Environmental chapter 2
Although Sylva and Seager seem to agree that couples should be able to make their own family planning decisions, they would disagree about which of the following statements? -Societies that value freedom and privacy keep government out of reproductive planning decisions. -Many countries face severe poverty and development problems. -Governments should provide resources and education for family planning. -Earth's population has undergone a rapid increase in the past century.
Governments should provide resources and education for family planning.
Which was Thomas Malthus's argument? View Available Hint(s) -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then population numbers would increase indefinitely and this would not cause problems. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then our civilization would be consumed by famine and war by the end of the 20th century. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then we would simply create technology to correct the problem.
He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation.
What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000? Household size decreased. Household size increased. There was no overall trend. Household size stayed the same.
Household size decreased.
If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected? -Households of 1 and 2 people will increase. -All household size categories will decrease. -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease. -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase.
Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease.
The term demographic transition refers to ________. -a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable -the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches it biocapacity -the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity -the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved -the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
Declining population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________. the education of women valuing the birth of a son economic disasters reproducing beyond replacement fertility illness in infants
the education of women
The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________. the religious practices of the family the other children in the family the father the amount of available food
the father
Malthus was responsible for ________. -recognizing the demographic transition effect in developing nations -authoring the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth -defining the concept of ecosystem services -the idea that population growth would lead to greater industry and prosperity -the idea that without social restrictions, increasing human population would lead to famine and war
the idea that without social restrictions, increasing human population would lead to famine and war
What does the y-axis show? the cost of producing a good or service the quantity of a good or service the price of a good or service the equilibrium price
the price of a good or service
The period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause is known as what? The family planning window The reproductive window The immigration transition The demographic transition
the reproductive window
What does the blue graph line represent? the supply of a good or service the price of a good or service the equilibrium supply the demand for a product or service
the supply of a good or service
How do women cause a reduction in the total fertility rate? -Promiscuity through available contraception -Lower levels of education for women leads to lower growth rates. -High rates of female literacy result in high population growth rates. -Through empowerment, personal choice, and education
through empowerment, personal choice, and education
What does the green graph line represent? -death rate -total number of individuals in the population -birth rate -population growth rate
total number of individuals in the population
Aside from contraception, human society and government policy can ________ to control population growth's negative effects on the environment. -discourage equal education, employment, and literacy for women -discourage emigration from Africa -encourage emigration from Africa -encourage consumption -discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations? Classical economics Environmental economics Neoclassical economics Ecological economics
ecological economics
Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable? View Available Hint(s) subsistence gatherers neoclassical economists classical economists ecological economists
ecological economists
Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced? Carrying capacity Ecological footprint TFR Demographic transition
ecological footprint
To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________. -educating and empowering women -forced sterilization of women who already have three children -increasing the availability of abortions -giving people money to purchase birth control
educating and empowering women
The role of an administrative agency is that of _______. -judicial control -enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress -enforcing rules or statutes only according to presidential directives -passing legislation
enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress
What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property? external costs tangential costs internal costs traditional market costs
external costs
Which of the following people is most likely to be attributed to the following: "Overconsumption will be the ruin of humanity rather than overpopulation." Paul Ehrlich Fred Pearce Harry Harrison Julian Simon
fred pearce
The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________. -help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure -provide ease of banking for multinational corporations -fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multicountry irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides -fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming -fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________. -was signed into law by a president belonging to the Democratic Party -was part of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy -was needed because the EPA was unable to control pollution -gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements
gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements
Environmental policy aims to ________. -preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition -promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution -use natural resources for economically important industrial products -protect the values of landowners by regulating trade -promote economic growth
promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape? -a rectangle tapering toward the top -pyramid -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. -inverted pyramid -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size.
pyramid
John Seager describes several benefits of smaller families, including ____________. longer waits at hospitals increased traffic congestion busier schools reduced carbon emissions
reduced carbon emissions
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. -was signed into law by Bill Clinton -required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government -requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity -altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution -put all federal land under stringent environmental protection
required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________. View Available Hint(s) -requires travel that many families cannot afford. -leads to an increase in sexually-transmitted infections -is forbidden by the government -is too expensive
requires travel that many families cannot afford.
