mortality rate of severe Dengue Fever if left untreated?
20%
What is one difference between Powassan compared to other tick-borne diseases like Lyme disease?
transmission time Powassan takes 15minutes - 12 hours compared to Lyme diesase which takes approx. 24-48 hours
What is the best way to prevent yellow fever?
vaccines!!!
How does the time of year & location effect the likelihood of contracting Powassan?
warmer months (more tick bites & more people outside) & around woody areas
What are antimalarials prescribed in combination therapy rather than individually?
combo prevents the likelihood of developing drug resistance in the plasmodium parasite & increases likelihood that if drug resistance is already present for one of the drugs, the other drugs will be effective in treating the infection
What host is able to clear the leptospires from all organs except the kidneys?
rats
What year was measles eradicated in the US?
2000's
What is the major cuase of the curent increase in measles virus
Anti-vaxxer movement
What is the incubation period for measles?
10-14 days
How is Lyme Disease & Powassan related? How do doctors differentiate between the two?
-share common vector -Lyme disease can be treated with an antibiotic & Powassan cannot
What are the two (there are many) warning signs that a patient is developing dengue fever?
-stomach tenderness -vomitting x3 within 24 hrs -bleedign from gums or nose -restlessness/irritability -intense muscle or joint pain
How many serotypes does Dengue have?
4 serotypes
How many countries is yellow fever endemic?
47 countries
How many different forms of Tularemia are there?
5
How many days following infection does Leptospirosis take to be shed in urine?
7 days
What is the JC Virus most commonly misdiagnosed as?
MS (multiple sclerosis)
JC Virus is a polyomavirus. What is the primary host of polyomaviruses?
Mammals or Birds
What virulent factor does the dengue virus secrete into the host's bloodstream?
NS1 protein
Leprosy is treatable, so how does treatment effect previous damage caused by the disease?
No effect, the damage is irreversible
Is Powassan Virus prevalent in animals?
No, but they believe it could be possible. Clinical conditions where they give it to mice, but none reported in domesticated animals.
Does Leprosy cause extremities to fall off?
No, it causes extremity to be reabsorbed
When an immune system is compromised, JC Virus can lead to...
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Would a patient be more likely to fall ill with C. auris in a private or public healthcare setting & why? (like many other diseases)
Public, because there is less hygiene, more overcrowding, & lack of funding
Leptospirosis was first isolated from victims who were through to have died from what disease instead?
Yellow Fever
what is P. falciparum more deadly compared to its counterparts?
replicates very quickly in the blood, so infection builds up just as fast, leaving not much time between symptoms & effective treatment
What genus of mosquito primarily infects individuals with yellow fever?
aedes
What is the primary vector for Dengue Fever?
aedes aegypti
How is measles transmitted?
airborne
Why should the vaccine for dengue fever, Dengvaxia, only be given to those who have been infected by the dengue virus before?
because a person who has received the vaccine & has not been infected with the virus before has an increased risk of developing severe dengue if they contract the virus
What is the main concern with the global spread of Candida auris?
mutli-drug resistance
Should immunocompetent patients be worried about JC Virus?
no. immunocompetent patients are able to keep the JC virus at bay, even when were exposed to the virus
What are the 3 stages of yellow fever?
period of infection period of remission period o intoxication
Leptospires have a distinct ______ shape.
question mark
Which diagnostic method is preferred method in determining species of Plasmodia?
thin blood smears