Environmental Science CH 10 Study Guide

2003 UN List of Protected Areas includes __________ hectares of land in many categories

1.7 billion

Reasonable to assume that population growth is fastest at about _____ the carrying capacity of the environment, as shown by the ____ curve

1/2, S

more than ____ of yellstone national park burned

1/3

____% of the land area of Earth is protected one way or another

11

Earth's total land area

15 billion hectares

ecology didn't become a focus of national park management til the

1960s

National parks comprise about _____% of Earth's land area

2.7

there are _______ national monuments approx _______ hectares

20000, 28 million

the federal government owns ______ hectares which is about ____% of the US

240 million, 25

census bureau categorizes a population as urban if area is greater than

2500 ppl

there are _______ habitat/species management area sites, approx ______ hectares

27600, 300 million

____% of all commercial timber in the world ia produced in the us and Canada

30

There are ______ national parks in the world covering more than ______ hectares

3400, 400 million

the NPS manages a total of ____ national parks and other areas

400

US DoA estimates that between 1982 and 2007, US farmland was converted to residential use at a rate of

405,000 ha per year

There are ______ sites for managed resource protected areas, which is approx _______ hectares

4100, 440 million

Of nation's land area, ____% is publicly held, greatest % than any other nation

42

there are ______ strict nature reserves and wilderness areas sites, approx ______ hectares

6000, 200 million

there are _______ protected landscapes and seascapes sites, approx ______ hectares

6500, 100 million

____% of the forests used for commercial timber operations in the US are privately owned

73

More than ____% of all federal lands are managed by _ agencies

95, 4

National Parks downfall

Gov has had to evict and exclude indigenous human populations from the land; ex: Mau Forest

best known forest fire

Yellowstone national park summer of 1988

habitat/species management area

actively managed to maintain biological communities

managed resource protected areas

allows for the sustained use of biological, mineral and recreational resources.

most zoning in the US continues to promote

automobile-dependent development

4 main causes of urban sprawl

automobiles and highway construction, living costs, urban blight, government policies

suburbs became more affordable as ____ became more affordable

cars

largest cause of species extinction

change to the landscape

2 most common ways to harvest trees for timber production

clear cutting and selective cutting

a method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area

clear-cutting

easiest and most economical harvesting method

clear-cutting

many scientists identify ______ as a cause of habitat alteration and destruction

clear-cutting

Deforestation of large areas can contribute to

climate change and other environmental problems

protected landscapes and seascapes

combine the nondestructive use of natural resources with opportunities for tourism and recreation

As populations INCREASE, common lands tended to become

degraded

3rd approach to logging

ecologically sustainable forestry

An approach to removing trees from forests in ways that do not unduly affect the viability of other trees

ecologically sustainable forestry

A 1973 US act designed to protect species from extinction

endangered species act

In environmental science, negative externalities result in

environmental damage for which no one is held responsible legally or financially

urban sprawl can have a dramatic

environmental impact

a document outlining the scope and purpose of a development project, describing the environmental context, suggesting alternative approaches to the project, and analyzing the environmental impact of each alternative.

environmental impact statement

before a project can begin, the NEPA requires an

environmental impact statement

A plan that outlines how a developer will address concerns raised by a project's impact on the environment.

environmental mitigation plan

the phenomenon in which an increase in the supply of a good causes demand to grow

induced demand

land in the suburbs ____ compared to land in the city

inexpensive

development that fills in vacant lots within existing communities

infill

even the protected status of parks can't defend them completely from

invasive species and problems like pollution

one of the highest proportions of protected lands in Europe

koreli

grazing uses ____ fossil fuels

less

due to the cycle of planting and harvesting, tree plantations never develop into

mature, ecologically diverse forests

The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource

maximum sustainable yield

A zoning classification that allows retail and high-density residential development to coexist in the same area

multi-use zoning (attempts being made at this)

