Evolution Quiz Study

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A 100 acre woodlot was observed for the last forty years. Five plant species (1 through 5) were surveyed, with the results shown in Table 1. Table 1. Data from Forty-Year Survey of Five Plant Species in a Woodlot Some researchers claim that the decrease in plant species richness of this woodlot is unrelated to human activities over the last forty years. Which of the following would be an appropriate alternative hypothesis? A Interspecific competition caused the extinction of species 4 and 5. B The woodlot environment is arid and species 1 and 2 are well-adapted to conserve water. C The woodlot is shaded, with little direct sunlight, and species 3, 4, and 5 are shade-intolerant canopy trees. D During the last few decades, tall buildings have been built around the woodlot, and species 3, 4, and 5 are shade‑intolerant plants

A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. The biologist discovered that from 1988 to 1993, the average beak size declined to pre-1981 levels. The reversal in beak size from 1988 to 1993 was most likely related to which of the following events? A A loss of food supply for the finches B The end of the drought C An increase in drought conditions D An increase in predators consuming finches

A famous study from the nineteenth century involves the peppered moth, Biston betularia, commonly found in Great Britain and Ireland. At that time, the moths, normally white with black speckles, known as the peppered variety, became less common than the solid black variety. The population was predominantly black throughout the nineteenth century. By the end of the twentieth century, the peppered version of the moth was again more common than the black version. Which of the following best explains the phenotypic pattern in the moths over time? A The frequencies of the different phenotypes in the moth population changed randomly due to genetic drift. B The increased air pollution of the nineteenth century due to the use of coal led to a darkening of surfaces from soot. The darker backgrounds conferred a selective advantage to the black variety, as described by natural selection. A shift to less polluting fuel in the twentieth led to cleaner air and a lightening of the moth's normal habitat. C During the nineteenth century, increased ship commerce between Great Britain and Ireland facilitated the gene flow of the black variety, spreading it throughout the moth's normal range. The switch to increased transport by planes during the twentieth century reduced this gene flow. D The black variety was a nineteenth century mutation, dominant to the peppered variety. The allele for the peppered trait, being recessive, decreased in frequency. However, an additional mutation in the black allele changed it from a dominant to a recessive allele at the turn of the twentieth century, leading to a return to the dominance of the original peppered variety.

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962 ? A 2% B 4% C 8% D 20% E 64%

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of the gray moths that emerged in 1980 was heterozygous? A 0% B 25% C 33% D 67% E 100%

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what was the frequency of allele G in the gray moths that emerged in 1980? A 0.33 B 0.50 C 0.67 D 0.75 E 1.00

African elephants, Loxodonta africana, are often hunted illegally for their tusks. Both male and female elephants have tusks, although the tusks are much larger in the males. Researchers have followed the elephant population in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique for many years. Figure 1 shows the percent of tuskless female elephants expected in wild populations throughout the species' range, as well as the percent of tuskless females that survived the hunting between 1977 and 1992 (those over 25 years old) and the percent of female elephants born after 1992 without tusks in the park. The data are based on 200 known female elephants in the park. Figure 1. Comparison of the frequency of tuskless females by age cohort Which of the following best describes the process responsible for the change in the percent of tuskless female elephants in the Gorongosa National Park population shown in Figure 1 ? A Human hunting of elephants with tusks between 1977 and 1992. B Sexual selection for females without tusks between 1977 and 1992. C Tusklessness in female elephants is a dominant trait that is only expressed in females. D After 1992, female elephants from neighboring populations merged, with the population in the park adding more tuskless individuals to the population.

Based on morphological characteristics, the phylogenetic tree above has been developed for species I, II, III, and IV. DNA sequencing has recently been completed for a particular gene found in all four species. The sequencing will provide additional information for answering which of the following questions? A Is species I the common ancestor of species II and III? B Does species I contain the greatest number of vestigial structures? C Are species III and IV the most closely related? D Should the positions of species III and IV be reversed?

Because cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, experienced a bottleneck event about ten thousand years ago, living cheetahs exhibit very little genetic variation compared to other living species of large cats. Which of the following principles best justifies a claim that cheetahs, compared to other large cats, have a relatively low resilience to environmental perturbations? A A captive population of cheetahs kept in a confined area will have a greater risk of contracting and passing on a virus. B When a population is reduced, new niches become available in the environment, which can trigger adaptive radiation. C Populations with little genetic diversity are less likely to contain individuals that can withstand different selective pressures. D Populations with low genetic diversity are more likely to contain individuals that can withstand different selective pressures.

Catalase is a protein enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)(H2O2) into water and oxygen gas in the cells of many living organisms. Students used an online database, which used the structure of catalase from different species, to generate the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Relationships of selected organisms based on catalase structure Which of the following student claims is best supported by the data provided? A Mushrooms and potatoes are most closely related, since the node they share gave rise to all of the other organisms. B Cattle are equally related to pigs and sheep, because the phylogeny places cattle between pigs and sheep. C Yeast and mushrooms are the most closely related, because they are both fungi. D Cattle and sheep are separated by only one node, and they are separated from the other organisms by more than one node.

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (-) of five derived traits in several different species are shown in the table below. Which of the following cladograms provides the simplest and most accurate representation of the data in the table? *answer is in the order of; y, w & v off the same branch, and z & x off the same branch

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a recessive genetic disorder that includes the characteristics of short stature and extra fingers or toes. In the general population, this syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 150,000 live births. In a particular isolated population, however, the incidence of this syndrome among live births is 1 in 500. Assume that both the isolated population and the general population are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to this syndrome. Which of the following best describes the difference between the frequency of the allele that causes the syndrome in the general population and the frequency of the allele in the isolated population? A The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.002 in the isolated population and 0.0000066 in the general population, which suggests that selection for this trait is occurring in both populations. B The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.0447 in the isolated population and 0.0026 in the general population, showing that the rate of genetic mutation is highest among individuals in the isolated population. C The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.002 in the isolated population and 0.0000066 in the general population, which demonstrates gametic incompatibility between the populations. D The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.0447 in the isolated population and 0.0026 in the general population, which suggests that genetic drift has occurred in the isolated population.

Evolutionary fitness is measured by A physical strength B reproductive success C length of life D resistance to disease E competitiveness

Geologic events such as mountain building can directly affect biodiversity. The Sino‑Himalayan fern, Lepisorus clathratus is widely distributed on the Qinghai‑Tibetan plateau. If geologic events lead to a series of new mountain ranges that divide the plateau into several discrete valleys, which of the following best describes how the L. clathratus population would be affected? A Geographic isolation will create separate gene pools, leading to speciation over time. B Gene flow will be reduced by sexual selection and polyploidy. C Chance events will cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next. D Ferns reproduce asexually, so there will be no impact on the gene pool of the species.

