Evolution Study Guide

How many of species of organisms on Earth have scientists identified

1.6 million

Which scientists both produced the same explanation for how evolution occurred in 1858?

Alfred Russel Wallance ( another British biologist) and Darwin

What would happen without variations

All the members of a species would have the same traits and the same chance of surviving and reproducing

What is the following an example of ? Some turtles may not find enough to eat. A slower turtle may be caught by a predator, while a faster turtle may escape. Only a few turtles will survive and reproduce

Competition

What did Darwin do after Him and Alfred Russel Wallance proposed the same explanation for how evolution occurs in 1858

Darwin described his explanation in his book The Origin of Species the next year

What is the following an example of? Monkey flowers are plants that don't normally grow in soil that has a high concentration of copper. However, because of genetic variation, some varieties of monkey flower now grow near copper mines. Here is the steps, Monkey flowers grow successfuly healthy in in polluted soil. Copper seeps into the soil around the copper mine. Most Monkey flowers can't grow in this polluted soil and so they begin to die.Some monkey 🌺 have gentetic variations that alllow them to survive and reproduce in copper contaminated soil. Then the pollution resistant Monkey 🐒 🌸 becomes more common.

Environmental change

What are three observations that Darwin made during the Beagles Voyage ?

Finches beaks, sloths, and turtles

What is an example of artificial selection that Darwin had done

He had bred pigeons with large, fan shaped tails. By repeatedly allowing only those pigeons with many tail feathers to mate, Darwin produced pigeons with two or three times the usual number of tail feathers

What were some important differences between Galapagos organisms and those found in South America did Darwin see between the organisms (about Iguanas)

Iguanas on the Galapagos Islands have large claws that allow them to grip slippery rocks so they can feed on seaweed. Iguanas on the mainland have smaller claws that allow them to climb trees so they can eat leaves

What do changes in the environment affect?

Individuals, organisms with specific traits, or entire species. Changes that affect an organism's ability to survive , and therefore reproduce, lead to natural selection

What were some of the similarities that Darwin discovered between Galapagos organisms and those found in South America

Many of the birds and plants on the Islands resembled those on the mainland

The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce more than other members of the same species ( the best that survive)

Natural selection

Does competition always involve physical fights between members of a species

No it is usually indirect

What was Darwin's proposal?

Over a long time, natural selection can lead to change. Helpful variations may accumulate in a species, while unfavorable ones may disappear

What causes natural selection?

Overpopulation, competition, and Variation

What is this called? Darwin knew that most species produce far more offspring than can possibly survive

Overproduction

a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

Scientific theory

What is the following an example of? Darwin observed that some variations make individuals better adapted to their environment. Those individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce

Selection

Why do members of a species must compete with one another to survive

Since food , space , and other resources are limited

A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

Species

What did Darwin propose in his book The Origin of Species?

That evolution occurs by means of natural selection

What did scientists later learn

That variations can result from changes in genes and the shuffling of different forms of genes when egg and sperm join. Genes, such as those for hair color and height, are passed from parents to their offspring. Only traits that are inherited, or controlled by genes that are passed on to offspring, can be acted upon by natural selection

How did Darwin observe many unusual life forms in the Galapagos Islands

The Beagle made many stops along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America. From the Pacific coast, the ship traveled west to the Galapagos Islands

What was Darwin's book called?

The Origin of Species

What happens when many offspring are produced?

There are not enough resources such as food ,water 💧, and living space 🏠 for all of them

Any difference between individuals of the same species

Variation

What is the following an example of? Sea turtles may differ in color, size, the ability to swim quickly, and shell hardness

Variation

How do more members of the species have the helpful characteristic after many generations?

When the species survive their offspring may inherit the helpful characteristic. The offspring, in turn , will be more likely to survive and reproduce, and pass the characteristic to their offspring

Does the environment select organisms with helpful traits to become parents of the next generation

Yes

Who is Charles Darwin?

a naturalist (a person who observes and studies the natural world) who was on the British ship HMS beagle that set sail from England on a five year trip around the world in 1831

Adaptation

a trait that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce

Darwin studied the offspring of domesticated animals that were produced by ........................ in an effort to understand how evolution might occur

artificial selection

What is an example of adaptation for finches

beak shape

What do birds with long, pointed, sharp beaks eat

cacti (Cactus Ground Finch)

the process of change over time

evolution

What do birds with short,thick beaks eat

hard seeds and nuts (Medium ground finch which beaks crush seeds)

Over the next 20 years, after Darwin consulted with other scientists and gathered more info, based on his observations what was Darwin's answer to how animals changed

he reasoned that plants or animals that arrived on the Galapagos Islands faced conditions that were different from those on the nearby mainland

What is an example of how Darwin was puzzled by some of the fossils he observed

he saw fossils that resembled the bones of living sloths but were much larger in size. He wondered what had happened to the ancient, giant ground sloths

What did Darwin want to know about what he was convinced about

how organisms change

What do birds with narrow, pointed beaks grasp

insects (Small Tree finch)

What did Darwin see/ observe during the voyage?

insects that looked like flowers and he observed sloths, slow moving animals that spent much of their time hanging in trees

What is the color of each Iguana an adaptation to?

its habitat so that it can blend in its habitat which can cause them to live longer

Darwin thought that a process similar to artificial selection might happen in ......, but he wondered what natural processes selected certain traits

nature

Is the exact number of species known

no because many areas of earth have not yet been studied

What happens in Artificial selection

only the organisms with a desired characteristic, such as color are bred

What did Darwin compare along his journey

organisms from the Galapagos Islands to organisms that lived elsewhere and he also compared organisms living on the different islands

What do birds with short, hooked beaks do

tear open fruit (Vegetarian tree finch)

What was Darwin's hypothesis?

that Species change over many generations and become better adapted to new conditions

What did a government official in the Islands tell Darwin?

that he could tell which island a tortuous came from just by looking at its shell

What do scientist know today that Darwin didn't

that organisms are even more diverse than Darwin thought

What was Darwin convinced about after he had thought about what he had seen during his voyage on the Beagle

that organisms change over time

What did Darwin become convinced about

that species do not always stay the same. Instead, he thought species could change and even produce new species over time

When Darwin returned to England, what did he learn

that the different birds were all finches

From the evidence he collected, what did Darwin conclude about the organisms on the Galapagos Islands

that they had changed over time

What did Darwin conclude about the Finch species

that they were all related to a single ancestor species that came from the mainland. Over time, different finches developed different beak shapes and sizes that were well suited to the food that they ate

What did Darwin begin to think about the Galapagos island species and the South American species

that they were somehow related. Perhaps, he thought, the island species had become different from their mainland relatives over time

What was Darwin amazed by

the diversity of living things that he saw during the voyage

What does the word fossil mean in the sentence, Darwin saw fossils of animals that had died long ago

the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past

What were Darwin's ideas often referred to?

the theory of evolution

What were some of the differences between organisms on the different Galapagos Islands ?

the tortoises on one Island had dome shaped shells, but those on another island had saddle shaped shells

The structure of each bird's beak is an adaptation to ..............

the type of food the bird eats

What could Darwin not explain?

what caused variations or how they were passed on

What did Darwin wonder during the voyage

why living things were so different from those in England

Were birds different from one Island to the next?

yes