ENG 102 EXAM 2 Poetry Mrs. Towels

Consider the difference between the means and the ends in determining the central purpose of a poem.

It is important to distinguish means from ends. The question "by what means is that purpose achieved?" is partially answered by describing the poems dramatic framework, if it has any. The complete answer requires an accounting of various resources of communication.

Rhyme

A major element of sound is rhyme, which occurs when the sounds of parts of two or more words are identical or very similar. A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhymes that the poet follows while writing.

Consonance

Like alliteration, consonance is an effect involving the repetition of consonants. Unlike alliteration, however, consonance does not have to occur at the beginnings of words.

assonance

Assonance is a sound effect that occurs when a vowel sound is repeated in a line. For example, the phrase rolling alone repeats the same long o sound.

Metaphors

Sylvia Plath She is the speaker She is pregnant and is using metaphors to describe it

Imaginative Literature

To tell the reader about experience but to allow us imaginatively to participate in it. It is the means of allowing us, through the imagination, to live more fully, more deeply, more richly, and with greater awareness. Deepening and broadening our experience.

Internal rhyme

when one or more rhyming words are within the line.

Layout

The way the poem looks on the page

Voice

To say that a poem has an identifiable voice is to say that it sounds as though it were being spoken by a living individual.

allegory

Is a narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface.

What are the five preliminary suggestions for reading poems?

1. read a poem more than once. 2. Keep a dictionary by you and use it. 3. Read so as to hear the sounds of the words in your mind. 4. Always pay careful attention to what the poem is saying. 5. Practice reading poems aloud.

Symbol

A symbol may be roughly defined as something that means more than what it is.

feet

A unit of accented and unaccented syllables that is repeated or used in sequence with others to form the meter of a poem. Four primary feet are • Iambic: two syllables: unaccented/accented; • Anapestic: three syllables: unaccented/unaccented/accented; • Trochaic: two syllables: accented/unaccented; and • Dactylic: three syllables: accented/unaccented/unaccented

Alliteration

Alliteration is a sound effect that occurs when the first consonants of two or more words (usually only stressed words) are the same. Alliteration was a crucial element of most Old English poetry, where it was the custom to use it in every line, and it is still commonly used in everything from newspaper headlines to the titles of films.

Allusion

Allusion is a technique whereby an author in a literary work refers to a person, place, or thing, real or fictional, outside of the text at hand. Successful allusions enrich the work by bringing in additional associations for the reader.

Free verse

Any poem broken into lines but not governed by a regular meter. Free verse may make use of rhyme and other sound effects, but generally not in a systematic way.

Introduction to poetry

Billy Collins Is about a teacher talking to his students about a poem and how they try and find the meaning too soon, but he is trying to teach them to admire the look of the poem before they figure out the meaning.

Blank Verse

Blank verse may be defined as unrhymed lines of poetry in five iambs, weakly stressed syllable followed by a strongly stressed syllable.

Ulysses

By Alfred Lord Tennyson Whole poem is an allusion to the oddesy Is a blank verse poem. Hungry heart-alliteration, metonomy, and personification. The kind thirsts for adventure and to find new worlds like he did when he was younger

Do not go gentle into that good night

By Dylan Thomas Written for his father to tell him to fight for his life. Is a Villanelle 5 stanzas of 3 1 stanza of 4

Because I could not stop for death

By Emily Dickinson Speaker is a dead woman Death is personified Life after death is cold, detached and a long journey to an unknown destination. The whole poem is an allegory and metaphor. The poem can be sung to "The Yellow Rose of Texas"

Batter my heart three personed God

By John Donne Is an Italian sonnet Speaker is talking to God. Whole poem is one big paradox. A paradox is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. A paradox is often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative way.

My last duchess

By Robert Browning Speaker is the duke of ferrrara The duke is speaking to the counts messenger Is a dramatic monologue The duke killed the duchess

"The Man He Killed"

By Thomas Hardy Speaker-soldier who is involved in the war. Title has a large role in the poem. Shows the detachment of the speaker from his situation. The man HE killed; not the man I killed.

A Noiseless Patient Spider

By Walt Whitman Is free verse

Dulce et Decorum Est

By Wilfred Owen Is a dramatic monologue. The speaker is a soldier. He is speaking to a person who supports war and encourages it. Is a sonnet.

