Evolve Ch.5-8
Which type of quantitative study would be expected to have the best developed theoretical framework? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental
experimental
The research study has a threat to internal validity when which of the following occurs? A. A valid rival hypothesis exists. B. Findings are generalized beyond the target population. C. The results of statistical analysis are incorrectly interpreted. D. There is a mismatch between the conceptual and operational definitions.
A. A valid rival hypothesis exists
A researcher studying the strategies for breastfeeding mothers to use to reduce, prevent, and manage nipple pain is best described by which of the following types of design? A. Descriptive B. Ex post facto C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental
A. Descriptive
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design based on the following research question: Does the use of certain tampons cause toxic shock syndrome? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. Independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation.
A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation
When evaluating a correlational design, which of the following would be included? Select all that apply. A. Large sample B. Low response rate of subjects C. Sample representing all elements of the population D. A wide range of values on each measure
A. Large sample C.Sample representing all elements of the population D. A wide range of values on each measure
Which of the following are requirements for an experimental study? Select all that apply. A. Random sampling B. Control group C. Repeated measures D. Control of the intervention
A. Random sampling B. Control group D. control of the intervention
The purpose of a predictive correlation design is to predict the level of A. the dependent variable versus the independent variables. B. the independent variable versus the dependent variables. C. no causal relationships among variables. D. None of the above
A. the dependent variable versus the independent variables
Which of the following databases is the most helpful in locating research sources that might be summarized for use in nursing practice? a.BIOETHICSLINE b.CANCERLIT (CANR) c.CINAHL d.MEDLINE
CINAHL
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design based on the following research question: Does a nurse's gender affect salary and rate of promotion? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. Independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation.
B. Independent variable cannot be manipulated
Which of the following elements would a researcher expect to find in an experimental study? A. Absence of a control group B. Manipulation of the independent variable C. Broadly defined independent variable D. Random selection of subjects for the study
B. Manipulation of the independent variable
1Which of the following statements about cause is incorrect? A. The effect cannot occur unless the cause first occurs. B. Most phenomena in nursing can be clearly pinned down to a single cause and a single effect. C. The greater the proportion of causal factors that can be identified and explored, the clearer the understanding of the phenomenon. D. The greater the understanding of cause, the greater the ability to predict and control the effect or outcome.
B. Most phenomena in nursing can be clearly pinned down to a single cause and a single effect.
When the nurse is critiquing a study, it is important to identify which of the following possible sources of bias? A. Establishing a control group B. Purposive sampling C. Random assignment D. Timed intervention
B. Purposive sampling
Which intervention should be included in research designs that test causality? A. An experimental test of the treatment as it is commonly provided B. Carefully developed to provide the most effective treatment possible C. Designed to minimize the differences between groups D. Unknown to increase knowledge of its usefulness
B. carefully developed to provide the most effective treatment possible
What type of design validity is concerned with the fit between the conceptual and operational definitions of variables and that the instrument measures what it is supposed to in the study? A. External validity B. Construct validity C. Internal validity D. Statistical conclusion validity
B. construct validity
The research study has a type I error that may occur when which of the following occurs? A. Researcher concludes that there is no difference between groups when there is a difference. B. Researcher concludes that there are differences between groups when there is no difference. C. Sample size is large, thus increasing the applicability of the study. D. Study contains multiple extraneous variables increasing the likelihood of error.
B.Researcher concludes that there are differences between groups when there is no difference.
The nurse researcher understands that bias is a serious problem in a study because of its effect is to which of the following? A. Change the setting of the study B. Control the study findings C Distort the study findings D.Reduce change of error
C. Distort the study findings
Which of the following is considered the most powerful design a researcher can use to examine causality? A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental
C. Experimental
The nurse researcher is explaining the purpose of control in a study design. This would include which of the following? A. Establish the credibility of the researcher. B. Highlight design flaws. C. Increase the probability that the results are true to reality. D. Interfere with the validity of the findings.
C. Increase the probability that the results are true to reality
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design based on the following research question: Does assertiveness training affect psychiatric nurses' job performance? A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. An independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation.
C. Manipulation is possible
Identify the response that indicates the type of limitations, if any, on manipulation of the independent variable that might influence the researcher to select a nonexperimental research design based on the following research question: Does the use of procedural touch by nursing staff affect patient morale? Select all that apply. A. Ethical constraints limit manipulation. B. An independent variable cannot be manipulated. C. Manipulation is possible. D. Practical constraints limit manipulation.