Humans vary in their ability to taste the bitter chemical compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTCPTC). The taster phenotype is dominant to the nontaster phenotype. Researchers tested the PTCPTC taster phenotype of individuals from an isolated population. In the sample, 780 individuals were able to taste PTCPTC and 70 individuals were not able to taste PTCPTC. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the non-taster allele? A 0.08 B 0.29 C 0.41 D 0.71

In Darwinian terms, the fittest individuals of a species are those that A attract the most mates B grow to the largest size C are best adapted to the temperature extremes to which they are exposed D are best equipped to cope with the predators to which they are exposed E leave the greatest number of reproducing descendants

In a certain flock of sheep, 4 percent of the population has black wool and 96 percent has white wool. Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What percentage of the population is homozygous for white wool? A 20% B 40% C 64% D 80% E 96%

In a long‑term study of a population of gray squirrels, researchers observed that most of the squirrels had gray fur. However, there were some individuals in the population with white fur (albino). Genetic analysis revealed that the albino condition is expressed by individuals who are homozygous recessive (gg)(gg). Over a ten-year period, the average frequency of albino squirrels in the population was 0.18. If the population is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the average frequency of the dominant allele is closest to which of the following? A 0.42 B 0.50 C 0.58 D 0.75

In a particular region, a species of lizard lives in the lowlands. Even though there are numerous mountains in the region, the climate on the mountains is too cold for the lizards to survive. Scientists are concerned that the lowlands will become much warmer by the end of the twenty-first century and will become unsuitable for this lowland lizard species. Which of the following best predicts the impact on the lizard species if there is a gradual increase in the average temperatures found in both the lowlands and mountains in this region? A Some lizards will migrate to new habitats in the mountains and become isolated, leading to allopatric speciation. B The species will undergo artificial selection, as the genes will adapt to warmer temperatures. C The species will experience a genetic bottleneck, and sympatric speciation will result in the development of several new species. D The lizards will hybridize with a different lizard species that is adapted to a warmer environment, leading to increased genetic variation in the species.

In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of "blue skin", a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the "blue-skinned" residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of "blue skin" in the area is an example of A mutation B genetic drift C natural selection D sexual selection E heterozygote advantage

In addition to the ABOABO blood groups, humans have an MNMN blood type system in which the MM and NN alleles are codominant to one another. A group of scientists found that in one population the frequency of the MM allele was 0.82, and the frequency of the NN allele was 0.18. Assuming that the population is in Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the expected frequency of individuals with the genotype MNMN? A 0.148 B 0.295 C 0.640 D 0.672

In an experiment, 100 mice were released into a field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after their release, a representative sample of mice was captured, their fur color was recorded, and they were returned to the field. After twenty years, a representative sample of mice was captured and the distribution of fur color was again recorded. Which of the following could best explain the change in fur color distribution, as shown in the table above? A The allele for black fur color is unstable, and over twenty years most of the black fur alleles mutated to become alleles for gray fur. B The field was primarily composed of light-colored soil and little vegetation, affording gray mice protection from predators. C Sexual selection led to increased mating frequency of black and brown versus gray and brown. D The gray mice were harder to catch, and so were underrepresented in the twenty-year sample.

In certain Native American groups, albinism due to a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pathway for melanin is sometimes seen. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is 0.06, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.) A 0.04 B 0.06 C 0.16 D 0.36 E 0.94

In eastern gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, the allele for black fur (B)(B) is dominant to the allele for gray fur (b)(b). In a particular population of gray squirrels, 64% have black fur and 36% have gray fur. A researcher calculated the allelic frequencies to be B=0.4B=0.4 and b=0.6b=0.6. Five years later, the researcher returned to the location and determined the allelic frequencies within the squirrel population to be B=0.6B=0.6 and b=0.4b=0.4. Which of the following could best explain the increase in the frequency of the BB allele in the population after five years? A The frequency of the BB allele increased because it is the dominant allele. B The frequency of the BB allele increased because squirrels with gray fur exhibited greater fitness. C The frequency of the BB allele increased due to the selective pressures of the environment. D The frequency of the BB allele increased because black squirrels randomly mate with other eastern gray squirrels.

More than 90 percent of the nitrogenous waste that is processed and excreted by humans is derived from the breakdown of proteins. Most of the remaining nitrogenous waste material is derived from the breakdown of A fats B plant cell walls C steroids D nucleic acids E glycogen

Question 14 / Your Response Five new species of bacteria were discovered in Antarctic ice core samples. The nucleotide (base) sequences of rRNA subunits were determined for the new species. The table below shows the number of nucleotide differences between the species. Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data? *answer is in the order of; 3 & 4 off the same branch, 2 & 1 off the same branch, and 5

Scientists investigated the role that beak depth plays in the ability of one species of seed-eating finch to reproduce. The scientists calculated the average beak depth of finches in mating pairs and then observed whether or not the pairs produced at least one offspring that survived to the next season. The data are represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. Beak depth and offspring survival in a species of finch Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the concept illustrated? A Parental pairs with a specific beak depth had the highest reproductive fitness. B Parental pairs with a specific beak depth ate the most nutritious seeds. C Finches with a certain beak depth rarely find mates. D Increasing average beak depth results in increasing finch fitness.

Scientists want to determine the age of four fossil specimens. They have analyzed the fossils and gathered the data shown in Table 1. Table 1. Data collected from four fossil specimens **amino acid differences of a conserved protein compared with a fifth fossil specimen Which of the specimens indicated in the table is the oldest? A Specimen 1 B Specimen 2 C Specimen 3 D Specimen 4

Some plant species flower in response to increasing daily temperatures in the spring. Many of these species rely on pollinators that migrate based on changes in day length and the position of the Sun. The current global warming trend is placing new selective pressures on the species involved in these relationships. Which of the following best explains the impact of these new selective pressures on the organisms involved? A If the environment for the plant species becomes too warm, the pollinators will no longer migrate to that area in the spring, continuing on to a more northern environment instead. B The warmer temperatures will lead to a drier environment, so the plants will no longer produce enough nectar to attract the pollinators. C The plant species will flower earlier in the spring in response to rising temperatures before the arrival of the pollinators, so seeds will not be produced. D Migrating pollinators will start migrating later in the year, switching from spring-flowering plants to summer-flowering plants.

