ethics

Roger Boisjoly urges us to see the positive things in the Challenger case

group of peers got together to stop the launch because they cared individuals cannot have success in stopping companies from doing bad things in this current business climate you can have success if you form a group of peers to support your position. Do not stand up and be a hero or you will get "killed" and you will not have a chance. >all of the above

Apply Act Utiliarianism to this option: The state should close all schools and non-essential businesses to stop the spread of the coronavirus in order to save lives. Which of the following statements is true.

Act Utilitarianism requires us to consider all the consequences that would result from closing all the schools and non-essential businesses and provide a measurement of the utility, the pleasure or pain, of each consequence.

When identifying objections to our Selected Option, we can come up with these objections by considering which of the following?

All of the above

Rawls argues that all rational members of the society would agree to be bound by three core principles. The following are core principles or are true about the core principles:

Locke's Equal Liberty Principle: Everyone is entitled to as many rights and liberties as possible as long as rights and liberties are not taken from others. The Equal Opportunities Principle: Each person should have an equal and fair opportunity to improve his/her situation in life. No matter where one finds oneself in the society, they know that they will have a fair and equal opportunity to better their situation The Difference Principle: When inequalities arise under this social contract, we may allow the inequalities as long as those inequalities benefit everyone, especially the least advantaged in society, and makes no one worse off. If a social contract meets the three core principles, then Rawls believes it would be a just social contract. It would be a social contract that rational, objective members would support such a contract since it would insure basic values, important consequences and rights and responsibilities.

When recognizing an ethical issue in an essay or assignment, the best answer earning the most points does the following:

Student can recognize ethical issues when presented in a complex, multilayered (gray) context AND can recognize cross-relationships among the issues and presents it cogently.

A game in game theory is a description of a social interaction, which specifies:

The players: Who is interacting with whom The feasible strategies: Which actions are open to the players The information: What each player knows when making their decision The payoffs: What the outcomes will be for each of the possible combinations of actions

Why is climate change the central ethical question in the video?

The producers made the Virtual Reality Experience specifically to show why deforestation is happening and that deforestation helps to create excess carbon in the atmosphere, and that causes climate change..

Before presenting our Select and Support of our option, we have already done which of the following normative critical thinking steps?

We have created and crafted options to address the main ethical issues. We have identified a main ethical issue in the situation, and also identified related ethical issues that are tied up in the situation. We have applied ethical perspectives, theories and principles to each of our options to determine how these ethical perspectives regard the options. >All of the above

Capitalism requires that

all agents and firms participate in markets for private property.

Physician-Assisted Suicide is

allowed in only seven states in the US. condemned by the Catholic Church and many other religious organizations. available in many countries in Europe. is supported by some doctors >All of the above

Codes of ethics

are useful in communicating the expected behavior of members of the organization. are prescriptive and place obligations on the behavior of members of the organization are often part of a larger set of required policies and procedures enforced by an organization

In the experiments conducted by Wynn,

babies were shown to prefer puppets who were helpful

Ethical issues can be seen when we represent the complex, problematic situation, such as global warming, rain forest destruction, coronavirus pandemic preparation and response, can often be found

by identifying stakeholders in the situations and their moral stakes and explaining how they are in conflict. by imagining how Globalists and Nationalists would conflict when discussing the complex situation. by putting ourselves in the situation and seeing who we would be in conflict with us. >all above

A conflict of interest

can arise when a professional responsibility conflicts with your personal goals. can arise when your business responsibility conflicts with your personal goals. an arise when your personal responsibility conflicts with your personal goals. >all of the above

When we have so many different ways to see and frame moral conflict, we are tempted to ask, "what is the right way to see and frame this problem?" The answer is that:

each different way we see and frame the ethical problem provides important information that is relevant to making the choice of action to take.

All conflicts in society indicate a significant flaw in the way that society is operating.

false

Business ethics consists in the simple idea that a business must follow the same rules that average people must follow.

false

Corporate executives are exempt from the effective codes of conduct of the organization so that business can be conducted profitably.

false

Like Rawls, libertarian social contracts permit the necessary use of force upon its citizens under the social contract to try and balance the effects of genetic, social or economic causes of lack of opportunity out of the control of individuals in the society.

false

Rawls is enforcing equality. He is not establishing social arrangements that simply guarantee equality of opportunity.

false

In Joseph Henrich's video concerning his book, The Secret of Our Success,

he used the Burke and Wills expedition to demonstrate that our intelligence/big brains are not sufficient to explain our dominance of the planet. he used examples from psychological experiments using 2 and 1/2 year old humans as well as Chimps and Orangoutangs that showed the human child is a superior cultural learner. his main question is how has the human race become the dominant specie on the planet?