What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________. View Available Hint(s) -rise, families have fewer children -become increasingly unpredictable, families have fewer children -fall, families have fewer children -None of the listed responses above is correct.
rise, families have fewer children
What is the primary reason that China changed its one-child policy to a two-child policy? Failing economy Shrinking workforce Increasing disease rates Decreasing troops for the military
shrinking workforce
Which of the following countries has the highest fertility rate? China Japan Somalia India
somalia
Which stage in the graph shows the greatest overall decline in death rate? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
stage 2
In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. stage 1, the preindustrial stage stage 2, the transitional stage stage 3, the industrial stage stage 4, the postindustrial stage stage 5, the stability transition stage
stage 2, the transitional stage
Which stage represents the fertility transition--a period of declining fertility rates related to economic and social change? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
stage 3
A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________. -environmental damage and also environmental benefits are external -cost-benefit analysis -the only healthy economy is one that is growing -greenwashing to increase public acceptance of products -steady-state economies that neither grow nor shrink
steady-state economies that neither grow nor shrink
Which of the following climates contains the LOWEST population density? tropical wet and dry marine west coast subarctic tropical rainy highland
subarctic
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The population grows most rapidly when the birth rate is significantly greater than the death rate. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph
supported
________ involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Economic development Sustainable development Social justice Ecological development Sustainable subsistence
sustainable development
Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________. -world population growth has been slower than expected -Malthus's measurements were inaccurate -space exploration has revealed new frontiers -Malthus overestimated Earth's environmental sensitivity -technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources
technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources
When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population? -The average age of the population grows younger. -The population shifts towards females. -The average age of the population grows older. -The number of producers in the ecosystem decreases.
the average of the population grows older
The global ecological footprint for humans is estimated to be ________. -roughly 5 times what Earth can support -less than what would be needed as an ecological reserve -twice what Earth can support -50% greater than what Earth can support -approximately half of what Earth can support
50% greater than what earth can support
If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050. 5 9 4 10 7
7
There are approximately ________ people on Earth. 15 million 6.7 billion 1.5 billion 10 billion 7.4 billion
7.4 billion
What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people? 17.2% 74.9% 64.4% 16.5%
74.9%
When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur? -when the demand for a product is stable -when the supply of the product is stable -when the demand for the product is greater than supply -when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
When do smaller numbers of people have larger ecological footprints? -when there is war -when populations immigrate and emigrate -when they are from developing nations -when they are from affluent, wealthier nations
when they are from affluent, wealthier nations
Predict which of the following United Nations funding proposals both Sylva and Seager might support. -A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country -A proposal by a European country to promote bigger families and reverse declining fertility rates -A third-world country plan to provide free contraceptives -An overseas government plan to require one-child families
A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country
Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact? View Available Hint(s) T for technology P for population A for affluence I for environmental impact
A for affluence
What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same? -A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to decrease. -A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase. -A surplus of the product will cause the price of the product to rise. -A surplus of the product will lead to a lower price for the product.
A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.
Why did China institute the one-child policy in 1970? -Disease levels were increasing. -To stimulate the economy. -Unemployment levels were too high. -Resources were becoming strained, and pollution was increasing.
Resources were becoming strained, and pollution was increasing.
A population that is not growing will have a TFR of ________. 2.1 or lower 5 or higher less than 1.0 zero 1.2
2.1 or lower
You are a demographer. After numerous calculations and diligent research, you agree with UN predictions regarding the human population. When do you think it will peak? 2025 2050 2075 2100
2050
According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands? 2800 2180 2100 3800 4522
3800
The global human population recently surpassed 7 billion people, and its annual growth is approximately _____ at the present. 1% 4% 7% 10% 12%
1%
During which of the following periods did the world's population more than double? 1950-2000 1900-1950 1750-1800 1850-1900 1800-1850
1950-2000
Which statement is correct concerning international law? View Available Hint(s) -Being a good neighbor, the United States ratified the Kyoto treaty with Japan and the United Kingdom to limit carbon dioxide emissions. -Customary law is more easily enforced and binding than conventional law. -An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors. -All international law is established by treaties between nations.
