Environmental Science CH 10 Study Guide
2003 UN List of Protected Areas includes __________ hectares of land in many categories
1.7 billion
Reasonable to assume that population growth is fastest at about _____ the carrying capacity of the environment, as shown by the ____ curve
1/2, S
more than ____ of yellstone national park burned
1/3
____% of the land area of Earth is protected one way or another
11
Earth's total land area
15 billion hectares
ecology didn't become a focus of national park management til the
1960s
National parks comprise about _____% of Earth's land area
2.7
there are _______ national monuments approx _______ hectares
20000, 28 million
the federal government owns ______ hectares which is about ____% of the US
240 million, 25
census bureau categorizes a population as urban if area is greater than
2500 ppl
there are _______ habitat/species management area sites, approx ______ hectares
27600, 300 million
____% of all commercial timber in the world ia produced in the us and Canada
30
There are ______ national parks in the world covering more than ______ hectares
3400, 400 million
the NPS manages a total of ____ national parks and other areas
400
US DoA estimates that between 1982 and 2007, US farmland was converted to residential use at a rate of
405,000 ha per year
There are ______ sites for managed resource protected areas, which is approx _______ hectares
4100, 440 million
Of nation's land area, ____% is publicly held, greatest % than any other nation
42
there are ______ strict nature reserves and wilderness areas sites, approx ______ hectares
6000, 200 million
there are _______ protected landscapes and seascapes sites, approx ______ hectares
6500, 100 million
____% of the forests used for commercial timber operations in the US are privately owned
73
More than ____% of all federal lands are managed by _ agencies
95, 4
National Parks downfall
Gov has had to evict and exclude indigenous human populations from the land; ex: Mau Forest
best known forest fire
Yellowstone national park summer of 1988
habitat/species management area
actively managed to maintain biological communities
managed resource protected areas
allows for the sustained use of biological, mineral and recreational resources.
most zoning in the US continues to promote
automobile-dependent development
4 main causes of urban sprawl
automobiles and highway construction, living costs, urban blight, government policies
suburbs became more affordable as ____ became more affordable
cars
largest cause of species extinction
change to the landscape
2 most common ways to harvest trees for timber production
clear cutting and selective cutting
a method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area
clear-cutting
easiest and most economical harvesting method
clear-cutting
many scientists identify ______ as a cause of habitat alteration and destruction
clear-cutting
Deforestation of large areas can contribute to
climate change and other environmental problems
protected landscapes and seascapes
combine the nondestructive use of natural resources with opportunities for tourism and recreation
As populations INCREASE, common lands tended to become
degraded
3rd approach to logging
ecologically sustainable forestry
An approach to removing trees from forests in ways that do not unduly affect the viability of other trees
ecologically sustainable forestry
A 1973 US act designed to protect species from extinction
endangered species act
In environmental science, negative externalities result in
environmental damage for which no one is held responsible legally or financially
urban sprawl can have a dramatic
environmental impact
a document outlining the scope and purpose of a development project, describing the environmental context, suggesting alternative approaches to the project, and analyzing the environmental impact of each alternative.
environmental impact statement
before a project can begin, the NEPA requires an
environmental impact statement
A plan that outlines how a developer will address concerns raised by a project's impact on the environment.