"The Red Wheelbarrow"

By William Carlos Williams Much depends on it. The wheelbarrow makes life easier and it is practical. Rain water is needed for a farm, chickens are necessary for food, but the color of each of these items in the poem does not matter. The lines in the poem are shaped like a wheelbarrow

Personification

Consist of giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is really a subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being.

Apostrophe

Consists of addressing someone absent or dead or something nonhuman as if that person or thing were present and alive and could reply to what is being said.

Poetry

Defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language.

What are the four major contributions of figurative language?

Figurative language affords us imaginative pleasure, bring additional imagery. Figures of speech are a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, of making the abstract concrete, of making poetry more sensuous. Third, figures of speech are a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and of conveying attitudes along with information. Forth, Figures of speech are an effective means of concentration, a way of saying much in brief compass.

What are the four dimensions of experience that poetry involves?

Intellectual Dimension Sensuous Dimension Emotional Dimension Imaginative Dimension

Irony

Irony is an effect that occurs when a statement or situation has two levels of meaning and there is a gap or contradiction between them. This difference can add richness and complexity to a work. In order for irony to work, the reader must recognize and appreciate that two levels of meaning are operating.

Explain how identifying the speaker and the occasion of the poem shows the dramatic quality of poetry.

It is the utterance not of the person who wrote the poem but of a fictional character in a particular situation that may be inferred. Many poems are expressly dramatic.

List the steps in paraphrasing.

It should contain all the ideas in the poem in such a way as to make them clear and to make the central idea, or theme, of the poem more accessible. Should strive for plain, direct diction. Should endeavor to see how far short of the poem it falls, and why.

Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

John Donne John Donne is speaking to his wife. Is a love poem

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a poetic effect in which the sounds of the words mimic the sound of the thing or process they describe. Sometimes we can see this in the case of individual words--the sound of the word pop for example, resembles the sound itself.

repetition

Repetition is an important element of both prose and poetry. It can bring an additional musicality to a poem, emphasize important points, and build a sense of momentum. In free verse, where there is no governing meter, repetition can be one of the more obvious structural elements of the poem.

substitutions

Replacing the regular foot with another one

Simile

Simile is the comparison that is expressed by the use of some word or phrase, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems.

English Sonnet

The English sonnet is sometimes called the Shakespearean sonnet since it is the form William Shakespeare used for all of his sonnets. Its rhyme scheme--abab cdcd efef gg-- is less demanding than that of the Italian sonnet, and it does not necessarily have a strong turn after the first eight lines. It concludes with a couplet that typically summarizes or provides commentary on the previous twelve lines.

Italian Sonnet

The Italian sonnet is sometimes called the Petrarchan sonnet, after its most famous practitioner, the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. The first eight lines, known as the octet, must rhyme abbaabba. The concluding six lines, or sestet, can have a number of different rhyme schemes. Another important characteristic of the Italian sonnet is the turn---a change of perspective or even subject---that occurs after the eighth line.

Metaphor

The comparison is not expressed but is created when a figurative term is substituted for or identified with a literal term.

Ordinary Language

The kind that we use to communicate information-- is one dimensional.

Iambic Meter

The most common meter in English is iambic, meaning that it is composed primarily of iambic feet. A foot is iambic if it consists of a weakly stressed syllable followed by a strongly stressed syllable. An iambic meter is composed of feet that are primarily iambs.

Truncation

The omission of an unaccented syllable at either end of the line.

Explore the concept of a "central Purpose" of a poem.

The purpose may be to tell a story, to reveal human character, to impart a vivid impression of a scene, to express a mood or an emotion, or to convey vividly some idea or attitude.

consonance

The repetition of final consonant sounds, as in "First and last" or "odds and ends"

alliteration

The repetition of vowel sounds, as in "mad as a hatter" or "time out of mind"

Metonymy

The use of something closely related for the thing actually meant.

Synecdoche

The use of the part for the whole thing

End rhyme

When rhyming words are at then ends of lines

Figurative Language

When you have been saying less than what you mean, or more than what you mean, or the opposite of what you mean, or something other than what you mean.

extramertrical syllables

added or omitted syllables at the beginnings or endings of lines to add or take away syllables.

metrical variations

call attention to some of the sounds because they depart from what is regular.

Approximate rhymes

include words with any kind of sound similarity, from close to fairly remote.

Meter

is the identifying characteristic of rhythmic language that we can tap our feet to.

rhythm

refers to any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound

Poetic Language

the kind of language used to communicate experience, has at least four dimensions.