An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors.
Sylva emphasizes the dangers to economies and social welfare systems from declining fertility rates. In comparison to Sylva, what would Seager say about declining fertility? -Declining fertility will exacerbate extreme poverty. -Governments should mandate one-child families to cause additional fertility declines. -Declining fertility is a false concern because global population is increasing. -Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads.
Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads.
Why do we study demography? View Available Hint(s) -Demography involves the nature of viruses. -Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes. -Demography explores the relationship between population and war. -Demography examines the interactions between living and nonliving members of an ecosystem
Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes.
Douglas Sylva gives four reasons why government population control is bad policy. Which of the following statements represents one of his reasons? -Money is better spent on population control than on other priorities. -Severe development problems are linked to population growth. -Government influence over family size is prone to abuse. -The world is experiencing increasing fertility.
Government influence over family size is prone to abuse.
What does a high percentage of population under age 15 tell us about a region's potential for population growth? The region's population will likely remain stable. The region's population will likely fluctuate. The region's population will likely decrease. The region's population will likely increase. None of the listed responses are correct.
The region's population will likely increase.
Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true? View Available Hint(s) -Earth can support an infinite number of humans. -Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher. -Earth's carrying capacity for humans is approximately 350 million people. -Humans do not have a carrying capacity because we are at the top of the food chain.
Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher.
What is the sex ratio in China because of the one-child policy? -It is evenly distributed between males and females. -It is skewed toward the upper class. -It skewed toward more females resulting in more reproduction per person in the population. -It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth.
It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth.
Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development? -Larger households (those with 4 or more than 5 people) mean a larger population and higher overall environmental impacts. -Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area. -There is no relationship between household size and energy and land use. -If more households are small (with 1 or 2 people), energy consumption will decrease. P
Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area.
What correlation exists between population density and fertility rates in India? -Fertility rates are highest in regions of low population density. -No correlation exists between the two. -Fertility rates are highest in regions of high population density. -Fertility rates are lowest in regions of high population density. -None of the above.
No correlation exists between the two.
Why does Africa have the highest total fertility rate but a lower population density than parts of southern and eastern Asia? -People in southern and eastern Asia are spread out over a greater area. -Africa has more people than southern and eastern Asia. -Africa has greater biodiversity. -People in Africa are spread out over a greater area. -None of the listed responses are correct.
People in Africa are spread out over a greater area.
Which of the following tends to be true? -People with more money are responsible for less carbon dioxide emissions than those with less money. -Money has no impact on a person's carbon dioxide emissions. -People with more money are responsible for more carbon dioxide emissions than those with less money. -An unknown relationship between income and carbon dioxide emissions exists.
People with more money are responsible for more carbon dioxide emissions than those with less money.
In which stage or stages is the size of the population relatively stable? Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stages 1 and 2 Stages 1 and 4
Stages 1 and 4
Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true? -The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger. -The human population has been growing at a steady and constant rate since 1800. -The human population peaked in the 1960s and has been declining since. -Population growth is evenly divided with 50% of the increase coming from the developed countries and 50% from the developing countries.
The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.
What could be a roadblock to the success of the new two-child policy? -The increased pollution could deter some couples. -The poor education opportunities could deter some couples. -The decreased job opportunities could deter some couples. -The increased cost of living could deter some couples.
The increased cost of living could deter some couples.
In 1900, there were approximately 1.75 billion humans on Earth; in 1950, there were approximately 2.3 billion; in the year 2025, approximately 8 billion people will inhabit the biosphere. In the period between 1900 and 2025, what has happened to the human population? -The intervals (in years) of population doubling are fixed. -Zero-population growth policies are at work. -The intervals between population doublings are decreasing. -It has stabilized.
The intervals between population doublings are decreasing.