The following are norms and cultural practices that tend to divide nations:

inguistic diversity High immigration from peoples far away from our nation in the World Survey Map. cultural or religious diversity

Robert Nozick's social contract theory is called libertarianism. He argued for a social contract based on maximum liberties for each person. In his book, Anarchy, State and Utopia, he argues for a state where only the following are the objects of our social contract:

national security, maintaining order, keeping interpersonal transactions honest

The standard of substituted judgement is applied when

one person has to make a decision for another person who is incapable of making their own decisions. n cases such as euthanasia when the person who is appointed to make medical decisions for the impaired person must decide what to do based on their own understanding of what the impaired person would decide for themselves. does not apply when a fetus with serious fetal anomalies is in the womb but will apply once the fetus is born and the parent must make a decision regarding care. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Henrich argues that

over the centuries natural selection and cultural adaptations have resulted in our ability to dominate the world. culture has made changes in our genetics and our genetics in turn facilitates changes in our culture. cultural adaptations occur more frequently when there is a combination of many minds and good communication among the minds, and he calls this the "collective brain".

The following are norms and cultural practices that tend to unite nations:

small country shared cultural norms and values conflicts with other nations

The dramatic increase in average income in select nations indicate

that income growth is a result of specific cultural adaptations adopted in select countries. that income growth may be the result of a country supporting capitalism.

Capitalism as understood in our class text uses which of the following conditions or cultural adaptations in a society?

the establishment of firms that can conduct business using private property and markets. economically free agents that can own private property. markets in which free agents can exchange their private property

The ethical issues in the deforestation of the Amazon Rain Forest are multi-layered and complex due to

the various layers of government and governments that are involved. the economic interests of both small and large actors in avoiding some of the legal agreements for personal gain. non-governmental agencies, religious, and international interests have moral stakes in preventing the deforestation of the Amazon. >all above

Brittany Maynard made the decision to use physician-assisted suicide

to live life to the fullest as long as she could and end life when it became to unbearable due to pain, epileptic seizures, fatigue and loss of mental and bodily functions.

We can come to understand how stakeholders came to their positions that are in conflict in a particularly problematic situation

understand that each person starts with the same built-in moral code understand that each person's moral code has been formed by the cultural adaptations they learned throughout their life, many of which they did not have control over. understand that each person's moral code is as certain and important to them as our moral code is to us. >all of the above

Moral stakes include

virtues values important consequences rights responsibilities

Business ethics requires

None of the above

The prisoner's dilemma is

an example of a finite game in game theory.

Considering social contracts the following statements are true:

A values and virtue theorist might ask "What is the ideal/best social contract?" What values and virtues would the best social contract have and encourage? A consequentialist might ask, "What do we want the social contract to do? What do we want to make sure does not happen?" A rights and responsibility theorist might ask, "What rights and responsibilities should the social contract include and who or which parts of society should have them? What duties and obligations should each person have under the social contract?"

The following are all related ethical issues to the central ethical issue in our video, except

Brazilian cattle farming is ruining the price of beef in the world market.

The Dynamic Situated Agent model includes

Capabilities Control System feelings and emotions Situational Awareness

T.M. Scanlon, is a modern contractarian. A key aspect of his communitarian account is that

Each citizen who inters into a contract must do so because of reasons that the citizen believes to be persuasive/convincing.

Why is it important to develop skill in recognizing ethical issues?

Ethical issues not recognized can result in loss of jobs, career, money and our life. Ethical issues not recognized can result in loss of friends, family, social standing and self-respect. Ethical issues not recognized can result in not achieving a meaningful life or flourishing as your best self. >All of the above

Joseph Henrich, in his talk "The Evolution of Cooperation", concluded that

Instincts as well as historical kinship institutions shape our psychology even centuries after they have dissolved. Path to formal institutions involved undercutting the tools of small scale cooperation, no arranged marriages, polygany, cousin marriage, tribes, ecstatic rituals, collective guilt, clans, etc. The Issue is not "Cooperation VS.Non-cooperation" It is about "Small Scale Forms of Cooperation Rooted in Interpersonal Relations and Tribal Thinking VS Impersonal Prosociality and Impartial Rules. Unable to form traditional cooperative units, people joined voluntary associations, guilds etc. with intergroup competition among voluntary organizations.

