EX 2 - CH 21 Mastering Q's

4) Venous valves are responsible for regulating blood pressure in veins. channeling blood away from the heart. channeling blood toward the heart. preventing blood from re-entering a ventricle. preventing anterograde flow.

channeling blood toward the heart

26) The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the concentration of plasma waste products. number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma glucose. concentration of plasma sodium ions. concentration of plasma proteins.

concentration of plasma protens

3) Capillaries that have a complete lining are called continuous capillaries. vasa vasorum. sinusoids. sinusoidal capillaries. fenestrated capillaries.

continuous capillaries

44) In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses EXCEPT __________. decreased ADH secretion increased thirst increased heart rate increased peripheral resistance

decreased ADH secretion

39) Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

11) Arteries have a structure in their middle and internal vessel walls that veins lack, called a/an __________. endothelium adventitia elastic membrane smooth muscle

elastic membrane

22) Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. much higher than somewhat higher than equal to somewhat lower than much lower than

equal to

18) Blood pressure is determined by listening carefully to the pulse. estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. measuring the size of the pulse. measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle. estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel.

estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff

2) Compared to arteries, veins hold their shape better when cut. have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. have a pleated endothelium. have thinner walls. are more elastic.

have thinner walls

16) What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema? High blood pressure leads to increased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. High blood pressure leads to decreased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption. High blood pressure causes a decrease in BCOP and thus reabsorption declines. all of the above

high blood pressure leads to increased CHP and thus filtration exceeds reapsorption

46) Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the right atrium. aorta. left atrium. systemic circuit. lungs.

lungs

1) The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica media. adventitia. interna. externa. intima.

media

17) Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the blood viscosity. osmolarity of interstitial fluids. turbulence. blood vessel diameter. length of a blood vessel.

osmolarity of interstitial fluids

19) Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased peripheral resistance. parasympathetic innervation. blood volume. force of cardiac contraction. cardiac output.

parasympathetic innervation

35) Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased heart rate. cardiac output. parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. sympathetic stimulation of the heart. blood flow to the lungs.

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

8) Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the vasa vasorum. precapillary sphincter. thoroughfare channel. plexus. venule.

precapillary sphincter

28) Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). decrease in blood volume. decreased levels of aldosterone. decreased peripheral resistance. release of renin.

release of renin

33) Which of the following could occur with stenosis (permanent narrowing) of a renal artery? Urine output will increase. Anemia will occur. Renin secretion will increase. Epinephrine secretion will increase.

renin secretion will increase

34) Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased venous return and preload. blood pressure. sodium ion levels in blood. salt and water loss through the kidneys. blood volume.

salt and water loss through kidneys

15) Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99? stage 1 hypertension normal pre-hypertension hypotension

stage 1 hypertension

32) The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________. pulse pressure mean arterial pressure diastolic pressure systolic pressure

systolic pressure

12) Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins? the internal elastic membrane the tunica externa the tunica media the endothelial lining

the endothelial lining

13) Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle? the tunica externa the tunica intima the endothelium the tunica media

the tunica media

30) Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? turbulence viscosity of blood vascular resistance venous pressure vessel length

vascular resistance

25) Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except elevated hematocrit. vasodilation. increased sympathetic stimulation. irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques. elevated levels of epinephrine

vasodilation

23) Blood pressure is lowest in the arteries. arterioles. venules. veins. capillaries.

veins

9) What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? veins capillaries arteries venules arterioles

veins

42) ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for a serious hemorrhage. prolonged exercise. a heart attack. hypertension. a heavy meal.

a serious hemorrhage

14) Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel? blood vessel diameter and length blood flow velocity and turbulence blood viscosity and turbulence blood pressure and volume

blood vessel diameter and length

10) The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________. arteries veins capillaries arterioles

capillaries

6) These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated. capillaries arteries veins venules arterioles

capillaries

7) Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in arteries. veins. venules. arterioles. capillaries.

capillaries

21) The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the pulse pressure. diastolic pressure. peripheral pressure. capillary hydrostatic pressure. venous pressure.

capillary hydrostatic pressure

37) Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems carotid sinus and aortic arch cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata

carotid sinus and aortic arch

45) Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise? increase in venous return a rise in sympathetic activity extensive vasodilation All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

all of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise

5) Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following? obesity lack of exercise smoking high cholesterol all of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

41) A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? a decrease in cardiac output an increase in heart contractility vasodilation of arterioles a decrease in heart rate

an increase in heart contractility

40) Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? a decrease in blood pressure an increase in heart rate and contractility vasodilation of arteries a decrease in cardiac output

an increase in heart rate and contractility

43) Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________. an increase in erythropoiesis an increase in urine production release of the venous reserve an increase in heart rate

an increase in urine production

29) When renin is released from the kidney, blood flow to the kidneys decreases. angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. blood pressure goes down. angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys.

angiotensinogn is converted into angiotensin I

20) The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the venule. arteriole. vein. artery. capillary.

arteriole

36) When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________. neural regulation autoregulation endocrine regulation positive feedback regulation

autoregulation

38) If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? increased PNS and SNS activity increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

24) Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output except increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. increased blood concentration of glucose. decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. increased venous return. stimulation of the heart by epinephrine.

increased blood concentration of glucose

31) If the capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues? Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause a corresponding increase in pressure in the venular end of the capillary bed, causing plasma backflow into the tissues. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will facilitate greater exchange with the surrounding tissues, reducing buildup of the interstitial fluid in the tissues by pulling it into the capillaries. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause increased blood pressure, which could cause damage to the capillaries, allowing blood seepage into the surrounding tissues. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues.

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues

27) Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except increased levels of aldosterone. increased blood volume. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). increased levels of angiotensin II.

increased levels of ANP (atrial nutriuretic peptide)