C. Manipulation is possible D. Practical constraints limit manipulation
The statement that heart disease is caused by stress, high cholesterol, gene expression, and dietary patterns reflects which perspective? A. Causality B. Effect C. Multicausality D. Probability
C. Multicausality
The nurse researcher understands that a type II error may occur because of which of the following? A. A small sample B. Recently developed scales C. Minimal controls D. All the above
D. All the above
What is the purpose of replication studies? A. To decrease the acceptance of erroneous results B. To establish the credibility of findings C. To extend the generalizability of findings D. All the above
D. All the above
2The nurse researcher is attempting to identify the characteristics of a factorial design. Which of the following would be included in this design? A. Data from multiple studies B. One dependent variable C. Probability hypotheses D. Two or more levels of a treatment
D. Two or more levels of a treatment
Control techniques are used in studies by researchers to increase which of the following? A. Applicability B. Generalizability C. Reliability D. Validity
D. Validity
Which of the following can be inferred from design validity? A. Presence of threats with serious biases B. Study integrity C. Whether the study design tests the framework propositions D. All the above
D. all of the above
In a comparison group intervention in a study focused on pain management of migraine headache sufferers, which of the following should be included? A. A treatment designed to vary considerably from one subject to another B. Complementary or alternative therapies C. No treatment for any of the subjects D. The standard treatment or protocol for migraine headaches
D. the standard treatment or protocol for migraine headaches
Many studies describe the age, ethnic background, and gender of the subjects. These are examples of what type of variables? a. Demographic b. Dependent c. Extraneous d. Independent
Demographic
Hypothesis: Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation technique. What is the independent variable in the above hypothesis? a.Guided-imagery relaxation b. Reported anxiety c. Reported pain d. Use of pain medications
Guided-imagery relaxation
Hypothesis: "Patients using biofeedback have lower systolic and diastolic pressures than those not using biofeedback." What type of variable is biofeedback? a. Demographic b. Dependent c. Extraneous d. Independent
Independent
A study focused on "the lived experience of being critically ill in an intensive care unit." This is an example of which of the following? a. Qualitative study purpose b. Quantitative study purpose c. Research hypothesis d. Research objective
Qualitative study purpose
Use the following excerpt of a published study to answer the question: Edel and colleagues (1998) stated that their study was conducted "to determine whether differences exist in the presence and type of microbes found on the nails and nail beds of OR (operating room) personnel with natural, polished, or artificial nails before and after a 5-minute surgical scrub" (p. 55). This is an example of which of the following? a.Conceptual definition of independent variable b.Research problem c.Research purpose d.Research topic
Research purpose
Which U.S. government agency commissions syntheses of studies to determine the evidence base for clinical practice? a.The Cochrane Collaboration b.Sigma Theta Tau c.Evidence-Based Nursing d.The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Use the following excerpt of a published study to answer the question: Edel and colleagues (1998) stated that their study was conducted "to determine whether differences exist in the presence and type of microbes found on the nails and nail beds of OR (operating room) personnel with natural, polished, or artificial nails before and after a 5-minute surgical scrub" (p. 55). Which of the following correctly identifies a variable? a.The 5-minute surgical scrub is the dependent variable. b. The nails and nail beds of operating room (OR) personnel are a demographic variable. c.The OR is an extraneous environmental variable for the study. d.The presence and type of microbes are dependent variables.
The presence and type of microbes are dependent variables.
What is the research variable in the research question, "Is there a relationship between anxiety levels of baccalaureate nursing students and their test scores on the nursing research final examination?" a. Anxiety levels b. Baccalaureate nursing students c. Research examination d. Nursing research final
anxiety levels
Which of the following phrases best describes a framework? a. A brief explanation of a theory b. A set of hypotheses to be tested c. Expressed in concrete terms d. Guided by the study methodology
a brief explanation of a theory
Why would a nurse researcher use a theory in research? Select all that apply. a. To interpret findings in relation to the theory b. To spell out the logic for the design of a study c. To test the accuracy of theoretical ideas d. To describe relationships among concepts
a, b, c a. to interpret findings in relation to theory b. to spell out the logic for the design of a study c. to test the accuracy of theoretical ideas
Which of the following statements are accurate about conceptual models? Select all that apply. a. They are more abstract than theories. b. They are taken for granted or considered true. c. They are not testable through research. d. They are the basis for theories.