Jonathon Haidt argues that to a Globalist

John Lennon's song Imagine is their Anthem. patriotism is racism

Apply Nozick's Libertarianism to the following option: Government should do whatever is necessary to save lives at risk from the Coronavirus, so they can coerce the citizens to Shelter in Place. Which of the following statements is true.

Libertarians would say that each person should be free to make their own choices in how they choose to act, even in a pandemic.

With regard to Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory, MFT, the following statements are true:

MFT provides a means to compare one's own reaction to normative, ethical, cultural questions to the reactions of others in the survey. MFT is a descriptive scientific theory of social psychology. Sanctity/Degradation foundation is based on the biological disgust system and is connect to norms of religious purity and our desire to live in a more noble way.

Game theory is a branch of mathematics that studies strategic interactions, meaning situations in which each actor knows that the benefits they receive depend on the actions taken by all. Game theory is a set of models of strategic interactions. It is widely used in economics and elsewhere in the social sciences, and even in biology and the training of military strategists. Which of the following statements are true?

None of the above

According to Jonathon Haidt, to improve cohesion in modern WEIRD nations Globalists must

Patriotism is not the same as racism: encourage healthy forms unifying identities (or you might get racial identity politics) Globalists must understand the concerns of our nationalist compatriots

Apply Rawls' Communitarianism to this Option: We may limit the freedom of our citizens in times of pandemics in order to benefit those who are the most deprived in the society. Which of the following is false.

Rawls would not agree that we should have to sacrifice for the benefit of those who are less better off in the society.

In order to understand social dilemmas, and how we might learn to address the issues by applying game theory, we distinguish between two classes of preferences:

Self-interested (Self-Regarding) and Social (Other Regarding) preferences

The main problem confronted in the video is that deforestation of the Amazon rainforest provides economic opportunities in the local and national economy. Demand around the world for beef provides economic and survival opportunities for (1) people whose survival depends on work and (2) people who violate land agreements, laws and free-ride in order to benefit their own economic security at the expense of others.

This problem of deforestation is fundamental to all the economic issues that drive climate change. People who are eager to survive and thrive are willing to destroy the rainforest if they can get away with it and profit from it.

In the World Values Survey, the following are the two dimensions of value scales that are charted on the animated graph from their web site that we used in this class.

Traditional values and Secular-rational values vs. Survival values and Self-expression values

In class we introduced ethical theories that we correlated with the moral stakes of virtues, consequences and rights and responsibility. We applied these theories to the issues of Climate Change and Income Inequality. Which of the following did we link with the moral stakes in the ethical issues?

Virtue Ethics Consequentialist Utilitarian Ethics Kant's Deontology

When looking at the average income for for the last 12000 years for humans the following statements are true:

We see that only countries such as England, Italy and the Netherlands rapidly grew their income while China, India and African Nations did not grow income dramatically from the 1800's. We see a low non-increasing income until about 1800 and then a few nations gained dramatic increases in average income.

Income inequality can be an ethical issue when we consider

income inequality between firms and workers income inequality within a nation income inequality between one nation and another Income inequality between men and women

Social norms that we acquire

often come with internalized motivations and ways of viewing the world are often encased in social rituals that connect powerfully with our psychology are especially strong and enduring when they hook into our innate psychology, such as caring for children.

Business ethics applies to

private small businesses large and small corporations professionals who own and operate their practices and work with the public.

Professional ethics includes ideas such as

professional autonomy Fiduciary obligation conflict of interests should be avoided

Remote sensing from space assist in the enforcement of Brazilian laws and trade agreements in the following ways.

providing real time data on the destruction of parts of the Amazon rain forest.

In avoiding a conflict of interest the professional should consider

recusing themselves from the situation and allowing someone else to act who does not have the conflict. dislosing the conflict to all so that everyone in the situation is aware of the conflict of interest and can act accordingly. that hiding the conflict of interest may be reason for sanctions or expulsion from the profession.

When identifying objections to our Selected Option, we can come up with these objections by considering which of the following?

All of the above An ethical perspective that does not support the option. An agent or stakeholder that might disagree with the option. Normative rules, cultural adaptations or taboos, that may seem to be in conflict with the option.

Three different kinds of social preference may explain how people around the world played the public goods game with punishment. All three express a person's concern about what other people get or experience. But they differ in important ways. Which of the following are among the three social preferences that explain how people around the world played the public goods game?

