EVR1101-- test 3 ch. 11
Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________.
coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold
During the formation of sedimentary rock layers, sediments accumulate over time, leading to __________ of the layers.
compaction
Which of the following correctly represents the basic layers of Earth from the innermost to the outermost?
core, mantle, crust
Tsunamis are caused by ________.
displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides
At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust.
divergent
The earthquakes that occur in Southern California generally occur above a
fault
Which of the following does NOT define a mineral?
organic compound
Another conclusion drawn from the bar graph is that ________.
our collective use of metal resources is presently unsustainable
Sifting through sand and silt in riverbeds for minerals using a sluice with running water
placer mining
Tantalum is needed for mobile phones, and the Congo is a major supplier of this metal. Which of these is true of how mining for tantalum has occurred in the Congo?
profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people
Restoration of mined areas to pre-mining conditions
reclamation
The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________
recycle existing supplies
All of the following could be sensible appointments for the UN Council, except perhaps ________.
representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations
What sort of far-reaching, even global, environmental impact can result from the eruption of especially large volcanoes?
the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight
Mine tailings are __________.
the remains of ore after most of the metals have been removed
Why have some open pit mines been declared Superfund sites?
waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals
Which of the following can help humans mitigate the negative impact of floods?
zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones
What is an alloy?
An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together
Sedimentary rock is formed ________.
as sediment materials are pressed together and infiltrated by minerals
the bar graphs tells us that...
at current rates of consumption, most metals will become scarcer and costlier
Most of the miners are likely to be local villagers supervised by Afghan mining engineers. Compensation for workers should be ________.
at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care, and security
Australia is composed of relatively old and thick
continental crust
Plate tectonic movement results from ________.
convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle
Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains?
convergent plate boundaries
Tantalum from African coltan is used primarily for the manufacture of ________.
electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras
As in the mining of coltan in Congo, coal mining in Appalachia has produced issues of ________.
environmental damage and social and economic injustice
The bar graph indicates that all of the metals shown will _
eventually no longer be avaliable, even with current technological capabilities
Old Faithful Geyser at Yellowstone National Park in the United States acquires its energy from a
hotspot
Volcanoes are created when lava cools and accumulates over time. What type of rock are volcanoes made of?
igneous rock
volcanoes are formed ________.
in subduction zones or in rift valleys
Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________.
increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals
When magma or lava cools, the result is ________.
ingeneous
What is the mechanism behind the movement of Earth's tectonic plates?
intense heat in the athenosphere that generates convection
Which of the following U.S. states would be least likely to be affected by a tsunami?
kansas
The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed __________.
lithification
Minerals are components of ________.
lithosphere
Strip mining, subsurface mining, and solution mining all take place in which "sphere" of the planet?
lithosphere
Within which of the following layers of Earth does plate tectonic movement occur?
lithosphere
The effect of rising rates of consumption of metals will ________.
make prices higher as nations compete for limited resources
Which of these materials is NOT currently mined from the ocean floor?
manganese nodules
Which of the following areas would experience the most devastation after an earthquake?
marsh like environment that was filled with landfill in order to build a city
What is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity?
mass wasting
If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________.
metal
What type of rock results when rock is exposed to great pressure and high temperatures lower than the rock's melting point?
metamorphic rock
A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________.
mineral
Acid drainage does not normally occur in areas before mines are built but tends to happen after the mine has been in operation for many years. What causes acid drainage?
mining exposes unweathered rock surfaces that react with water and the atmosphere to generate acids
Mineral extraction by removing 100 vertical meters from hill and mountain tops
mountaintop removal mning
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent boundary that bisects the entire Atlantic Ocean. What is produced at this and other mid-ocean ridges?
new oceanic crust
excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits
open pit mining
Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within ________.
ores
found in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe is composed of dense and relatively young rock.
seafloor crust
the slowly increasing distance between South America and Africa is due to
seafloor spreading
Both fossils and fossil fuels are found in __________ rock layers.
sedimentary
layered ?? exposed by erosion can be seen when looking at the Grand Canyon in the United States.
sedimentary rock
One of the steps in processing some metals is smelting. What does smelting do for a metal?
smelting allows us to alter the properties of a metal to suit particular needs
Dissolves and extracts resources via a narrow borehole
solution mining
Surface layers are removed to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits
strip mining
This mining technique is utilized to get at shallow, horizontal deposits of minerals close to the surface.
strip mining
Which type of mining generates "overburden" as a byproduct of the mining process?
strip mining
Coal mining involves which two of the following mining techniques?
strip mining and subsurface mining
The extremely deep ocean Marianas Trench is a result of
subduction
Tunneling deep underground to extract minerals
subsurface mining
Earth's mantle ________.
surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation
Where do large-scale strike-slip faults, which cut through the entire lithosphere, occur?
transform plate boundaries
earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters
tsunamis
The lithosphere consists of ________.
uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust
If a significant amount of extrusive igneous rock is found in an area, one would expect to also find evidence of _________ in the area.
volcanoes
The relationship between recycling, economics, and energy consumption is demonstrated in the case of aluminum, where ________
95% of the energy expended to the mine an produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling
Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called _______
acid drainage
Electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of discarded cell phones, computers, and other electronic products and is increasing rapidly. Recycling e-waste is essential because ________.
all of the above
Which of these leads to uncertainty in our ability to predict how long a mineral resource will last?
all of the above
Which of these is NOT a use for materials mined from Earth?
all of the above come from mined minerals
earthquakes are likely to occur ________.
along tectonic plate boundaries where there is movement