Endocrine System

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The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

ADH

Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.

ADH

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

ADH and oxytocin.

When adenyl cyclase is activated,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

All of the following are true of oxytocin except?

It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

MSH

The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.

T4; T3

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?

adrenal (suprarenal)

During dehydration the body would increase production of

aldosterone and ADH.

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone.

The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are

all cells of the body.

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists.

Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?

blood glucose concentration

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

cAMP.

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes

calmodulin

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

calmodulin

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

calmodulin.

Cells in the brain

can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation.

Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.

catecholamines

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

cortisol

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is

cortisol.

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is

cortisol.

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are all examples of

eicosanoids

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the

epidermis of the integumentary system.

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by

failure of electrolyte balance.

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism.

At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm.

glucagon

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.

glucagon; insulin

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

glucocorticoids

Which hormone is not correctly matched?

glucocorticoids.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in

hypogonadism.

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

hypothalamus.

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

hypothyroidism.

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by

increased levels of melatonin.

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?

insulin and epinephrine

One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is

insulin receptor down-regulation

The hormone related to appetite control is

leptin.

Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?

loss of ADH secretion

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids.

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis.

Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release?

osteoclasts

A tumor present on the parathyroid gland causing hyperparathyroidism may lead to

osteoporosis and kidney stones.

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except

oxytocin

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin.

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria.

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes

progesterone.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

Growth hormone does all of the following except

promote cortisol release.

Intracellular calcium stores open in response to intracellular activation of

protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate.

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus?

retinal problems and nerve problems

Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus?

retinal problems and untreated diabetes mellitus

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

somatomedins.

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets Identify the hormone labeled "4."

thyroid-stimulating hormone

The absence of which hormone during development will cause the nervous system to develop abnormally and cause developmental delays?

thyroxine

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and release

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.

target

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

testosterone

You have just become the nurse manager of a nursing home and you are reminding yourself about what problems your nursing home population might have by studying your old pathophysiology books from nursing school. Many of the residents are tired and have problems with blood glucose levels. All of the following hormones might be related except

thymosin.

The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are

thymosins.

Follicle cells synthesize a protein called

thyroglobulin

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland


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