Table 1 summarizes selected characteristics of organisms from each of the three domains of life. Table 1. A Summary of Selected Characters across Domains of Life Which of the following sets of data provides evidence that best supports common ancestry for organisms in all three domains? A There are autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms found in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. B There is a progression of pathways in organisms found in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. C Organisms in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya each have adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine bases forming their DNADNA. D There is a progression of cellular organization in organisms found in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c is exactly the same in humans and chimpanzees. There is a difference of 13 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and dogs, and a difference of 20 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and rattlesnakes. Which of the following statements is best supported by these data? A Rattlesnakes apparently gave rise evolutionarily to the dog, chimpanzee, and human. B Cytochrome c apparently has an entirely different function in rattlesnakes than in mammals, which explains the difference in the number of amino acids. C Cytochrome c is not found universally in animals. D Cytochrome c from a rattlesnake could function in a dog, but not in a chimpanzee. E The human is apparently more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the dog or rattlesnake.

The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands are believed to have arisen as a result of natural selection acting on populations of finches that had experienced A convergent evolution B gene flow C the bottleneck effect D geographic isolation E hybrid sterility

The distribution of four populations of giant kangaroo rats, Dipodomys ingens, living on the same island when it was first surveyed in 1789 are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Four populations of D. ingens in 1789 In 1852, there was a large earthquake which altered the island's geography, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Map of the island following the 1852 earthquake The island was surveyed again in 2015, and scientists determined that the giant kangaroo rats originally in population A are now to be considered as a new species. Which of the following best explains the mechanism that caused this speciation event in the giant kangaroo rats of population A? A The animals in population A were exposed to different predators and had to modify their fur color to be better camouflaged. B The animals in population A were reproductively isolated from those in populations B, C, and D. C The animals in population A accumulated fewer genetic mutations, adapting to their microclimate. D The animals in population A mate at different times of year, causing their gametes to be incompatible with those from animals in populations B, C, and D.

The graph above shows the distribution of beak depth in a finch population that had been living on an island under conditions of normal rainfall. During a subsequent drought, the small seeds normally eaten by the finches were less available. Most of the available seeds were large seeds that could be eaten most easily by finches with deep beaks. Which of the following graphs best predicts the distribution of beak depth in the finch population after several years of drought?

The placement and development of two bones of the reptilian jaw are very similar to that of two bones of the mammalian middle ear, which probably evolved from the reptile bones. The similarity of these bones is an example of A structural homology B speciation C vestigial structures D convergent evolution E adaptive radiation

The table above shows derived characters for selected organisms. Based on the information in the table, which of the following cladograms best represents the evolutionary relationships among the organisms? *answer is Fish, Amphibians, Crocodiles & Birds off the same branch, and Mammals

The wing of a bat, the flipper of a whale, and the forelimb of a horse appear very different, yet detailed studies reveal the presence of the same basic bone pattern. These structures are examples of A analogous structures B homologous structures C vestigial structures D balanced polymorphism E convergent 'evolution

Tobacco hawk moths, Manduca sexta, feed exclusively on sugar-rich nectar produced in the flowers of tobacco plants. To feed, the moth inserts its proboscis (a long, tubular mouthpart) into the flower to reach the nectary, which is usually at the end of a long tube in the flower. Moths will feed on the nectar of the tobacco plant species whose nectaries they can access. A study determined the proboscis sizes in one tobacco hawk moth population. The data are shown in Figure 1. The most abundant tobacco species in the population's habitat has a nectary tube that is 5cm5⁢cm long. Figure 1. Proboscis length distribution in a population of tobacco hawk moths Over the next year, a virus attacks and rapidly kills almost all plants of the tobacco species. A closely related species of tobacco that is resistant to the virus becomes established during that same year. The nectary tube in the resistant species averages 7.5cm7.5⁢cm. Scientists monitored the area for the next five years to determine how this change affected the moth population. Which of the following best describes the expected distribution of proboscis size of the moths at the end of the five‑year study? *the one with more over 7 & 8

Undersea landslides can disrupt marine habitats by burying organisms that live on the ocean floor. The graph above shows the size of a population of a certain organism that lives on the ocean floor. The population was affected by a recent landslide at the time indicated on the graph. Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide? A The surviving organisms will evolve into a new species. B The reduced population will likely have allelic frequencies that are different from the initial population. C The population will adapt to deeper waters to avoid future landslides. D The reduced population will have a greater number of different genes than the initial population.

Which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cannot fly, although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could do so? A Penguins live on land and feed in the water; therefore they have no need to fly. B The Antarctic home of penguins is flat and barren; therefore there is no place to fly. C Ancestral penguins without large wings were better able to swim and feed in the water; therefore they passed their genes for shorter wing structure on to their offspring. D Ancestral penguins did not use their wings for long periods of time; therefore today's penguins have only tiny, nonfunctional wings. E The cold and wind of Antarctica make flight impossible; therefore penguins that live there have lost the ability to fly.

Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the hypothesis that birds and crocodilians (crocodiles and alligators) are more closely related to each other than they are to other organisms? A Modern birds and crocodilians utilize different niches within the same geographical region. B Like turtles and snakes, modern birds and crocodilians build nests in which they lay shelled eggs. C The skulls of birds and crocodilians have an opening that is absent in the skulls of other reptiles. D Fossil evidence indicates that both modern birds and crocodilians originated during the Jurassic Period.

Which of the following statements best explains how a condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium results in a population that exhibits stable allele frequencies (i.e., a nonevolving population) ? A Large populations are not subject to natural selection. B Random mating prevents gene flow from changing allele frequencies. C Without migration or mutation, new alleles cannot be introduced to the population. D In the absence of selection, allele frequencies in a population will not change.

A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following statements might best explain the increase in average beak size in the finch population during the drought? A Finches with bigger beaks are better able to crack thick-walled seeds and produce more surviving offspring. B Finches with bigger beaks can attack and kill finches with smaller beaks. C Finches with bigger beaks possess more powerful flight muscles and are able to find more food. D Finches that crack large seeds develop larger beaks over time.

A current challenge for doctors involves the bacterial strain Clostridioides difficile, which no longer responds to traditional antibiotic treatments. Which of the following best explains why this particular strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic treatment? A Mutations creating new alleles occur more frequently in this species of bacteria than in other species. B The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates. C Crossing over during meiosis increased genetic variability in the bacteria. D The bacteria are able to recognize and destroy the antibiotics by breaking them down extracellularly.