a, c, d a. they are more abstract than theories c. they are not testable though research d. they are the basis for theories
Which of the following are important questions when critiquing a framework? a. Did the hypotheses, research questions, or objectives emerge from theory propositions? b. Was the methodology sufficient to test the framework? c. Were the truth or falsity of the framework propositions tested? d. All the above
all the above
The greater the degree of sleep deprivation, the higher the anxiety level of critical care patients. Which of the following classifications best fits this hypothesis? a. Associative, directional b. Associative, nondirectional c. Causal, directional d. Causal, nondirectional
associative, directional
Hypothesis: "Patients' satisfaction would vary with their ability to recall the names and job titles of their caregivers" (pp. 11-12). What type of hypothesis is this? a. Complex, associative, nondirectional hypothesis b. Complex, causal, directional hypothesis c. Simple, associative, directional hypothesis d. Simple, causal, nondirectional hypothesis
complex, associative, nondirectional hypothesis
Hypothesis: Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation technique. Which of the following best describes this hypothesis? a. Complex, causal, research hypothesis b. Complex, nondirectional, null hypothesis c. Simple, causal, research hypothesis d. Simple, directional, research hypothesis
complex, casual, research hypothesis
Identify the type of hypothesis in this example: "Patients using biofeedback have lower systolic and diastolic pressures than those not using biofeedback." a. Complex, associative, directional hypothesis b. Complex, causal, directional hypothesis c. Simple, associative, directional hypothesis d. Simple, causal, nondirectional hypothesis
complex, causal, directional hypothesis
___________are terms that abstractly describe and name an object, idea, experience, or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. a. Implicit frameworks b. Conceptual frameworks c. Concepts d. Practice theories
concepts
The nurse understands that a ____________broadly explains phenomena of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects a philosophical stance. a. implicit framework b. conceptual framework c. concept d. theory
conceptual framework
Which of the following techniques can a reviewer use for assistance when critiquing a published study in theory and research frameworks? a. Develop an expertise in a statistical method to improve analysis ability b. Creating a conceptual map of the concepts as described in the study c. Read other research reports to familiarize oneself with the concepts being studied d. Write a well-thought-out and well-written study
creating a conceptual map of the concepts as described in the study
At which point during a study does a qualitative researcher using a phenomenological approach review the literature? a. At the beginning of the study b. During generation of the research report c. Throughout the study d. While collecting data
during generation of the research report
Theses, dissertations, and studies of clinical nursing problems are examples of which type of literature? a.Clinical b.Empirical c.Lay d.Theoretical
empirical
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. The review of the literature is done early in the research process to provide a general understanding of the characteristics to be examined in a selected culture. a. Ethnographic research b. Grounded theory research c. Phenomenological research d. Historical research
ethnographic research
Which type of qualitative research involves reviewing the literature before the study to provide a background for conducting the study? a. Descriptive b. Ethnography c. Grounded theory d. Phenomenology
ethnography
A possible phenomenon appropriate for a middle-range nursing theory would include which of the following? a. Cultural variations among Asian groups b. Experiences of Mexican mothers after age 40 c. Marginalization of oppressed groups and access to health care d. Relationships between energy fields and nursing
experiences of Mexican mothers after age 40
A study examined the effect of biofeedback on blood pressure in African Americans. Tight-fitting clothing and crossing of legs can increase blood pressure. What type of variables are these two attributes? a. Demographic b. Dependent c. Extraneous d. Independent
extraneous
Examining the researcher's expertise, money commitment, availability of subjects, and the study's ethical considerations are important in critiquing which of the following? a.Clarity of the study purpose b. Feasibility of the study c. Objectivity of the study d. Study's significance in developing nursing knowledge
feasibility of the study
The nurse researcher is trying to determine if a framework is needed. Which of the following statements is true? a. Conceptual frameworks are not important in physiological studies. b. Nursing studies have only variables, not concepts. c. There are no physiological theories. d. Frameworks are necessary in healthcare related studies.
frameworks are necessary in healthcare related studies
What is the primary purpose for reviewing the literature in quantitative research? a. Direct the data collection and analysis step of a study b. Gain a broad understanding of the information available related to a problem c. Select a research design and detail the treatment or intervention to be used in a study d. Specify research objectives, questions, and hypotheses to be addressed by the study
gain a broad understanding of info available related to a problem
Which of the following is an example of a theory from a physiological background that is used by nurses as a framework for nursing studies? a. Gate control theory of pain b. Health promotion model c. Social cognitive theory d. Theory of coping
gate control theory of pain
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. Use the literature to explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study. a. Ethnographic research b. Grounded theory research c. Phenomenological research d. Historical research
grounded theory research
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. Review the literature to determine the current knowledge. a. Ethnographic research b. Grounded theory research c. Phenomenological research d. Historical research
historical research
Which of the following questions should a reviewer ask when critiquing a study's framework? a. How are the concepts defined? b. What level of measurement are the variables? c. What measurement methods are used in the study? d. What statistical package will be used for analysis?
how are the concepts defined?