Which of the following can be inferred from the age structure shown? -There was a "baby boom" in Nigeria 30 years ago. -The population in Canada is growing more rapidly than Nigeria. -The population in Nigeria is aging rapidly. -The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada. -The population in Nigeria has many more males than females.
The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape? -inverted pyramid -pyramid -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. -a rectangle tapering toward the top -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size.
a rectangle tapering toward the top
Which region has the highest percentage of its population under age 15? Asia Africa South America North America All of the listed responses are correct.
africa
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of very high fertility rates? They contribute to overpopulation. They contribute to urban congestion. They increase stress on the local ecosystems. They increase pollution. All of the above are consequences.
all of the above are consequences
What causes a decline in fertility rates? -an increase in family planning and birth control -a decrease in family planning and birth control -per capita income decreases -an increase in infant mortality and death rate
an increase in family planning and birth control
Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________. -people have as many children as they can in the first 5 years of marriage -the carrying capacity is larger than the ecological footprint -total fertility rate exceeds the average replacement rate -birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration -the ecological footprints are larger than the carrying capacity
birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration
What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? time total number of births and deaths total population birth rate or death rate birth rate
birth rate or death rate
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? In the future the birth rate and death rate will be balanced, so the total population will remain relatively constant. supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph
cannot be determined from the graph
Environmental factors set limits on the growth of populations. What is this limit referred to? Total fertility rate Carrying capacity Population density Tipping point
carrying capacity
The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are the United Kingdom and ________. Australia New Zealand South Africa China United States
china
According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________. -is primarily driven by lobbying -comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors -comes from both the public and the private sectors -comes primarily from the private sector -comes only from the natural and social sciences and is acted upon without bias
comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors
Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product? -consumers seeking to maximize their benefits relative to price -competition among sellers seeking to maximize sales -consumers seeking to maximize external costs -sellers seeking to maximize profits
consumers seeking to maximize external costs
In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________. -birth rates should remain constant -consumption should decrease -population growth rates should increase -consumption should increase -birth rates should increase
consumption should increase
In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______. stayed the same decreased by approximately 10% decreased by approximately 1% increased relative to households of 3 or fewer people
decreased by approximately 10%
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________. remains stable decreases increases cannot be determined from the graph
decreases
Which of the following was necessary for the human population to be able to produce increasing amounts of food? Red Revolution Green Revolution Yellow Revolution Orange Revolution
green revolution
There is no data on fertility for some areas of this region. For which of the following IS data available? Gujarat province Delhi Nicobar Islands Lakshadweep There is data for all of the above.
gujarat province
Wetlands in the United States ________. -have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes -have stayed about the same over the past 40 years -have decreased due to human development -have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes -have increased due to human development
have decreased due to human development
The highest fertility rates occur mostly in which climate? tropical monsoon subtropical steppe tropical savanna humid subtropical complex mountain
humid subtropical
Which climate contains the highest population density? humid continental, cool summer humid continental, warm summer humid subtropical semiarid tropical rainy
humid subtropical
Which of the following is a young man in Ogoniland most likely to be involved with? child care farming illegal oil refining fishing
illegal oil refining
What factor would contribute to a sharp decline in death rate, such as the one shown in Stage 2? worsening economic conditions improved sanitation decreased availability of food increased access to birth control
improved sanitation
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________. decreases increases approaches equilibrium remains stable
increases
The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________. -rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable -from unsustainable to sustainable -steady state, no change -decreasing and sustainable -increasing and unsustainable
increasing and unsustainable
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape? -inverted pyramid -pyramid -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. -a rectangle tapering toward the top -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size.
inverted pyramid
The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________. -will result in exponential population growth -will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals -is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted -is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones -is not a problem because disease will limit population size
is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted
A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________. K S J M U
j
According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at postreproductive age. smaller; lower; smaller larger; higher; larger larger; lower; smaller larger; lower; larger smaller; higher; larger
larger;lower;smaller
The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________. over 5.0 zero steadily rising less than zero less than the replacement rate
less than the replacement rate
Fertility rates are highest in which of the following? northern India along the coasts of India Sri Lanka southern India none of the above
northern india