A group of mice was released into a large field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after the release, a representative sample of the mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was observed and recorded. The mice were then returned to the field. After twenty years, another representative sample of the mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was again recorded. Which of the following best explains the change in the frequency distribution of fur color phenotypes in the mouse population, as shown in the figures above? A The allele for gray fur color is unstable, and over twenty years most of those alleles mutated to become alleles for black fur. B The field was composed primarily of light-colored soil and little vegetation, affording gray mice protection from predators. C Sexual selection led to increased mating frequency of black and brown versus gray and brown. D The gray mice were hardest to capture and so were underrepresented in the twenty-year sample.

A group of people whose ancestors immigrated to North America 200 years ago have certain allele frequencies that differ significantly from those in surrounding populations in the United States. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the difference in allele frequencies? A Mutation B Independent assortment C Reproductive isolation D Sex linkage E Gametic isolation

A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed differences in the frequency of the G allele between 1965 and 1972? A Emigration of white moths from the population B Chance C Selection against gray phenotypes D Speciation E Mutation

A researcher released large numbers of moths into different environments in an attempt to better understand a mechanism of evolution. The moths were released in four trials as described in the table above. Each of the released moths had a small mark on the underside of a wing for identification. After an appropriate amount of time, the researcher recaptured as many of the released moths as possible. Data from the experiment are included in the table above. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data? A Light-colored moths were more likely to be recaptured in the polluted environment than in the unpolluted environment, suggesting an increased chance of reproductive success. B Dark-colored moths were more likely to be recaptured in the polluted environment than in the unpolluted environment, suggesting an increased chance of reproductive success. C Light-colored moths were less likely to be recaptured in the polluted environment than in the unpolluted environment, suggesting an increased chance of reproductive success. D Dark-colored moths were less likely to be recaptured in the polluted environment than in the unpolluted environment, suggesting an increased chance of reproductive success.

A scientist used the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c in different species to consider evolutionary relationships. The data below summarize the number of differences in the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c found in selected species. Interpretation of the data supports which of the following statements? A Rhesus monkeys are more closely related to rabbits than they are to horses. B Horses and cows have identical amino acid sequences in their cytochrome c. C Humans are more closely related to rabbits than they are to rhesus monkeys. D Plants and animals have no similarities at all. E Mammals are more closely related to reptiles than they are to fish.

Ciprofloxacin is given as an antibiotic to healthy livestock to promote efficient weight gain. Strains of the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni naturally colonize the digestive tracts of livestock, and the C. jejuni can be transferred to people through the handling and consumption of contaminated meat. People infected with C. jejuni also are treated with ciprofloxacin. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of adding ciprofloxacin to animal feed? A Naturally occurring strains of C. jejuni will reproduce more rapidly in the digestive tracts of livestock, reducing the risk of food-borne illnesses in people. B Ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of C. jejuni will have a selective advantage in the digestive tracts of livestock, increasing the risk of serious infections in people. C Ciprofloxacin-sensitive strains of C. jejuni will be consumed in meat that contains a chemical that inhibits bacterial growth, reducing the risk of food poisoning in people. D Actively growing strains of C. jejuni will metabolize the nutrients in meat produced by livestock operations, increasing the risk of protein deficiencies in people.

Climate change is disrupting the length of winter in various ecosystems, resulting in less snowfall and milder winters. Scientists in Finland have been observing the tawny owl, a fairly large owl species that is commonly found in woodlands across much of Europe and Asia. Typically, the feathers of the upper body are either brown (BBBB) or gray (bbbb). Scientists studying tawny owls in Finland have found that the percentage of tawny owls that have brown feathers has increased over the past 28 years. Which of the following best explains why the brown-feathered phenotype in tawny owls has increased over the past 28 years? A Since the brown genotype is dominant, it will eventually eliminate the recessive gray genotype from the population. B Darker feather color in tawny owls makes them less visible to predators as they sit in the trees. C With milder winters, the advantage of gray feathers that blend into a snowy environment has decreased. D The directional selection toward a darker phenotype is random and likely due to a bottleneck event.

Evolutionary biologists have observed variation in the average age and size of mature individuals in a population of small freshwater guppies. Guppies found in pools with pike cichlids— a predator fish that preys primarily on larger guppies—reproduce at a young age and are small at maturity. Guppies found in pools with killifish —a different predator fish that preys primarily on smaller guppies—reproduce at an older age and are larger at maturity. Which of the following predicts the most likely outcome of moving a population of guppies from a pool with pike cichlids to a pool with killifish? A The introduced guppy population will remain phenotypically similar to the original population because the killifish will not recognize them as prey. B Because the introduced population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, successive generations in the new population will continue to display the same allele frequencies as the original population. C After many generations, the offspring of the introduced guppies will mature at an older age and larger size because of selective pressure from the new predator. D Within two or three generations, the introduced guppies will become extinct because the killifish prefer the juveniles.

Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence? A All organisms carry out glycolysis in mitochondria. B Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life. C Across the three domains, all organisms depend solely on the process of anaerobic respiration for ATP production. D The presence of glycolysis as an energy releasing process in all organisms suggests that convergent evolution occurred.

Figure 1 shows some major structural changes between a typical prokaryotic cell, the first eukaryotic common ancestor, and the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Figure 1. Models of a prokaryote, first eukaryotic common ancestor, and last eukaryotic common ancestor. Based on the information provided in the figure, which of the following best describes how membrane-bound organelles provided unique evolutionary advantages to the last eukaryotic common ancestor? A Cells with nuclear membranes were better able to protect their genetic material against damage. B Cells with flagella were better able to find food and escape predators. C Cells with ribosomes were better able to produce proteins needed for a variety of metabolic functions. D Cells with mitochondria were able to utilize metabolic energy more efficiently.

Figure 1. Effectiveness of Insecticides #1 and #2 Of the following, which is the best next step for the researchers to best determine the long-term effectiveness of these insecticides with regards to the development of resistance? A Continue treating the three insect populations with the same insecticides and determine whether their efficiencies decline significantly after several generations. B Add an additional treatment group to the experiment to measure the effectiveness of another insecticide (Insecticide #3) over several generations. C Set up a new experiment in which these insects are sprayed with two different insecticides to see if they are more effective than Insecticides #1 and #2. D Spray these insecticides on a different species of insect (whose genotypes are also known) to determine its effectiveness on insects that are not pests.

