ENV Exam Two

Part E: In which period did the number of species increase most rapidly? 0 to 20 years 20 to 40 years 40 to 60 years 60 to 100 years 100 to 160 years

0 to 20 years

Part A: Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected? 5 50 500 5000

50

Part F: What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? 75 mm 75 inches 500 mm 900 mm 900 inches cannot be determined from this graph

900 mm

Part E: If trends continue, which of the following will happen? Apex predator populations will stay about the same throughout mainland Europe. Apex predator populations will decrease throughout mainland Europe. Apex predator populations will be eliminated throughout mainland Europe. Apex predator populations will increase throughout mainland Europe.

Apex predator populations will increase throughout mainland Europe.

Part A: In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that primarily average between 40 and 59 inches of precipitation annually or higher? Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh) Humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) Midlatitude cold steppe (BSk) Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc) Humid continental, hot summer (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa)

Humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)

Part C: Based on this research, what step might you consider taking in order to reduce the extent of damage from aphids on your crops? Expand your crop into the surrounding landscape, reducing the amount of grassland. Increase the amount of pesticide you apply to your crops. Decrease the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop. Increase the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop.

Increase the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop.

Part B: Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI: Also increased by 2 trillion dollars Increased only slightly Decreased by 1 trillion dollars. Stayed exactly the same.

Increased only slightly

Part E: You apply this study to land snails and the results are similar. Which of the following occurred? Invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator. Neither native snail species nor invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator. Native snail species fled in the presence of a single predator. Both native snail species and invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator.

Invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator.

Part B: This study demonstrates which of the following? Invasive snails are more wary of unknown predators than native snails. Invasive snails are less wary of unknown predators than native snails. No conclusion can be reached based on this study. Invasive snails are equally wary of unknown predators as native snails

Invasive snails are more wary of unknown predators than native snails.

Part C: According to this study, which of the following is most likely true when it comes to marine snails? Native snail species and invasive snail species nearly equal sources of information to determine potential threats from predators. Native snail species use fewer sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species. The data were too variable to draw a conclusion. Native snail species use more sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species.

Native snail species use more sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species.

Part A: If you were traveling in a straight line, between which of these cities would you experience the least elevation change during the length of the entire journey? Calgary and St. Louis San Antonio and Boise New Orleans and Winnipeg (Manitoba) Chicago and Boston Dallas-Fort Worth and Las Vegas

New Orleans and Winnipeg (Manitoba)

Part A: In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had: Tripled. Stayed the same. Doubled. Quadrupled.

Quadrupled.

Part H: The climax, or final stage, of old-field succession is an oak-hickory forest, which is usually well established after 160 years. What happens to the diversity of bird species after 160 years? The number of species remains stable, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs remain stable. The number of species slowly increases, while the number of breeding pairs slowly declines. The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

The answer cannot be determined from this graph.

Part G: Which of the following statements best describes the bird populations during the period from 100 to 160 years? The number of species slowly reached a peak and then slowly declined, while the number of breeding pairs slowly increased. The number of species declined slightly, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then declined. The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined. Both the number of species and the number of breeding pairs were stable.

The number of species slowly increased, while the number of breeding pairs reached a peak and then slowly declined.

Part B: In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that have mean January temperatures of 15° to 17° Celsius (C) (59° to 62.6° Fahrenheit, or F)? Mediterranean (Csa, Csb) Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc) Humid continental, hot summer (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa) Marine West Coast (Cfb, Cfc) Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)

Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)

Lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. What is lichen in this regard? an omnivore a pioneer species a secondary consumer an invasive species

a pioneer species

Which of the following biomes has acidic soil with few nutrients and little organic matter? a tropical rainforest a temperate deciduous forest a tundra a temperate grassland

a tropical rainforest

According to this diagram, you should find ________. deserts anywhere in the world where hot and dry conditions prevail tropical rainforests usually bordering temperate grassland tropical rainforest in most parts of Europe and North America deserts usually bordering tundra that vegetation is lushest in moderately dry areas

deserts anywhere in the world where hot and dry conditions prevail

Part D: Which of the following answer choices best describes how land cover changes along the line from Fort McMurray to Repulse Bay? mixed forest → savannas → grasslands → shrublands grasslands → evergreen forests → shrublands → savannas permanent wetlands → savannas → shrublands → grasslands cropland and natural vegetation → shrublands → savannas → mixed forests evergreen forests → savannas → shrublands → grasslands

evergreen forests → savannas → shrublands → grasslands

Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists. external costs steady state economics greenwashing ecosystem services free riders

external costs

Both taiga and tundra ________. have many burrowing rodents lack trees have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year lack many birds are found in the southeastern United States

have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year

Part B: Which climate zone in North America is most closely associated with the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome? humid continental, hot summers (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa) mediterranean (Csa, Csb) tropical savanna (Aw) humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc)

humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)

Part F: What factor is most likely to have caused the change in the number of bird species that occurred between years 30 and 60? decreasing food supply increasing number of bird habitats evolution of new bird species increasing competition among bird species

increasing number of bird habitats

Which of the following is a pathogen? mosquitoes influenza virus cancer alligator gars arthritis

influenza virus

Part A: Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem? mammals trees birds insects

insects

Part D: Recent, warmer Arctic temperatures have meant that polar bears have __________. more food but must spend more time swimming less food and must spend more time swimming less food and must hunt over greater distances through increasing snow and ice more food but must hunt over greater distances through increasing snow and ice

less food and must spend more time swimming

Part B: How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply. parasitism predation heat loss herbivory cellular respiration

parasitism predation herbivory

Part C: What organisms, abundant in the Arctic ecosystem, produce about half the oxygen we breathe? organisms living on the seabed organisms living under sea ice phytoplankton zooplankton

phytoplankton

A restoration ecologist may do all of the following EXCEPT: place levees in sensitive areas to prevent seasonal flooding. remove invasive European buckthorn from a Minnesota forest. plant trees in an area that has been mined. plant a prairie in an area that has been farmed. recreate a wetland in an area that had been drained for farming.

place levees in sensitive areas to prevent seasonal flooding.

Herbivory is actually a type of ________. mutualism competition primary succession predation coevolution

predation

Part B: In the Arctic, factors that __________. reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely increase fish populations increase zooplankton populations will most likely lower seabird populations reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely reduce fish populations increase zooplankton populations will most likely lower fish populations

reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely reduce fish populations

A climax community always ________. contains as many pioneer species as later successional species remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession is typical of the first stages of secondary succession consists of a single population of organisms has the lowest biodiversity of all stages of succession

remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession

Part A: In the Arctic, scientists are using a device called the "rosette." The rosette helps the scientists __________. track the movements of polar bears in the Arctic measure atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases sample water from surface to seabed measure the direction and temperature of ocean currents

sample water from surface to seabed

Part D: When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________. domination by a single bird who consumes all of the group's prey sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism fights to the death over available food burying prey under logs or bushes to hide it away from other eagles

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

Part D: Being able to breed which of the following traits into sheep would likely be most beneficial to sheep farmers? sheep that play dead when attacked sheep that gather together when attacked sheep that run when one in the group is attacked sheep that circle around the victim when one is attacked

sheep that run when one in the group is attacked

Part C: In the Northern Hemisphere, which land cover type is associated with mean July temperatures of 8 degrees Celsius and below? deciduous forests, permanent wetlands grasslands, mixed forests cropland and natural vegetation, snow and ice evergreen forest, snow and ice snow and ice, grassland

snow and ice, grassland

Part G: Which of the following biomes does this climatograph most likely represent? tundra tropical savanna desert temperate grassland

temperate grassland

Which of the following is/are an abiotic factor? butterflies snails temperature grasses oak trees

temperature

Part D: In which year was the density of birds greatest? 20 100 105 160 cannot be determined from this graph

105

Part C: After 20 years, what was the total number of bird species? 14 60 120 cannot be determined from this graph

14

Part C: If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in: A higher GDP and higher environmental costs. A higher GDP and lower environmental costs. A lower GDP and lower environmental costs. The same GDP and environmental costs.

A higher GDP and higher environmental costs.

Part D: You are an ecologist and wish to expand on this study by introducing a snail that meets different criteria than those already used. Which of the following should you include? A snail species introduced deliberately to the waters near Washington. A snail species introduced accidentally to the waters near Washington. A snail species native to the waters of Washington. A snail species introduced accidentally to the waters near Washington and one native to the waters of Washington.

A snail species introduced deliberately to the waters near Washington.

