Env. Health Chapter 2 Quiz

False

True or False? A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome.

True

True or False? Cross-sectional studies may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies.

True

True or False? In a case-control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.

9/87 × 100

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:

All of the above (Strength, consistency, temporality, and biological gradient)

Hill's criteria of causality include

Hippocrates

Identify the historical figure who was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases

Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments

John Snow, in Snow on Cholera

All of the above (Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult, Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence, Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes, and the effects of exposures are often non-specific)

The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that

The population at risk

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as

Cohort studies

Which of the following observational designs is used for hypothesis testing?