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessive for the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinberg law. If p equals the frequency of the dominant allele and q equals the frequency of the recessive allele, which of the following terms represents the frequency of the individuals who show the dominant phenotype? A p2 B q2 C 2pq D p2 + 2pq E p2 + q2

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessive for the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinberg law. What is the frequency of the recessive allele? A √0.75 B 0.75 C √0.50 D √0.25 E 0.25

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessivefor the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinberg law. Unlike most natural populations, this population is best characterized in which of the following ways? A There is genetic equilibrium. B There is gene flow. C There is genetic drift. D Mutations occur. E Mating is nonrandom.

Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1GD1) is a recessive genetic disease that affects 1 in 900 individuals in a particular population. GD1GD1 is caused by a mutation in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the frequency of the wild-type (nonmutant) allele for the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. A 0.001 B 0.033 C 0.967 D 0.999

Hemoglobin is a highly conserved protein used by all mammals to transport oxygen. Table 1 was constructed by comparing the amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin molecules from five different mammal species. Table 1. Hemoglobin amino acid differences among five different mammal species Which of the following best describes the importance of the number of amino acid differences indicated in Table 1 ? A They reflect the different environments where the organisms were captured. B They reflect the number of base pair changes in the DNA. C They reflect random changes due to translation errors. D They reflect the number of oxygen molecules each hemoglobin molecule carries.

Hemoglobin is a highly conserved protein used by all mammals to transport oxygen. Table 1 was constructed by comparing the amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin molecules from five different mammal species. Table 1. Hemoglobin amino acid differences among five different mammal species Which of the following best describes the importance of the number of amino acid differences indicated in Table 1 ? A They reflect the different environments where the organisms were captured. B They reflect the number of base pair changes in the DNADNA. C They reflect random changes due to translation errors. D They reflect the number of oxygen molecules each hemoglobin molecule carries.

In a hypothetical population of beetles, there is a wide variety of color, matching the range of coloration of the tree trunks on which the beetles hide from predators. The graphs below illustrate four possible changes to the beetle population as a result of a change in the environment due to pollution that darkened the tree trunks. Which of the following includes the most likely change in the coloration of the beetle population after pollution and a correct rationale for the change? A The coloration range shifted toward more light-colored beetles, as in diagram I. The pollution helped the predators find the darkened tree trunks. B The coloration in the population split into two extremes, as in diagram II. Both the lighter-colored and the darker-colored beetles were able to hide on the darker tree trunks. C The coloration range became narrower, as in diagram III. The predators selected beetles at the color extremes. D The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker-colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lighter-colored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the darker-colored beetles.

In a large, isolated population of an insect species, a specific gene locus has one dominant allele (A)(A) and one recessive allele (a)(a). The genotype frequencies of the gene were collected for ten generations, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Genotypic frequencies over ten generations in an insect species Which of the following could best account for the change in genotypic frequencies over the ten generations? A Because the AA allele is unstable, over the course of the study most of the AA alleles mutated to become aa alleles. B The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which allows for changes in genotypic frequencies every generation. C The population is not exhibiting random mating between individuals. D The population is becoming extinct because the aa allele is disappearing.

In humans, one allele of the APOE gene, called APOE-ε2, can result in a high tolerance of cholesterol. Cholesterol is a vital substance for humans but may lead to heart disease in an older adult with a history of high cholesterol diets. High cholesterol diets are becoming more prevalent in the United States. Currently only about 2% of humans carry the APOE-ε2APOE-ε2 allele. Which of the following states a valid null hypothesis about the future distribution of APOEAPOE alleles in future generations in the United States? A The APOE-ε2 allele was the result of chance mutations so it is not possible to predict how its frequency will change in the future. B As high cholesterol diets become more common in the United States, individuals with the APOE-ε2 allele will have a better survival rate from heart disease than those without the allele, so the allele will increase in frequency. C The low frequency of the APOE-ε2 allele indicates it is probably a recessive allele, so it will become less frequent as the dominant allele becomes more frequent. D The variant protects an individual from a condition that is only common among humans beyond reproductive age, so the frequency of the allele will likely not change much in the future because it is not influenced by natural selection.

Individuals of a particular species of ground beetle are either light tan or dark brown. Light-tan beetles are predominant in habitats with light-colored sandy soils, and dark-brown beetles are predominant in habitats with dark-colored loam soils. In an experiment designed to determine the survival rates of light-tan beetles and dark-brown beetles in different habitats, 500 light-tan beetles and 500 dark-brown beetles were released in each of four habitats. Each beetle had been marked with a small spot of red paint on the underside of its abdomen before it was released. One week after the beetles had been released, any marked beetles that could be found were recaptured. The results are presented in the table below. It is assumed that differences in the numbers of beetles recaptured are directly related to differences in survival rates. If all insectivorous birds and remaining beetles were removed from habitat 2 and 500 additional dark-brown beetles and 500 additional light-tan beetles were then released into habitat 2, which of the following is the best estimate of the number of additional dark-brown beetles that would be expected to be recaptured in habitat 2 after one more week? A 0 B 22 C 120 D 220 E 500

Lobe-finned fishes were present in the oceans of the world approximately 400 million years ago. The first tetrapods (vertebrates that had limbs and could move on land) date to about 365 million years ago. One hypothesis states that early tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes. Which of the following is the best plan for testing the hypothesis? A Determining the number of fins found on lobe-finned fishes from different geographical locations B Measuring the proportion of radioisotopes found in fossils of early tetrapods C Comparing the arrangements of bones in the fins of lobe-finned fishes and limbs of the earliest tetrapods D Sequencing DNA isolated from fossils of lobe-finned fishes to determine the size of the genome

Mollusk fossils were excavated and collected from a coastal cliff. Scientists studying the fossils observed patterns of changing shell shape in the mollusks. The scientists identified a period of stability or stasis, followed by rapid change, and then stasis again with regard to shell shape. Which of the following statements best predicts the result of a comparison between the fossils found before and after the period of rapid change? A The same species will be found in both static periods, but they will have different shell shapes. B The same species will be found in both static periods, but the species in the second static period will have smaller shells due to the stress of undergoing rapid change. C Most of the species found in the first static period will be absent in the second static period. D Most of the species found in the second static period will resemble each other more than the species found in the first static period.