The purpose of a quantitative study was to examine the effects of biofeedback on hypertension in African Americans. Which of the following statements is accurate? a. African American men are the population. b. Biofeedback is the outcome variable. c. Hypertension is the dependent variable. d. This study is a quantitative study of the correlational study.
hypertension is the dependent variable
In some studies, researchers make a formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population. What is this formal statement known as? a. Hypothesis b. Research objective c. Research purpose d. Research question
hypothesis
When critiquing a study, the following statement is noted: "Women will experience less anxiety while undergoing a mammogram after the proposed educational program." Which type of statement is it? a. Hypothesis b. Proposition c. Relational statement d. Theoretical statement
hypothesis
An idea expressed in the literature review in which linkages among variables found in previous studies are discussed but are not detailed in an in-depth manner by the researcher is known as a/an ___________. a. implicit framework b. conceptual framework c. concepts d. practice theories
implicit framework
A researcher wishes to conduct a literature search on the topic, "spousal support for breastfeeding mothers." Which of the following would yield the least helpful information? a. Internet b. CINAHL c. PsycLIT d. MEDLINE
internet
Researchers selecting an electronic databases to search for a subject would initiate the search by typing which of the following? a. Author's name b. Journal title c. Keyword d. Truncated word
keyword
Which of the following is not an essential step in summarizing research literature to determine its usefulness for practice? a.Conducting a computer search of the literature b.Locating all sources on a clinical problem c.Reading and critiquing relevant sources d.Synthesizing the sources in a literature review
locating all sources on a clinical problem
A researcher performs statistical analyses using summative findings from multiple published quantitative studies on a specific topic. Which strategy is the research using? a. Conceptual mapping b. Meta-analysis c. Multiple regression d. Retrospective quantification
meta-analysis
Perceived control over health is the score on the questionnaire assessing the extent to which older adults feel their health is under their own control. This is an example of which of the following types of definitions? a. Conceptual b. Hypothetical c. Operational d. statistical
operational
Hypothesis: Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation technique. Reported pain was determined by having the patients complete an instrument entitled perception of pain scale. Which of the following best describes the determination of reported pain? a.Conceptual definition b.Intervention or treatment protocol c.Link of the variable to the framework d.Operational definition
operational definition
Where are most theories in nursing studies derived from? a. Actual situations b. Nursing research c. Other disciplines d. Physiological theories
other disciplines
A researcher is interested in conducting a integrative review of pain tools used in nonverbal persons. Which of the following is an appropriate method to maximize hits when conducting a literature search? a. Inserting single terms as keywords b. Limiting the search to the last 5 years c. Performing a complex search d. Surfing the internet
performing a complex search
Which of the following does the researcher do when conducting a meta-analysis? a. Create benchmarks b. Performs statistical analyses using findings from multiple studies c. Discard insignificant findings d. Synthesizes findings
performs statistical analyses using findings from multiple studies
What type of publication is published over tie and is numbered sequentially for the years published? a. Monograph b. Periodical c. Article d. Encyclopedia
periodical
Match the purpose of the literature review with the type of qualitative research. Review the literature to develop research questions and to use as a source of data. a. Ethnographic research b. Grounded theory research c. Phenomenological research d. Historical research
phenomenological research
The nurse understands that ___________ are specifically designed to theoretically propose specific approaches to nursing practice situations. a. implicit frameworks b. conceptual frameworks c. concept theories d. practice theories
practice theories
What type of source is written by the person who originated it or is responsible for generating the ideas? a.Academic lecture b.Primary c.Literature review d.Textbook
primary
The nurse understands that _____________ can be developed and tested using laws and principles and applying them to nursing problems. a. implicit frameworks b. conceptual frameworks c. propositions d. practice theories
propositions
Empirical literature includes which of the following sources? a. Concept analyses b. Integrated reviews c. Published studies d. Theoretical positions
published studies
Which of the following statements is true regarding the connection of theory to qualitative research? a. Qualitative research can guide or be derived from theory. b. Qualitative research cannot generate grand theories due to lack of statistics. c. Qualitative research is based on middle range theories. d. Qualitative research leads only to practice model and conceptual frameworks.