A US classification used to designate lands that may be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting, and mineral extraction

multiple-use lands

the management of national parks is based on the

multiple-use principle

A 1969 US federal act that mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits

national environmental policy act

Protected public lands are classified into 6 categories according to how they're used:

national parks, managed resource protected areas, habitat/species management areas, strict nature reserves and wilderness areas, protected landscapes and seascapes, and national monuments

an area set aside with the intent of preserving a large tract of intact ecosystems of a landscape

national wilderness area

a federal public land managed for the primary purpose of protecting wildlife

national wildlife refuge

Tragedy of the commons is the result of a _________ externality

negative

the feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

sense of place

national monuments

set aside to protect unique sites of special natural or cultural interests

selective-cutting produces optimum growth only among

shade-tolerant tree species

______ family homes usually the only option in the suburbs, excluding those of lower income

single

overuse of farmland can lead to

soil degradation and water pollution

The degradation of the built and social environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs

urban blight

A restriction on development outside a designated area

urban growth boundaries

Urbanized areas that spread into rural areas, removing clear boundaries between the two

urban sprawl

In the 1950s and 1960s, ____________ trapped many African Americans in inner cities.

white flight

FWS Lands (Fish & Wildlife Services)

wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation

clear-cutting, esp on slopes, increases

wind and water erosion

____ might be used to address issues of traffic congestion, urban sprawl and urban blight

zoning

a planning tool used to separate industry and business from residential neighborhoods; creating quieter, safer communities

zoning.

Some of the most famous national parks are found in

Africa; Ambuseli (Kenya), Kruger (South Africa)

What 4 agencies manage more than 95% of all federal lands

BLM, USFS, NPS, and FWS

a set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable healthy communities

SMART GROWTH

Passed to halt overgrazing

The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934

_______ logging can lead to _______

extensive, mudslides

The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service

externalities

An area similar to a suburb, but unconnected to any central city or densely populated area.

exurban

Grazing is subsidized with

federal funds

largest single landowner in the US

federal government

publicly held land may be owned by

federal, state, or local governments

Land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging

forest

BLM Lands (Bureau of Land Management)

grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and recreation

paved surfaces that absorb heat from the sun and radiate it

heat islands

A U.S. federal fund that pays for the construction and maintenance of roads and highways

highway trust fund

urban sprawl has been enhanced by laws like the

highway trust fund, zoning laws, and subsidized mortgages

A fire deliberately set under controlled conditions in order to reduce the accumulation of dead biomass on a forest floor

prescribed burn

one method for reducing the accumulation of dead biomass is a

prescribed burn

Possible solutions to prevent tragedy of the commons

private ownership, government regulation

strict nature reserves and wilderness areas

protect species and ecosystems; Chang Tang Reserve

urban blight has contributed to

racial segregation

dry, open grasslands primarily used for the grazing of cattle; semiarid ecosystems; susceptible to fires and environmental disturbances

rangelands

NPS Lands (National Parks Service)

recreation and conservation

most environmental policies, laws, and management plans have been based on the

resource conservation ethic

the belief that people should maximize use of resources, based on the greatest good for everyone

resource conservation ethic

National Parks Purpose

scientific, educational, recreational use; not usually used for resource extraction

the method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small # of trees from among many in a. forest

selective-cutting

Ostrom challenged the idea that government regulation was necessary and instead advocated for

self-regulation

an area surrounding a metropolitan center, with a comparatively low population density

suburban

growth of 2 classes of communities

suburban and exurban

urban sprawl tends to occur at

the edge of a city

USFS Lands (United States Forest Service)

timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation

as people move farther from their jobs

traffic congestion increases and roads are expanded

Gurrett Hardin; The tragedy of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain

tragedy of the commons

development that attempts to focus dense residential and retail development around stops for public transportation, a component of smart growth

transit-oriented development

between 1950 and 2000, # of vehicle miles traveled per person in the US suburban areas

tripled

suburban communities use more than ____ as much land per person as urban communities

twice

benefit of grazing

ungulates can be raised on lands too dry to farm