Part B: Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil? about a quarter of a million individuals most species would be microscopic about a thousand different species or organisms All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

What kinds of organisms pollinate three-fourths of our crops? Ants Bees Crickets Hummingbirds

Bees

Part A: Using the information from the graph, which of the following would be the most effective strategy for supporting high bee diversity? Incorporate strips of prairie vegetation within your maize. Stick with a monoculture of maize. Consider converting from maize to switchgrass and adding strips of prairie. None of these strategies would be effective in supporting a higher diversity of bees.

Consider converting from maize to switchgrass and adding strips of prairie.

Part A: Which of the following vegetation types is often associated with the highest average annual precipitation range? Shrublands Barren or sparsely vegetated Evergreen forest Savannas Tundra

Evergreen forest

Part B: Which of the following best describes the regional pressure wind patterns and associated precipitation in South Asia? The strong surface heating of the Indian Ocean results in the domination of a high pressure cell during much of the winter and resulting sea-to-land winds. In the winter, a high pressure cell is located over the Asian continent while lower pressures associated with the ITCZ are found over the Indian Ocean. Precipitation values are highest in north-central India, Nepal, and southwest China due to the persistent presence of the ITCZ throughout the year. The high precipitation values in southwest India likely result from the sea-to-land winds that dominate the region in January A persistent high pressure cell resides over the Bay of Bengal, creating arid conditions along southeastern India and Bangladesh.

In the winter, a high pressure cell is located over the Asian continent while lower pressures associated with the ITCZ are found over the Indian Ocean.

Part C: Which two months have the highest average temperature? May and June July and August September and October

July and August

Part D: Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be: The same as the GPI in 2002. There is not enough information to compare the 2002 GPI and the 2012 GPI. Lower than the GPI in 2002. Higher than the GPI in 2002.

Lower than the GPI in 2002.

Part A: Which of the following climate zones is associated with the Pacific High in July? Humid continental, mild summers, hot summers (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa) Humid subtropical moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb) Midlatitude cold steppe (BSk)

Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

Part C: Which of the following climate zones is most frequently associated with cool ocean currents. Humid continental, mild summers (Dfb, Dwb, Dsb) Humid subtropical moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh) Tropical rain forest (Af) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

Part C: In 2016, which North American biome experienced D4 Drought-Exceptional, the most severe drought category, throughout most of its extent? Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Boreal forests/taiga Temperate coniferous forest

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

Part D: In the Ethiopian Highlands of East Africa, the climate zone of humid subtropical winters and dry, hot-to-warm summers is primarily associated with which of the following biomes? Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Flooded grasslands and savannas Montane grasslands and shrublands Deserts and xeric shrublands

Montane grasslands and shrublands

How does predation differ from parasitism? Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal. Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey. Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey. Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level.

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Part B: Based on the data above, which of the following approaches would likely support the highest diversity of organisms, ranging from plants to vertebrates? Plant only maize. Plant a mix of perennial grasslands, including prairie and switchgrass. Plant a mix of maize and switchgrass. Plant only perennial prairie vegetation.

Plant a mix of perennial grasslands, including prairie and switchgrass.

Part E: What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? Precipitation is greatest in the winter and spring. Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer. Precipitation is greatest in the summer and fall. Precipitation is greatest in the fall and winter.

Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. Heterotrophs Secondary consumers Producers Detritivores Primary consumers

Producers

Part B: Which of the following accurately describes average annual snowfall and biome distribution in North America? The temperate coniferous forest of the southeast U.S. mostly receives between 30 and 59 inches of snowfall a year, though some parts receive up to 109 inches. Deserts and xeric shrublands universally receive less than 15 inches of snowfall per year. Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands fall almost entirely in areas that have between 30 and 59 inches of snowfall per year. Some areas of the boreal forests/taiga receive the highest amounts of annual snowfall among the North American biomes. Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub, owing to their extensive north-south extent, have annual snowfall ranges from 30 to 159 inches per year.

Some areas of the boreal forests/taiga receive the highest amounts of annual snowfall among the North American biomes.

