Endocrine System
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
ACTH levels
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
ADH
Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.
ADH
Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
ADH and oxytocin.
When adenyl cyclase is activated,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
All of the following are true of oxytocin except?
It is stored in the anterior pituitary.
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
MSH
The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.
T4; T3
Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?
adrenal (suprarenal)
During dehydration the body would increase production of
aldosterone and ADH.
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
aldosterone.
The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are
all cells of the body.
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
androgens
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists.
Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
blood glucose concentration
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
cAMP.
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes
calmodulin
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.
calmodulin
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calmodulin.
Cells in the brain
can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation.
Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.
catecholamines
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
cortisol
A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is
cortisol.
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
cortisol.
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are all examples of
eicosanoids
Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
epidermis of the integumentary system.
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by
failure of electrolyte balance.
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism.
At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm.
glucagon
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.
glucagon; insulin
Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the
glucocorticoids
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
glucocorticoids
Which hormone is not correctly matched?
glucocorticoids.
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in
hypogonadism.
The most complex endocrine responses involve the
hypothalamus.
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
hypothyroidism.
The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by
increased levels of melatonin.
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?
insulin and epinephrine
One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is
insulin receptor down-regulation
The hormone related to appetite control is
leptin.
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?
loss of ADH secretion
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
low blood glucose
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids.
During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is
mobilization of energy reserves.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
neurohypophysis.
Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release?
osteoclasts
A tumor present on the parathyroid gland causing hyperparathyroidism may lead to
osteoporosis and kidney stones.
Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except
oxytocin
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin.
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
Melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland.
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
polyuria.
A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes
progesterone.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
Growth hormone does all of the following except
promote cortisol release.
Intracellular calcium stores open in response to intracellular activation of
protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate.
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
resistance
Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus?
retinal problems and nerve problems
Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus?
retinal problems and untreated diabetes mellitus
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by
secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system.
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
somatomedins.
Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets Identify the hormone labeled "4."
thyroid-stimulating hormone
The absence of which hormone during development will cause the nervous system to develop abnormally and cause developmental delays?
thyroxine
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
synthesis and release
Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.
target
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
testosterone
You have just become the nurse manager of a nursing home and you are reminding yourself about what problems your nursing home population might have by studying your old pathophysiology books from nursing school. Many of the residents are tired and have problems with blood glucose levels. All of the following hormones might be related except
thymosin.
The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are
thymosins.
Follicle cells synthesize a protein called
thyroglobulin
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland