EVR1101-- test 3 ch. 11

Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________.

coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold

During the formation of sedimentary rock layers, sediments accumulate over time, leading to __________ of the layers.

compaction

Which of the following correctly represents the basic layers of Earth from the innermost to the outermost?

core, mantle, crust

Tsunamis are caused by ________.

displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides

At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust.

divergent

The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a

fault

Which of the following does NOT define a mineral?

organic compound

Another conclusion drawn from the bar graph is that ________.

our collective use of metal resources is presently unsustainable

Sifting through sand and silt in riverbeds for minerals using a sluice with running water

placer mining

Tantalum is needed for mobile phones, and the Congo is a major supplier of this metal. Which of these is true of how mining for tantalum has occurred in the Congo?

profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people

Restoration of mined areas to pre-mining conditions

reclamation

The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________

recycle existing supplies

All of the following could be sensible appointments for the UN Council, except perhaps ________.

representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations

What sort of far-reaching, even global, environmental impact can result from the eruption of especially large volcanoes?

the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight

Mine tailings are __________.

the remains of ore after most of the metals have been removed

Why have some open pit mines been declared Superfund sites?

waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals

Which of the following can help humans mitigate the negative impact of floods?

zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones

What is an alloy?

An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together

Sedimentary rock is formed ________.

as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals

the bar graphs tells us that...

at current rates of consumption, most metals will become scarcer and costlier

Most of the miners are likely to be local villagers supervised by Afghan mining engineers. Compensation for workers should be ________.

at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security

Australia is composed of relatively old and thick

continental crust

Plate tectonic movement results from ________.

convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains?

convergent plate boundaries

Tantalum from African coltan is used primarily for the manufacture of ________.

electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras

As in the mining of coltan in Congo, coal mining in Appalachia has produced issues of ________.

environmental damage and social and economic injustice

The bar graph indicates that all of the metals shown will _

eventually no longer be avaliable, even with current technological capabilities

Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a

hotspot

Volcanoes are created when lava cools and accumulates over time. What type of rock are volcanoes made of?

igneous rock

volcanoes are formed ________.

in subduction zones or in rift valleys

Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________.

increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals

When magma or lava cools, the result is ________.

ingeneous

What is the mechanism behind the movement of Earth's tectonic plates?

intense heat in the athenosphere that generates convection

Which of the following U.S. states would be least likely to be affected by a tsunami?

kansas

The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed __________.

lithification

Minerals are components of ________.

lithosphere

Strip mining, subsurface mining, and solution mining all take place in which "sphere" of the planet?

lithosphere

Within which of the following layers of Earth does plate tectonic movement occur?

lithosphere

The effect of rising rates of consumption of metals will ________.

make prices higher as nations compete for limited resources

Which of these materials is NOT currently mined from the ocean floor?

manganese nodules

Which of the following areas would experience the most devastation after an earthquake?

marsh like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city

What is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity?

mass wasting

If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________.

metal

What type of rock results when rock is exposed to great pressure and high temperatures lower than the rock's melting point?

metamorphic rock

A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________.

mineral

Acid drainage does not normally occur in areas before mines are built but tends to happen after the mine has been in operation for many years. What causes acid drainage?

mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids

Mineral extraction by removing 100 vertical meters from hill and mountain tops

mountaintop removal mning

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent boundary that bisects the entire Atlantic Ocean. What is produced at this and other mid-ocean ridges?

new oceanic crust

excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits

open pit mining

Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within ________.

ores

found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock.

seafloor crust

the slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to

seafloor spreading

Both fossils and fossil fuels are found in __________ rock layers.

sedimentary

layered ?? exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States.

sedimentary rock

One of the steps in processing some metals is smelting. What does smelting do for a metal?

smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs

Dissolves and extracts resources via a narrow borehole

solution mining

Surface layers are removed to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits

strip mining

This mining technique is utilized to get at shallow, horizontal deposits of minerals close to the surface.

strip mining

Which type of mining generates "overburden" as a byproduct of the mining process?

strip mining

Coal mining involves which two of the following mining techniques?

strip mining and subsurface mining

The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of

subduction

Tunneling deep underground to extract minerals

subsurface mining

Earth's mantle ________.

surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation

Where do large-scale strike-slip faults, which cut through the entire lithosphere, occur?

transform plate boundaries

earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters

tsunamis

The lithosphere consists of ________.

uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust

If a significant amount of extrusive igneous rock is found in an area, one would expect to also find evidence of _________ in the area.

volcanoes

The relationship between recycling, economics, and energy consumption is demonstrated in the case of aluminum, where ________

95% of the energy expended to the mine an produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called _______

acid drainage

Electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of discarded cell phones, computers, and other electronic products and is increasing rapidly. Recycling e-waste is essential because ________.

all of the above

Which of these leads to uncertainty in our ability to predict how long a mineral resource will last?

all of the above

Which of these is NOT a use for materials mined from Earth?

all of the above come from mined minerals

earthquakes are likely to occur ________.

along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement