Biology 15-17
If you found an animal with no symmetry, to what group would it belong? Give an example of an animal group that is radially symmetrical and one that is bilaterally symmetrical.
1. Sponges 2. Cnidarians 3. Annelids
If the generation time is 20 minutes, how much time will have gone by when the final generation shown has doubled
20 minuteutes
The generation time for a prokaryote is 30 minutes. If one cell is present on a petri dish how many cells will be present in 3 hours?
64
If an individual procaryote divides every 20 minutes, how many individuals will there be after an hour
8
What part of a fungus is the mushroom that you can buy at the store?
A fruiting body
What evolutionary innovation separates all land plants from their aquatic ancestors
All land plants receive Co2 through their leaves and are not submerged in water
Which protist group do you think is most closely related to plants?
Amoebas are the most closely related to plants because looking at the tree it is closest.
An individual with a deep closed belly button is more likely to have more bacteria in his or her belly button compared to an individual with a shallow open belly button
Anaerobic
What advantage might a bilaterally symmetrical animal have over one that is radially symmetrical, and vice versa
Animals with bilateral symmetry move more efficiently, but radial symmetry has 360 degree access to their environment
Are mollusks more closely related to flatworms or to annelids?
Annelids because they share a more common ancestor
Is there anywhere you think archaeans could not survive
Anywhere that is not extreme
In what ways do terrestrial plants and their aquatic ancestors differ?
Aquatic plants have water support their whole system and dehydration is not an issue. A terrestrial plant has roots that anchor it to the soil and it can die from dehydration
Where in the figure is the earliest split between Archaea and Eukarya? When did it occur?
At the base of the tree where Eukarya began (2.7 million years ago)
Where in the figure would you place the first life found on earth
Bacteria
What group of fungi most resembles the mushrooms you buy in a grocery store?
Basidiomycetes
Give examples of places archaeans are found
Belly button and lava
Why is it important that the fruiting body is aboveground
Below ground spores would not be able to travel by wind
What kind of symmetry to you have
Bilateral
In what ways are terrestrial plants and their aquatic ancestors the same
Both plants absorb Co2 and require water and minerals
Outline the key evolutionary innovations of plants
Bryophytes (moss) adaptation to land Ferns vascular tissue Gymnosperms (pine trees) seeds evolve Angiosperms (Peach tree) Flowers evolve
Which of the following pairs are most closely related a. Bacteria and archaea b. bacteria and eukara c. archaea and eukarya d. domains bacteria archaea and eukarya are equally related
C
What is distinct about the kingdom Protista
Cannot be classified as a plant, animal or fungus
In which of these categories would you place the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixing? Why?
Chemoautotrophs because they use nitrogen from the atmosphere and carbon from carbon dioxide
In which of these categories do decomposers belong?
Chemoheterotroph, because they recieve both carbon and energy from dead or dying organisms.
Which of the following organisms are extant eutherian mammals and most closely related to humans
Chimpanzees
Which primate group is most closely related to humans?
Chimpanzees
According to the phylogenetic tree below which of the following combinations are most closely related
Cilates and ameobas
Are ciliates more closely related to euglenoids or diatoms? To Euglenoids or to forams?
Ciliates are more closely related to diatoms and forams
Individuals who participate in research as experimental subjects are
Citizen scientists
Are sac fungi more closely related to molds or to club fungi
Club fungi
There is a well known biofilm found in your mouth. What is it?
Dental Plaque
What kind of mammal is a cow? A Human?
Eutherians
How do ferns differ from bryophytes? Do they share this difference with other plant groups?
Ferns have lignin in their vascular systems, bryophytes don't. Gymnosperms and angiosperms also have this adaptation.
How do we know that fungi are eukaryotes rather than prokatrotes
Fungi are multicellular
Pinus Sylvestris, scotch pine is native to europe and asia. Most american refer to them as christmas trees. this species of tree grows from the naked seeds produced on cones and released about 22-24 months after pollination. this tree is an example of a _____ from kingdom _____.
Gymnosperm and plantae
What groups might a plant with seeds belong to? What about a plant with flowers?
Gymnosperms are the plant group with seeds and the angiosperms evolve flowers.
A prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell are placed in an environment ideal for growth of both cells. After 24 hours it is observed that the prokaryote cell population is significantly higher than the eukaryote population. This has occured because prokaryotes
Have a simpler structure which allows more rapid reproduction
Prokaryotes are capable of reproducing more rapidly than eukaryotes because prokaryotes
Have less genetic material
What body segments do you have
Head, thorax and abdomen
What species of hominins other than the neanderthals may have commingled with modern humans
Homo erectus
Under what conditions might bacteria want to coordinate to increase their reproductive rate
If environmental conditions are very good, then it makes sense for the population of bacteria to grow as quickly as possible to take advantage of those conditions
What source of energy would you expect a cave-dwelling prokaryote to use?
It could not rely on light, so it would most likely use chemical energy
What feature of the ginseng plants tell you that it is not a fern or a gymnosperm
It has flowers
What features of the ginseng plant tell you that it is not a bryophyte?
It has roots and grows taller
Why do you think we no longer have partially opposable big toes
It made walking and running upright more difficult
What other reason besides continuing to use trees might explain why early homonins had partly big toes
It was likely a gradual change over thousands of generations
Which primate group is most distantly related to humans?
Lemurs
When people talk about animals, they are sometimes referring only to mammals. How would you explain to them their error?
Mammals are a subsect of a much larger group; animals include invertebrates, bird and lizards
Possums are found throughout much of Central and North America. ALthough their bodies are covered in hair, their tails and ears are hairless. They have many teeth and opposable clawless thumbs on their rear appendages. They produce poorly developed young that live in mom's pouch fir about two and a half months before climbing on her back. Possums are ____
Marsupials
Anaerobic archaeans living in hydrogen rich environments may feed on hydrogen and release ______ gas as a by product
Methane
Why does mitochondrial DNA come from only your mother
Mitochondria are found in the egg not the sperm
In light of the out-of-Africa hypothesis, which of the following is a parsimonious reason why species like homo neanderthalensis, homo floresinensis, and homo erectus do not exist today?
Modern homo sapiens outcompeted and replaced other homnin species as they migrated around the world
How does the hypothesized origin of modern humans differ from the hypothesized orgin of Neanderthals.
Modern humans evolved from archaic humans in Africa and spread to the rest of the world
What evidence suggests that neanderthals never lived in Africa
Modern humans of African descent have neither mitochondrial nor nuclear neanderthal DNA in their genomes
Compare and Contrast the three types of mammals
Monotremes: lay eggs Marsupial: Have a pouch for undeveloped young Eutharians: have a placenta and birth developed children All: have hair, sweat glands and produce milk
Do amphibians have amniotic eggs?
No
From the micrographs here, does it appear that all the prokaryotes have flagellum?
No
If a neanderthal human hybrid was born to a human mother and a neanderthal father, could you tell by the mitochondrial DNA sequencing
No
In what way does the pattern of footprints in this figure suggest that the print makers were walking upright
No hands or knuckle prints accompany the footprints
Are all the algae groups equally related?
No, brown algae is the least closely related to the three types
Through natural selection, deleterious traits will tend to disappear from a population over time. Which traits might have been deleterious for ground-dwelling early homonins?
Opposable toes, walking on four limbs
Paramecium caudatum are unicellular organisms with a thick flexible pellicle covered in cilia and two nuclei. They ingest bacteria and other microorganisms in the environment. Paramecium caudatum is a ----- in the kingdom -----.
Protozoan and protista
Is a sea star radially or bilaterally symmetrical
Radially symmetrical
Many bacteria are able to reproduce more quickly in warmer conditions. What does this suggest to you about the importance of refrigerating foods?
Refrigerating foods slows generation time, so dangerous bacteria like e coli have less of a chance to increase to a threatening level
Adaptations to upright walking also meany that human females have more difficulty giving birth than do females of other species. What adaptation would you predict has had the greatest impact on this result?
Reorganization of pelvic structure
Which shape in figure 15.7 corresponds to the archaens from deep-sea thermal vents
Rod or bacillus
What group of animals has jaws but not a bony skeleton
Sharks and rays
Why would you expect a hybrid of neanderthals and modern humans to have intermediate features
Some might have intermediate but some could have mixed features
Which of these shapes do you think streptococcus would take?
Sphere or coccus
How do we know that a sponge is an animal, and not a plant or an alga
Sponges are heterotrophic
Structures produced by bacteria but not archaeans that are extremely resistant to boiling and freezing temperatures are
Spores
Which one of these shapes is most clearly capable of self-motility? Why?
The comma or the vibrio because of the flagellum
Which of the lobster's appendages is most important for sensing the environment
The head appendage which includes eyes and antennae
Describe the difference you observe between the modern human skulls chin and the neanderthal skulls lower jaw
The human chin is higher and juts out further
What other differences do you observe between the two skulls
The neanderthal has a more profound eyebrow ridge and more sloping forehead
The possum is the only north american marsupial. Describe how its young are born and developed
They are born relatively undeveloped and crawl into the mothers pouch where they nurse to grow
Why are many archaeans referred to as extremophiles
They are found in extreme environments
Which advantages do you think the naval microbiome citizen scientists recieved
They may have felt a sense of contribution and purpose
In which of the three ways did the navel microbiome participants contribute
They were the experimental subjects
Would you predict that aquatic plants would be more like plants in a rain forest or more like desert plants
They would survive more in the rain forest due to the humidity
Through natural selection, advantageous traits will tend to persist in a population over time. Which traits might have been advantageous for ground-dwelling early homonins?
Upright posture, arched feet
What characteristics are common to all the primates, including humans?
Use of tools, a capacity for symbolic language, and the performance of deliberate acts of deception
The phylum chordata includes several subgroups of organisms. To which of these subgroups would humans belong to
Vertebrates
List all of the lobster's thoracic appendages
Walking legs, crushing claw, cutting claw
Which of the following is an example of the last segment of an arthropod's body having evolved into a beneficial trait
Wasp abdomen with stinger
Under what circumstances are scientists able to do whole-genome sequencing, and when are they restricted to mtDNA sequencing
Whole genome sequencing: well preserved cell or tissue with fully intact DNA mtDNA sequencing: Isolated cells and tissue with damaged DNA
If a human neanderthal was born to a human mother and a neanderthal father, could you tell by whole genome sequencing that it was a hybrid
Yes
If a neanderthal human hybrid was born to a human father and a neanderthal mother, could you tell by the DNA sequencing
Yes
According to the phylogenic tree below
Zygomycetes have an equally close relationship to basidiomycetes and ascyycetes
Outline the key evolutionary innovations of fungi
Zygomycetes molds Ascomycetes sac fungi Basidiomycetes club fungi
Jim is mowing the lawn and accidentally runs over a large round object that seems to explode in a cloud of dust. Upon closer examination, he determines that the object was actually the club-shaped reproductive structure of an organism that has cells with cell walls but no chloroplasts and the dust particles were actually spores. This organism is probably a ____ that belongs to the kingdom ____.
basidiomycete, fungi
Explain why prokaryotes can reproduce more rapidly than eukaryotes and why rapid reproduction can be advantageous
binary fission, and they may acquire DNA from each other or their environment via horizontal gene transfer. This helps the prokaryote to take over the organism faster
Eggs provide ___ to the zygote
both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
Outline the key evolutionary innovations of protista
diplomands, euglenoids, ciliates, Brown algae, Forams, Red algae, green algae, Amoebas
Explain how citizen science contributes to scientific research
mass data collection
Which of the following organisms displays radial symmetry
sea anemone
List three characteristics shared between bacteria and archaea
single-celled organisms, a single loop of DNA free in the cytoplasm, Wide diversity in metabolism
Differentiate between bacteria and archaea and explain why they are together referred to as prokaryotes
their DNA, plasma membrane structure, and metabolism
If a human neanderthal hybrid was born to a neanderthal mother and ahuman father could you tell by whole genome DNA sequencing that it was a hybrid
yes
If you were a monotreme would you still produce milk and nurse your young
yes all mammals do