Part C: Precipitation between 30-60 inches and a subtropical climate that is wet all year round are prerequisites for a long growing season. Which of these states are likely to have a longer growing season than other states? Iowa Ohio South Carolina Nevada Washington

South Carolina

Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity? Sustainable neoclassical Cornucopian Biocentric

Sustainable

What type of biome has been converted most frequently by humans for agricultural use? Desert Temperate grassland Tundra Savanna

Temperate grassland

Part D: What area in the United States falls within both the highest positive trend range in precipitation and lowest negative trend range in temperature during an El Nino event? Central Lowlands (Iowa and Illinois) The Rocky Mountains (Colorado) Central Valley (California) Edwards Plateau (Central Texas) The Mississippi Delta (southern Mississippi and Louisiana)

The Mississippi Delta (southern Mississippi and Louisiana)

Part A: Which of the following biomes is most likely to be found in areas that average 80 or more inches of precipitation a year? Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Deserts and xeric shrublands Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Boreal forests/taiga Mediterranean forests, woodland and scrub

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Part E: Explain the pattern or distribution of acid rain and water resource vulnerability in the United States from the previous two maps in Part D. The absence of acid rain in the Southwest may be due to the fact that they are better able to handle acid rain. The presence of acid rain on the East Coast may be due to the existence of many industrial plants. Industrial activities are prevalent on both the East Coast and the southwest coast and these industries produce acid rain and use a lot of water. Water shortages in the Southwest are due to industrial activities, more so than farming.

The presence of acid rain on the East Coast may be due to the existence of many industrial plants.

Which of the following biomes features distinct wet and dry seasons? Tropical dry forest Temperate rainforest Desert Temperate deciduous forest

Tropical dry forest

Part B: Which of these descriptions best fits the climate of North America? Central United States around Illinois and Iowa has mild summers with a humid continental climate. Southeast North America is characterized by humid continental, hot summers Northeast North America is characterized by humid continental, hot summers The southeastern portion of North America is moist all year round with a subtropical climate.

The southeastern portion of North America is moist all year round with a subtropical climate.

Part C: What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months? Warm winds and ocean currents from the south keep the river from freezing through most of the winter. Thermal springs heat and break up the ice. Large mounds of darkened rocks are heated by the sun and keep the river from freezing. A nuclear power plant is generating wastewater heat that prevents the river from freezing.

Thermal springs heat and break up the ice

Which of the following is true about top predators? They include bacteria and fungi. They are likely to be producers. Their removal increases biodiversity. They are likely to be herbivores. They are often keystone species.

They are often keystone species.

Part C: Based on what has happened to the beavers reintroduced in Scotland, how would wolves fare there? They would have a 50/50 chance of making it. They likely would not survive. They likely would thrive. They would barely hang on.

They likely would thrive.

Part E: Based on the temperature change that is predicted to occur according to the worst-case projections of global surface warming, which of the following answer choices best describes how land cover will most likely change along your line from Fort McMurray, Alberta to Repulse Bay, Nunavut by the end of the twenty-first century? Warmer temperatures will cause the amount of grassland to increase. Warmer temperatures will cause the region of evergreen forest to shift northward. Warmer temperatures will result in the grasslands being converted to cropland and natural vegetation. Warmer temperatures will result in the evergreen forest changing to a mixed forest.

Warmer temperatures will cause the region of evergreen forest to shift northward.

Part D: Compare the two maps and determine which statement is true. Whereas the Southwest generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue on the East Coast. Both acid rain and water resource vulnerability are extremely high for much of the East Coast. Both acid rain and water resource vulnerability are extremely high for the Midwest. Both acid rain and water resource vulnerability remain an issue for much of the Southwest. Whereas the East Coast generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue in the Southwest.

Whereas the Southwest generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue on the East Coast.

Part C: San Francisco, CA is located at approximately 37.7° N while Wichita, KS is at 39.6.5° N. Which of the following best describes the climate and mean January temperature for these two cities? While San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters, Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C. Both San Francisco and Wichita have Mediterranean climates with moderate winters averaging 9° to 11° C. Both San Francisco and Wichita have midlatitude cold desert climates, though the January temperatures of the two vary because Denver is slightly farther north. While Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cool-to-cold winters, San Francisco has a marine West Coast climate with mild winters. Both San Francisco and Wichita have humid continental, hot summer climates with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C.

While San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters, Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C.

Part D: What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? Winters are cold and summers are cool. Temperatures are mild throughout the year. Winters are mild and summers are hot. Temperatures are very cold throughout the year. Winters are cold and summers are hot.

Winters are cold and summers are hot.