Altruism which is a willingness to help someone else at a cost to yourself. Reciprocity which is desire to help those who have (in your opinion) acted well, and to harm those who have acted poorly. Inequality aversion which is a dislike of (aversion to) unequal outcomes even if you benefit from the disparities, but especially if others are doing better than you.

Persuasively responding to objections to our Selected Option, results in which of the following statements?

Assists others in understanding how they could handle that objection so they can be on board with your option.

The FOCUS critical thinking model embodies which of the objectives in our course?

Ethical self-awareness thical Issue Recognition Knowledge of Ethical Perspectives, Theories, and Principles. Application and Evaluation of Ethical Perspectives, Theories and Principles. >All of the above

The public goods game addresses the real problem of free riding that confronts people around the world who share public goods, such as water, land, fisheries and hunting areas, logging, mining and many others. In our discussion of the public goods game and the examples in our text we find the following are true.

Free riding on the work of others can be reduced through punishments. That around the world the degree of cooperation and trust varies. The evidence gathered by Elinor Ostrom, a political scientist, and other researchers on common irrigation projects in India, Nepal, and other countries showed that less unequal partakers of public good had less conflict than more unequal partakers.

Apply Kantian Deontology to the Option below: We should require all people to shelter in place in order to prevent the spread of coronavirus, during the time of this pandemic. Which of the following is false.

Kant would argue that we are duty bound under the Categorical Imperative to Shelter in Place.

Nozick's Libertarian account of human transactions within society has been called a market morality where individuals are free to exchange goods for other goods. The following are true about it:

No coercion from the state or anyone else is allowed.

In completing the S step in FOCUS, which is to Select and Support the option you choose to address the main ethical issue, you need not do which of the following statements?

Present a stakeholder analysis of the agents in conflict in the main ethical issue.

In Hendrich's book, he identifies the following cues that human's use that are key to cultural learning. Identify each of the items below that are such cues.

beauty and attractiveness dialect ethnicity prestige sex success complexity of presentation

Ethical perspectives and ethical theories can be understood

both from the inside and from the outside, that is, from the first person subjective and the third person objective. as conceptual tools to see different perspectives on the same set of facts. as cultural adaptations that emphasize certain norms over other possible norms.

Our use of Globalists and Nationalists, as stereotypical Dynamic Situated Agents, help us to

consider a variety of different ways to look at a situation and increase our situational awareness. consider a variety of moral stakes and points of view that show how stakeholders could emphasize local or international consequences of actions in drastically different ways that effect how they may apply the ethical theories. consider the complexity of actions and their impact on others both close and far away. >all above

Roger Boisjoly did not testify before congress due to pressure from Morton Thiokol.

false

Roger Boisjoly was sought after as an engineer after the Challenger Space Shuttle disaster but he was no longer interested in the profession.

false

The Challenger Space Shuttle engineers were well schooled in ethics so they followed their training given from class and even that did not work.

false

Under a libertarian social contract, government is not kept to the minimum but personal liberty is set to the minimum. Individuals are not responsible for their actions and all transactions necessary to run the state are required transactions.

false

Under no circumstances should an employee or professional go against the expressed rules of their organization.

false

In game theory we can divide possible games into finite games, such as baseball, with known rules, known players and a fixed objective and infinite games, such as the Vietnamese can be said to be playing during the the war between the U.S. and Vietnam. The difference between an infinite game and a finite game is

infinite game has as an objective to perpetuate the game an infinite game may have known and unknown players an infinite game has changeable rules an infinite game has no winners or losers.

Climate change

is primarily concerned with the possible future effects of population growth and economic growth. is an ethical issue for all the stakeholders, dynamic agents, on the planet including governments, firms, workers and anyone else on the planet. is a direct result of the economic conditions that have also produced the sudden rise in average incomes around the globe.

Jonathan Haidt argues that the Authoritarian dynamic is composed of which of the following ideas

moral, racial, and political intolerance go together. normative threats that increase the appeal of authoritarian leaders to some include disobedience to group authorities OR authorities who are not worthy of our respect OR non-conformity to group norms many people are attracted to an authoritarian leader if there are, or at least if they perceive, normative threats to their society.

