ENDOCRINE

Endocrine glands

- are ductless glands - secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream - help maintain homeostasis - are the organs of the endocrine system

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

Blood calcium levels will drop

The disease called ________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

Cushing syndrome

What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1?

Follicular, ovulation, luteal

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

Insulin

Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of

LH

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

In an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. What could be the initial stimulus for this pattern of regulation?

Low body temperature

Which hormone groups are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids Corticosteroids Gonadocorticoids Glucocorticoids

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

Glucagon works by

activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

adrenocorticotropic hormone

growth hormone (GH)

also known as somatotropin. is a tropic hormone. stimulates cell growth and mitosis. affects most body cells. GH DOES NOT stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

Glucagon and insulin work ________ on blood glucose levels.

antagonistically

The primary target cells for GnRH are located in the

anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a

biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be

both hormonal and humoral

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

cholesterol

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and ________ protein metabolism.

decreases; increases

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

As growth hormone levels in the blood increase,

glycogenolysis increases

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to...

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Insulin causes a(n) ________ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) ________ in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase; increase

The pituitary gland is located ________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________.

inferior; infundibulum

Cortisol binds to ________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels.

intracellular; raising

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ________ levels of circulating growth hormone and ________ levels of circulating sex hormones.

lower; lower

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancreatic juice

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

posterior; spleen

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color.

posterior; yellow

Which is not a tropic hormone?

prolactin

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

proteins

Growth hormone is secreted by ________ cells in the anterior pituitary.

somatotropic

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands

Growth hormone...

stimulates gluconeogenesis.

Calcitonin...

stimulates osteoblast activity

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be

synergistic

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is ________; a very ________ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

temporary; large

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ________ by the follicular cells.

thyroglobulin

Protein hormones are

water soluble hydrophilic composed of amino acids