Part A: Which of the following is true? Wolves returned naturally to Yellowstone National Park and Europe. Wolves returned naturally to Yellowstone National Park but were reintroduced throughout Europe. Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park but returned naturally to Europe. Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and throughout Europe.

Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park but returned naturally to Europe.

Part A: You are an ecologist and decide to recreate this study on freshwater snails in Minnesota. How do you replicate the presence of the predator? You use crushed shells of a predatory snail species. You use crushed shells of randomly chosen snail species. You use crushed shells of the same snail species you are studying. You use crushed shells of a predatory snail species mixed with crushed shells of a non-predatory snail species.

You use crushed shells of the same snail species you are studying.

Part C: Suppose that you and your next door neighbor both have a small pond in your yard. Your pond is surrounded by abundant St. John's wort, but your neighbor's pond is surrounded by very little St. John's wort. Based on what you learned from Knight's study, which of the following would be reasonable explanations for why your pond has abundant St. John's wort and your neighbor's pond does not? Select the four best answers. Your pond has 100 fish, and your neighbor's pond has 50 fish. You have been spraying your pond with insecticides. You have a bird house with dragonfly-eating birds near your pond. Your neighbor's pond has a plant that competes with St. John's wort. Your neighbor has been using herbicides to manage vegetation near his pond. Your neighbor has been applying fertilizer to the St. John's wort around his pond. Your ponds have the exact same number of fish.

Your pond has 100 fish, and your neighbor's pond has 50 fish. You have a bird house with dragonfly-eating birds near your pond. Your neighbor's pond has a plant that competes with St. John's wort. Your neighbor has been using herbicides to manage vegetation near his pond.

Part B: A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________. concentrated food a big and comfortable perch in a tree a centralized breeding area a major predator in the region

concentrated food

Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. legislation is given to ________. the legislative branch administrative agencies the judicial branch oversight committees including private citizens watchdog groups

administrative agencies

Part A: What does the red line on the graph represent? average temperature (°F) month of the year average precipitation (mm) average temperature (°C) average precipitation (inches)

average temperature (°C)

Autotrophs, at the base of the trophic pyramid, exist in greater numbers than organisms at higher levels of the pyramid and also have greater stores of energy as well as greater __________. water and energy matter and water biomass production

biomass

Part D: Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth? animals trees bacteria insects

bacteria

Part C: After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________. dead cells fungal cells plant cells bacterial cells

bacterial cells

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________. begin to support more invasive exotic species have no effect on the biome rapidly be replaced by temperate deciduous forest gradually be replaced by savanna begin to support more desert species

begin to support more desert species

Part B: When it comes to having wolves in Europe again, which of the following has had the largest impact? increases in conservation funding changing uses of the land increases in public land acquisition changing attitudes about predators

changing uses of the land

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Which of the following might be first to populate an area after a glacier in northern Alaska melts in response to global climate change? aspen trees shrubs hardwood trees grasses lichens

lichens

Global climate change may cause shifts in biomes because ________. biodiversity and day length will change mean temperature and precipitation for many areas will change food web dynamics will change many species may become extinct soil chemistry, pH of precipitation, and the frequency of invasive species will change

mean temperature and precipitation for many areas will change

Part B: What do the blue bars on the graph represent? average monthly temperature yearly precipitation monthly precipitation average yearly temperature

monthly precipitation

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species (such as flowering plants and bees) "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. herbivory competition mutualism predation parasitism

mutualism

Part A: What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? number of bird species stage of ecological succession ecological age number of breeding pairs per 100 acres

number of breeding pairs per 100 acres

Part B: What does the blue graph line represent? ecological age number of species breeding pairs per 100 acres species density

number of species

Secondary succession ________. typically begins with lichen colonizing rock is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape occurs after a fire or flood requires primary succession to precede it

occurs after a fire or flood

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________. the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sunless stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna decreased damage from crop pests and diseases

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________. the willingness of consumers to pay for ecosystem services a measure of conventional economic activity, with positive nonmonetary influences added and negative nonmonetary impacts subtracted the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country all the resources necessary to produce ecosystem services the cost of services minus the economic value of enhancements or degradation to the environment

the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country

A trophic cascade is the effect of ________ on ________. top consumers; lower trophic levels producers; first-level consumers flooding; terrestrial ecosystems top consumers; one another detritivores; decomposers

top consumers; lower trophic levels

Part A: Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle? hummingbird pelican vulture woodpecker

vulture