Nine percent of a population is homozygous recessive (aa) at a certain locus. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the recessive allele (a) ? A 0.09 B 0.27 C 0.30 D 0.90 E 0.97

One facet of the study of the origin of life focuses on the nature of the first genetic material. Figure 1 describes a possible scenario, known as the RNARNA World Hypothesis, that could have led to the evolution of our modern-day genetic material. This hypothesis states that the first genetic material was RNARNA, not DNADNA, and a transitional period led to the emergence of DNADNA as the storage molecule for genetic material. Figure 1. A model of the RNARNA World Hypothesis A scientist wishes to provide experimental evidence to support the model shown in Figure 1 by demonstrating the ability to synthesize an RNARNA molecule. Which of the following is an alternative hypothesis that can be tested to support the RNARNA World Hypothesis? A A protein template that matches proteins found on the primitive Earth added to a mixture of deoxyribonucleotides will produce double-stranded DNADNA molecules. B Double strands of DNADNA placed in a harsh environment will unwind and form RNARNA molecules for long term information storage. C A pool of amino acids can spontaneously form into single‑stranded RNARNA, which would then code for proteins. D A mixture of ribonucleotides such as adenine and uracil will spontaneously form single-stranded chains of RNARNA.

Over many years of a breeding program, a zoo has an established population of foxes that is well adapted for living in captivity. A representative sample of wild foxes from the neighboring forest was used to start the zoo population. A study was conducted to compare the behavior of the zoo fox population with the wild fox population in the neighboring forest. The behaviors of equal numbers of foxes from each population were assessed. Each fox's behavior was scored on a continuum from docile to aggressive based on its interaction with a trained behaviorist. The data is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Aggressive behavior in zoo and wild fox populations The phenotypic variation in behavior between the two populations can best be described as resulting from A sexual selection B natural selection C artificial selection D genetic drift

Over several years, bacteria were isolated from members of a human population and tested for antibiotic resistance. The percent of bacterial isolates that were found to be antibiotic resistant is presented in the graph above for each year of the study. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information presented in the graph? A The greatest increase in antibiotic resistance occurred from the first year to the third year of the study. B Gene flow in the population occurred at the same rate for the entire duration of the eight-year study. C Because evolution in bacterial populations occurs over millions of years, the results are due to random variation. D Natural selection over multiple generations is favoring antibiotic resistance in the population of bacteria.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. Figure 1. Rock color and coat color at three sites on a lava flow (West, Mid, and East), and three nearby sites: O'Neill Hills (O'Neill), the Tule Mountains (Tule), and Christmas Pass (Xmas) In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)(MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RDMC1R⁢D allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the dd allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1RMC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1RMC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Table 1. MC1RMC1R Genotypes of Rock Pocket Mice at Seven Collection Sites Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best describes the relationship between the MC1RMC1R gene and coat color in the Carrizozo, New Mexico, rock pocket mouse population? A The MC1RDMC1RD allele is responsible for dark coat color in the Carrizozo population and likely spread from the Arizona population through migration. B The MC1RDMC1RD allele is not responsible for dark coat color in the Carrizozo population, so the dark coat color is likely a result of convergent evolution. C The MC1RDMC1RD allele is absent from the Carrizozo population, so all the mice in this population must have coats that are light in color. D The MC1RDMC1RD allele is absent from the Carrizozo population because of different environmental pressures in the Carrizozo population.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. Figure 1. Rock color and coat color at three sites on a lava flow (West, Mid, and East), and three nearby sites: O'Neill Hills (O'Neill), the Tule Mountains (Tule), and Christmas Pass (Xmas) In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)(MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RDMC1R⁢D allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the dd allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1RMC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1RMC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Table 1. MC1RMC1R Genotypes of Rock Pocket Mice at Seven Collection Sites Owls (primary predators of rock pocket mice) are nocturnal visual predators that are able to distinguish effectively between dark and light colors in low-light conditions. Which of the following best explains the relationship between coat color and predation rate in the rock pocket mouse population on the lava flow rocks with respect to the different coat color phenotypes? A A dark coat color provides camouflage to mice on the lava flow rocks; therefore, mice with dark coats have a lower predation rate in that habitat. B At night, predators have reduced vision, so there is no relationship between coat color and predation rate on rock pocket mice. C A dark coat color reflects less light and therefore mice with dark coats have a lower predation rate. D A light coat color reflects more light and therefore mice with light coats have a lower predation rate.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. Figure 1. Rock color and coat color at three sites on a lava flow (West, Mid, and East), and three nearby sites: O'Neill Hills (O'Neill), the Tule Mountains (Tule), and Christmas Pass (Xmas) In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)(MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RDMC1R⁢D allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the dd allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1RMC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1RMC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Table 1. MC1RMC1R Genotypes of Rock Pocket Mice at Seven Collection Sites The researchers built an enclosure to prevent migration into and out of the O'Neill rock pocket mouse population for a period of two years. Which of the following best predicts the effect of the enclosure on the O'Neill population? A The O'Neill population will rapidly evolve into a separate species. B The O'Neill population will become less diverse due to the bottleneck effect. C The frequency of the MC1RDMC1RD allele will decline due to natural selection. D One of the alleles for the MC1RMC1R gene will become fixed due to genetic drift.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. Figure 1. Rock color and coat color at three sites on a lava flow (West, Mid, and East), and three nearby sites: O'Neill Hills (O'Neill), the Tule Mountains (Tule), and Christmas Pass (Xmas) In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)(MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RDMC1R⁢D allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the dd allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1RMC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1RMC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Table 1. MC1RMC1R Genotypes of Rock Pocket Mice at Seven Collection Sites The researchers determined that the East lava flow population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which of the following best explains why the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A The presence of heterozygotes for the MC1RMC1R gene in the East lava flow population indicates that mating is occurring randomly between mice with different coat colors. B The selective pressures on the East lava flow population are not strong enough to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. C The East lava flow population does not experience migration, which is a required condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. D The presence of MC1RdMC1Rd alleles in the East lava flow population is an indication of gene flow from mice populations living on light granite rocks.