In the World Values Survey we find that

people in nations tend to move up from traditional tribal values to materialist secular values and then over toward self-expression values. people in nations all over the world seem to change their values when the nation increases their wealth and security

Codes of ethics are

required to be easily followed by the orgainization must be framed in moral language such as "you must" and "you must not" are only for professionals all of the above >None of the above are true

For Rawls, the following are the primary goods or are true about the primary goods that are subject to redistribution under the communitarian social contract to the members of a society :

rights and liberties powers and opportunities income and wealth self-respect. Each of the primary goods are understood to be the four central values that each rational member of this society would do their best to get for themselves while voting in the original position.

Morton Thiokol was a

rocket booster design and build company as well as a salt company based in Utah. candidate for a billion dollar contract with NASA to supply future space shuttle missions. company under pressure from NASA to launch the Challenger that day. >all of the above

In the Yale psychology labs discussed in the Wynn and Bloom video,

using the scientific method, the scientists are discovering reproducible results regarding morality while investigating children as young as three moths old. the scientists are trying to get evidence and develop theories about the origins of human morality. they have demonstrated that babies have moral foundations that seem to be what one might expect due to the results of natural selection.

Economist, social scientists and some experimental philosophers use experiments that utilize game theory as a model for predicted interactions. Then when the experimenters run the experiment they find out both what the people in the experiment say about their motivations and reasons for the actions as well as what they really do in the interaction. Some of the experimental results we examined in the text and in class include

that people do not always make their decisions simply on self-regarding economic preferences as classical economic theory once assumed. that some public policies based on formal economic game theory models fail in making correct predictions of human economic interactions. that social interactions that are correctly modeled in WEIRD nations may not apply directly to nations not in the WEIRD group.

Considering our dynamic situated agent model, we can say

the CAPABILITIES we have are directly linked to the income inequality and climate change ethical issues. the DESIRES we have for washing machines etc. can be tied to the income inequality and climate change ethical issues. our FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS would be considered in our INSIDE, first-person subjective, account of our norms and cultural adaptations related to income inequality and climate change.

In modeling social interactions in a social/ethical dilemma, it is interesting to note that we have the option to distinguish if the formal model should use finite or infinite games to model the interaction. While there is some controversy on the specific status of infinite games as a formal method, the idea of infinite came does allow us to consider alternative formal structures analogous to finite games but with different strategies available due to different objectives. The reason is that in the real world situation, such as the Vietnamese War, if each side of the war is modeling the interaction differently, with one thinking in terms of an infinite game and the other as a finite game, then, according to Simen Sinek in the video for the class,

the interaction is formally unstable, since one is playing to win and the other is playing to keep the game going on indefinitely. the only way an infinite game ends is when one side drops out of the game through running out of resources or the will to win or to perpetuate the game. the infinite game side must have as it foundation for the game their enduring values such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

When we see and hear stories of people who achieve great wealth, or a good life or create wonderful art,

their cultural adaptation coupled with their success, prestige or skills provide an addition to the collective brain that can enrich us all in our culture we may naturally learn from them since we are cultural learners who take success in a domain as a cue to pay attention and learn what they are doing.

A contractarian theory of ethics maintains that right and wrong are a matter of agreement. Simply, we should do what we have agreed to do. When we consider a social contract as a contract that we agree to (however implicitly), then social contract theories are examples of contractarian ethics.

true

Morton Thiokol was a rolling-the-dice in accommodating the customer, NASA, in order to protect their opportunity for a potential billion dollar follow on contract to supply space shuttle boosters. This was a conflict of interest.

true

Roger Boisjoly did not believe the Challenger Space Shuttle was safe and argued that a key rocket booster joint needed to be redesigned before it should be allowed to fly at all.

true

Roger Boisjoly was a quality control engineer and was taught to ask himself the following question before signing off, approving, a product: "Ask yourself, would you allow your family members to use that product without any reservation, if not then do not approve it."

true

Roger Boisjoly was concerned about the safety of the Challenger Space Shuttle partially because of the experience of his friend who was another engineer he knew who worked on the DC-10 doors that were defective and killed hundreds of people. He knew his friend was devastated and he was never the same after that disaster and Roger did not want that to happen to him.

true

When we apply game theory to social and ethical problems

we are building a formal model of the ethical problem so that we can apply formal methods to assist us in considering strategies to address the issues. we can use game theory to study aspects of the ethical problem in a laboratory situation with real people. we can use game theory to study real events in the world as examples of how an ethical issue strategy was employed to test the adequacy of the model and the strategies.

In cases of hard choices, we recognize that

we have limited time in which to make a choice we have limited energy to use in taking action and in gaining new information we have limited knowledge about what others will do we have limited knowledge of the consequences of our possible actions on others and the world >All of the above