qualitative research can guide or be derived from theory
A primary step in appraising a literature review is to evaluate which of the following? a.Clarity of the purpose of the study b.Fit of the research design to the method used c.Relevance of the sources cited d.Soundness of the research used as sources
relevance of the sources cited
. Lange, J. W. (2002). Patient identification of caregivers' titles: Do they know who you are? Applied Nursing Research, 15(1), 11-18. "This study investigated patients' ability to identify licensed nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) and whether this knowledge is related to satisfaction with care" (p. 11). What type of variable is satisfaction with care? a. Dependent b. Extraneous c. Independent d. Research
research
A study was conducted "to describe the heart rate and perception of pain of adults having an IV started before surgery." What type of variable is heart rate? a. Demographic b. Extraneous c. Independent d. Research
research
A researcher conducted a study to "(1) describe the heart rate and perception of pain of adults having an IV started before surgery and (2) to explore their satisfaction with care before surgery." This is an example of which of the following? a. Hypotheses b. Research objectives c. Research problem d. Research question
research objectives
Edel and colleagues (1998) learned that "[t]he area under the nails and the area around the nail beds harbor large numbers of organisms even after vigorous cleansing and scrubbing. Furthermore, nails and the cuticles are subject to many different conditions and infections, particularly fungal. A limited number of studies have been conducted to determine the relationship of artificial nails to bacterial colonization" (p. 54). This information is an example of which of the following? a.Research problem b.Research purpose c.Study framework d.Treatment or independent variable
research problem
The nurse researcher understands which of the following is a concept? a.Blood glucose value of 250 mg/dL b.Dressing change c.Restlessness d.Syringe
restlessness
While critiquing a review of the literature, the reader notes a citation with an author's name that differs from the name of the originating source. The reader recognizes this as an example of what type of publication? a. Empirical b. Primary c. Secondary d. Theoretical
secondary
A nurse is conducting a study that addresses one of the research priorities identified by the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR). This is an example of which of the following? a.Feasible study for a new researcher b.Landmark study for nursing c.Objective study d.Significant study for nursing
significant study for nursing
Identify the type of hypothesis presented in this example: "Children from low-income families experience more parental abuse." a. Complex, associative, directional hypothesis b. complex, causal, directional hypothesis c. Simple, associative, directional hypothesis d. Simple, causal, directional hypothesis
simple, associative, directional hypothesis
The following hypothesis was stated in a study: "Nurses with more experience in caring for patients with HIV have lower fear of HIV contagion." Which of the following best describes this hypothesis? a. Complex, associative, directional hypothesis b. Complex, causal, directional hypothesis c. Simple, associative, directional hypothesis d. Simple, causal, nondirectional hypothesis
simple, associative, directional hypothesis
A researcher theorizes that walking three times per week will minimize the likelihood of premature labor in at-risk pregnant women. The researcher initiates a research program to test this theory. This research study is attempting to validate what aspect of theory? a. Development b. Explanation c. Prediction d. Strategies for controlling outcomes
strategies for controlling outcomes
Which section of the literature review includes a concise presentation of current knowledge base for clinical practice problem, including what is known and not known? a.Introduction b.Theoretical literature c.Empirical literature d.Summary
summary
Which of the following is the type of reasoning used with integrating findings from multiple studies? a. Analysis b. Application c. Comprehension d. Synthesis
synthesis
Through which process is a theory tested? a. Clinical trials b. Examining the entire theory in a study c. Testing the accuracy of its propositions d. Testing the adequacy of its conceptual definitions
testing the accuracy of its propositions
Which of the following is true about the relationship between a study framework and the hypotheses? a. Hypotheses are inductively identified within the stated framework. b. If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not need to have a framework. c. The hypotheses are not meant to be testable, but the framework is. d. The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other.
the framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other
The nurse understands that a ________ is an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that can describe, explain, predict, or control a phenomenon. a. implicit framework b. conceptual framework c. concepts d. theory
theory
What is the purpose of scholarly review of research literature? a. To correct gaps in the current knowledge base b. To describe current knowledge of the problem c. To implement new protocols d. To prevent researchers from making previous mistakes
to describe current knowledge of the problem
For what primary purpose do grounded theorists review the literature? a. To compare findings from the present study to determine similarities and differences b. To direct the planning and execution of a study c. To explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study d. To provide a general understanding of the phenomenon to be studied
to explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study
In the following hypothesis statement, "Students with a 'C' average who receive tutoring on an individual basis are more compliant with studying than those who receive tutoring in a group setting," Which is the independent variable? a. "C" average b. Compliance c. Individual versus group setting d. Type of tutoring
type of tutoring
Of the following critique questions, which one is not related to the framework? a. Did the hypotheses emerge from the framework? b. Was the framework stated in the study purpose? c. Was the methodology adequate to test the framework? d. Were the study findings related to the framework?
was the framework stated in the study purpose
In critiquing a framework, which of the following is an important question to ask? a. Was the framework clearly identified? b. Was the graphical presentation attractive? c. Were all the concepts included in the framework? d. Were the study findings related to the framework?
were the study findings related to the framework