Researchers have undertaken a long-term study of populations of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, in Arizona and New Mexico. Rock pocket mouse fur is either dark or light in color. Most of the populations studied live in areas with light-colored granite rocks; however, some areas are dominated by dark-colored rocks from ancient lava flows. Researchers collected mice from six sites in Arizona and recorded their coat colors. Figure 1 shows the study sites, the rock colors, and the distribution of coat colors. Figure 1. Rock color and coat color at three sites on a lava flow (West, Mid, and East), and three nearby sites: O'Neill Hills (O'Neill), the Tule Mountains (Tule), and Christmas Pass (Xmas) In the Arizona populations, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)(MC1R) gene is responsible for coat color phenotype (light or dark). The MC1RDMC1R⁢D allele, which results in a dark coat, is dominant to the dd allele. Researchers collected samples of mice from all six study sites and sequenced the MC1RMC1R gene. They also collected mice with dark coats from a location in New Mexico, the Carrizozo lava flow, to determine if the MC1RMC1Rgene was also responsible for the dark coat colors observed in that population. The rock pocket mouse population in Carrizozo is isolated from the populations in Arizona. Table 1 presents the genotypic data from sampled mice from all seven locations. Table 1. MC1RMC1R Genotypes of Rock Pocket Mice at Seven Collection Sites Which of the following best describes the processes occurring between the mouse populations and their environments? A Natural selection favors the mice with the dark coat color, causing the mice in all of the populations to be better adapted. B Natural selection favors the mice with the light coat color, causing the mice in all of the populations to be better adapted. C Dark color is selected for in mice from the West, Mid, and East populations. D Light color is selected for in mice from the West, Mid, and East populations.

Researchers observed selected internal structures of four different microscopic organisms as part of a larger study on the divergence between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Their observations are recorded in Figure 1. Figure 1. Selected cellular structures in four organisms Which organism would the researchers most likely predict to be the most distantly related to eukaryotes? A Organism I B Organism II C Organism III D Organism IV

Scientists are studying several populations of finches on neighboring islands in the South Pacific. Previous genetic analysis has shown that a single gene controls tail-feather length in the finch populations and that the allele for long tail feathers (L) is dominant to the allele for short tail feathers (l). On two separate islands, the scientists recorded the number of finches with long tail feathers and the number of finches with short tail feathers. The results are shown in the table below. If the two finch populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies? *answer is the graph with equal in the middle

Scientists are studying several populations of finches on neighboring islands in the South Pacific. Previous genetic analysis has shown that a single gene controls tail-feather length in the finch populations and that the allele for long tail feathers (L). On two separate islands, the scientists recorded the number of finches with long tail feathers and the number of finches with short tail feathers. The results are shown in the table below. If the two finch populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?

Some cells release active signaling proteins when membrane-bound precursor proteins are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The signaling proteins can then bind to receptors on the surface of a target cell, thereby activating an intracellular signaling pathway and eliciting a response from the target cell. This mechanism of activating receptor-binding signaling proteins has been observed in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Many of the enzymes responsible for proteolysis of membrane-bound precursor proteins have been isolated and characterized. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species? A Are the genes encoding the proteolytic enzymes expressed in the same cell types in all species? B Once the precursor proteins of different species are cleaved, do the active signaling proteins bind to the same receptors on different target cells? C If a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur? D Are the proteolytic enzymes synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of all species?

Students analyzed several photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms in the laboratory to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The organisms were Spirogyra (a green alga), a moss, a spruce tree, and an apple tree. Table 1 compares several characteristics in the organisms (++ indicates the trait is present, −− indicates the trait is absent). Table 1. Characteristics present in four photosynthetic species Which of the following rows of data listed in table 1 best supports the possibility of a common ancestor for the organisms listed there? A Vascular tissue B Seeds enclosed in fruit C Cell wall composed of cellulose D Flagellated sperm cells

Students created a model showing one possible mechanism for speciation in which a geographic barrier separated one large population into two smaller populations, A and B. Over time, populations A and B developed into two distinct species. The model is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Model of speciation Which of the following best describes what occurred during the periods indicated by the arrows? A Natural selection acted on variation that was present in both populations A and B, and the lack of gene flow eventually led to the formation of two new species. B Population B was separated for a longer time from the original population than population A was, and population B evolved into a more distinct new species than population A did. C Gene flow between populations A and B maintained sufficient variation in both gene pools to facilitate the development of two distinct species. D In response to different environments, populations A and B experienced different mutation rates, leading to the emergence of two different gene pools and, over time, new species A and B.

Students observed the distribution of different color phenotypes in northern ravine salamanders (Plethodon electromorphus) before and after a spring flood. The data are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Observed number of salamanders by phenotype before and after a spring flood Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis regarding the phenotypic frequencies of this population of salamanders before and after the flood? A More black salamanders survived because they could better hide from predators on the dark muddy soil, so the frequency of the black phenotype significantly increased in the population after the flood. B Fewer light-brown salamanders survived because they had a reduced chance of finding mates due to the high water levels, so the frequency of the light-brown phenotype in the population decreased after the flood. C More dark-brown salamanders migrated to a new, drier area because of the flood and fewer of them remained in the original habitat, so the frequency of dark-brown salamander significantly decreased in the population after the flood. D The proportions of black, dark-brown, and light-brown salamanders before and after the flood are not significantly different, and any observed differences are due to random chance.

The California newt, Taricha torosa, lives in the coastal areas around Los Angeles. Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis relating fitness to survival of a bottleneck event in a coastal area where a small, isolated population of California newts resides? A Only those salamanders with the lowest evolutionary fitness will be eliminated by the bottleneck effect, lowering the allelic frequencies of their traits. B Only those salamanders with the highest evolutionary fitness will survive the bottleneck event, raising the allelic frequencies of their traits. C Surviving the bottleneck event will be random, so any change in the allelic frequencies of the salamander population is not attributed to fitness. D Surviving the bottleneck event will be random, so there will be no changes to the allelic frequencies due to the bottleneck event.

The TAS2R38 gene encodes a receptor protein that influences the ability to taste bitterness. The gene has two alleles: a dominant, wild-type allele that enables an individual (taster) to taste bitterness and a recessive, mutant allele that interferes with the ability of an individual (nontaster) to taste bitterness. Three single nucleotide mutations in the coding region of the TAS2R38 gene are associated with the nontaster allele. The nucleotides present at the three positions are shown in the table below. A cladogram representing the evolutionary relatedness of selected primates is shown below. In a sample of 2,400 people, 1,482 were found to have the dominant (taster) phenotype. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, approximately how many individuals in the sample are expected to be heterozygous for TAS2R38? A 741 B 918 C 1,133 D 1,482

The TAS2R38 gene encodes a receptor protein that influences the ability to taste bitterness. The gene has two alleles: a dominant, wild-type allele that enables an individual (taster) to taste bitterness and a recessive, mutant allele that interferes with the ability of an individual (nontaster) to taste bitterness. Three single nucleotide mutations in the coding region of the TAS2R38 gene are associated with the nontaster allele. The nucleotides present at the three positions are shown in the table below. A cladogram representing the evolutionary relatedness of selected primates is shown below. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data? A Humans and bonobos belong to the same genus because the nucleotide sequence of the TAS2R38 gene is the same B Chimpanzees are equally related to humans and bonobos because all three groups possess variants of the TAS2R38 gene. C Humans are more closely related to bonobos than to chimpanzees because the branch of the tree with humans is closest to the branch of the tree with bonobos. D Bonobos are more closely related to humans than to gorillas because bonobos and humans share a more recent common ancestor than bonobos and gorillas do.