environmental mitigation plan
the phenomenon in which an increase in the supply of a good causes demand to grow
induced demand
land in the suburbs ____ compared to land in the city
inexpensive
development that fills in vacant lots within existing communities
infill
even the protected status of parks can't defend them completely from
invasive species and problems like pollution
one of the highest proportions of protected lands in Europe
koreli
grazing uses ____ fossil fuels
less
due to the cycle of planting and harvesting, tree plantations never develop into
mature, ecologically diverse forests
The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource
maximum sustainable yield
A zoning classification that allows retail and high-density residential development to coexist in the same area
multi-use zoning (attempts being made at this)
A US classification used to designate lands that may be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting, and mineral extraction
multiple-use lands
the management of national parks is based on the
multiple-use principle
A 1969 US federal act that mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits
national environmental policy act
Protected public lands are classified into 6 categories according to how they're used:
national parks, managed resource protected areas, habitat/species management areas, strict nature reserves and wilderness areas, protected landscapes and seascapes, and national monuments
an area set aside with the intent of preserving a large tract of intact ecosystems of a landscape
national wilderness area
a federal public land managed for the primary purpose of protecting wildlife
national wildlife refuge
Tragedy of the commons is the result of a _________ externality
negative
the feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character
sense of place
national monuments
set aside to protect unique sites of special natural or cultural interests
selective-cutting produces optimum growth only among
shade-tolerant tree species
______ family homes usually the only option in the suburbs, excluding those of lower income
single
overuse of farmland can lead to
soil degradation and water pollution
The degradation of the built and social environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs
urban blight
A restriction on development outside a designated area
urban growth boundaries
Urbanized areas that spread into rural areas, removing clear boundaries between the two
urban sprawl
In the 1950s and 1960s, ____________ trapped many African Americans in inner cities.
white flight
FWS Lands (Fish & Wildlife Services)
wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation
clear-cutting, esp on slopes, increases
wind and water erosion
____ might be used to address issues of traffic congestion, urban sprawl and urban blight
zoning
a planning tool used to separate industry and business from residential neighborhoods; creating quieter, safer communities
zoning.
Some of the most famous national parks are found in
Africa; Ambuseli (Kenya), Kruger (South Africa)
What 4 agencies manage more than 95% of all federal lands
BLM, USFS, NPS, and FWS
a set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable healthy communities
SMART GROWTH
Passed to halt overgrazing
The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
_______ logging can lead to _______
extensive, mudslides
The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service
externalities
An area similar to a suburb, but unconnected to any central city or densely populated area.
exurban
Grazing is subsidized with
federal funds
largest single landowner in the US
federal government
publicly held land may be owned by
federal, state, or local governments
Land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging
forest
BLM Lands (Bureau of Land Management)
grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation
paved surfaces that absorb heat from the sun and radiate it
heat islands
A U.S. federal fund that pays for the construction and maintenance of roads and highways
highway trust fund
urban sprawl has been enhanced by laws like the
highway trust fund, zoning laws, and subsidized mortgages
A fire deliberately set under controlled conditions in order to reduce the accumulation of dead biomass on a forest floor
prescribed burn
one method for reducing the accumulation of dead biomass is a
prescribed burn
Possible solutions to prevent tragedy of the commons
private ownership, government regulation
strict nature reserves and wilderness areas
protect species and ecosystems; Chang Tang Reserve
urban blight has contributed to
racial segregation
dry, open grasslands primarily used for the grazing of cattle; semiarid ecosystems; susceptible to fires and environmental disturbances
rangelands
NPS Lands (National Parks Service)
recreation and conservation
most environmental policies, laws, and management plans have been based on the
resource conservation ethic
the belief that people should maximize use of resources, based on the greatest good for everyone
resource conservation ethic
National Parks Purpose
scientific, educational, recreational use; not usually used for resource extraction
the method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small # of trees from among many in a. forest
selective-cutting
Ostrom challenged the idea that government regulation was necessary and instead advocated for
self-regulation
an area surrounding a metropolitan center, with a comparatively low population density
suburban
growth of 2 classes of communities
suburban and exurban
urban sprawl tends to occur at
the edge of a city
USFS Lands (United States Forest Service)
timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation
as people move farther from their jobs
traffic congestion increases and roads are expanded
Gurrett Hardin; The tragedy of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain
tragedy of the commons
development that attempts to focus dense residential and retail development around stops for public transportation, a component of smart growth
transit-oriented development
between 1950 and 2000, # of vehicle miles traveled per person in the US suburban areas
tripled
suburban communities use more than ____ as much land per person as urban communities
twice
benefit of grazing
ungulates can be raised on lands too dry to farm