The bird, Parus major, is commonly found in man-made habitats. During the summer these birds primarily feed on insects, and in the winter, when insects are scarce, they forage in gardens and bird feeders for seeds, nuts, and berries. Recently, climate change has led to a decrease in food available from gardens, and scientists have observed that the average beak length of the birds has increased. Which of the following best explains the directional shift in beak length in these birds? A Longer beaks allow the birds to better fend off predators. B Longer beaks increase the fitness of the birds in wild habitats. C Longer beaks allow the birds to better access seeds in bird feeders. D Longer beaks decrease the fitness of the birds in wild habitats.

The cladogram shown below depicts an accepted model of the evolutionary relationships among selected species. The amino acid at position 104 in the beta-hemoglobin protein for each of these four organisms is listed below. The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta-hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species? A Arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram B Arginine to leucine at position Y on the cladogram C Leucine to arginine at position W on the cladogram D Leucine to arginine at position Z on the cladogram

The degrees of relatedness in several native populations of prairie chickens in Marion and Jasper Counties in Illinois were determined. The degree of relatedness is inversely proportional to genetic diversity; that is, populations with a high degree of relatedness have less genetic diversity. Table 1 shows the collected data. Populations J1J1 through J5J5 are located in Jasper County. Populations M1M1 through M5M5 are located in Marion County. Numbers above 0.125 indicate a high degree of relatedness. Table 1. RELATEDNESS OF PRAIRIE CHICKEN POPULATIONS Scientists claim that some of the populations in Marion County are at an increased risk of decline or extinction. Based on the data in table 1, which of the following best provides evidence to support this claim? A The Marion County populations have a higher rate of mutation than the Jasper County populations, as evidenced by the higher degrees of relatedness. B The Marion County populations are less stable because they are smaller than the Jasper County populations. C The M2M2 population has a higher degree of relatedness than the M1M1 population, meaning that it has more genetic diversity. D The M4M4 and M5M5 populations have the lowest genetic diversity of all populations.

The table above shows the presence (+) or absence (-) of three different derived characters (vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers) for several selected plant species. The cladogram below was created based on the information in the table to represent groups of related species. The presence of the derived characters is indicated with arrows. Group IV of the cladogram most likely includes which of the following species? A P and S only B Q and T only C R and W only D U and W only

The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a small fish found in both marine and freshwater environments. Marine stickleback populations consist mostly of individuals with pronounced pelvic spines, as shown in Figure 1. Individuals in freshwater stickleback populations, on the other hand, typically have reduced pelvic spines, as shown in Figure 2. As represented in Figure 1 and Figure 2, the phenotypic difference between marine and freshwater sticklebacks involves Pitx1, a gene that influences the formation of the jaw, pituitary gland, and pelvic spine. Enhancer sequences upstream of the Pitx1 genetic locus regulate expression of the Pitx1 gene at the appropriate times and in the appropriate tissues during development. Previous studies have found that a mutation in the hindlimb enhancer interferes with the formation of a pronounced pelvic spine. Which of the following describes a possible selective mechanism to explain why freshwater sticklebacks typically have reduced pelvic spines? A Reduced pelvic spines increase the likelihood of escaping predators in freshwater environments. B Reduced pelvic spines expand the range of foods that can be used as sources of energy in freshwater environments. C Reduced pelvic spines result in males becoming effectively invisible to potential mating partners in freshwater environments. D Reduced pelvic spines allow individual fish to pass through narrow waterways on their way to marine environments.

Two species of fish that live in extremely cold environments produce near-identical antifreeze glycoproteins, called AFGPsAFGPs. Scientists have determined the origins of the AFGPAFGP gene in both species. Selected characteristics of the two fish species are provided in Table 1. Table 1. Characteristics of two fish species producing nearly identical antifreeze glycoproteins Based on the information in Table 1, which of the following statements best describes the production of nearly identical AFGPsAFGPs in these two species of fish? A The fish eat the same type of food, which resulted in the evolution of similar digestive proteins. B The fish live in environments with similar selective pressures, and those that produce AFGPsAFGPs are better able to survive. C The Antarctic fish species evolved into a separate species after being geographically isolated from the Arctic population because of commercial fishing. D The production of similar AFGPsAFGPs was due to random splicing of exons in both species.

Whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes all have similar adaptations that enable them to live in the ocean. Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic relationships of selected vertebrates. Figure 1. Cladogram of selected vertebrate groups Based on the phylogenetic relationships shown in Figure 1, which of the following best explains the similarities exhibited by whales, bony fishes, and cartilaginous fishes? A Convergent evolution, because these organisms do not share a recent common ancestor. B Adaptive radiation, because all three groups evolved from a unique, shared common ancestor from the cartilaginous fishes group. C Mutation, because the shared traits can be traced back to a shared recent common ancestor. D Founder effect, because all three groups formerly existed together as one population that then was disrupted, causing speciation.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that organisms share fundamental processes as a result of evolution? A All organisms that are introduced into new environments have the capacity to fill vacant ecological roles. B All organisms have the ability to utilize oxygen to harness energy from the chemical breakdown of organic compounds. C All organisms share a genetic code organized into triplet codons, making it possible for one organism to express a gene from another organism. D All organisms possess structures such as chloroplasts and mitochondria within their cells that reflect past symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic precursors.

While there is only one species of Galápagos Island tortoise, there are several subspecies. Larger islands with more wet highlands have lush vegetation near the ground. Tortoises there tend to have high-domed shells and shorter necks, which restrict upward head movement. They also have shorter limbs. They are the heaviest and largest of the subspecies. Smaller, drier islands are inhabited by tortoises with longer necks and limbs and with shells that are elevated above the neck, which allow them to browse taller vegetation. Based on the information given, which of the following is a plausible explanation for the ancestry of the tortoise subspecies? A The subspecies share a recent common ancestor whose neck length, shell shape, and leg length were intermediate between the two subspecies. B The tortoises with shorter legs and necks were most easily preyed on as young animals by the rats that were introduced, so they survived only on a few islands. C Random mutations coupled with the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulted in distinct subspecies. D Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island.

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