Exam 1 chapters 1-4

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages o The names of each stage o The ages of an individual during each stage o What critical event happens in each stage?

Stage 1: Infancy(birth-18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust and Rejection · Important event: Feeding; Outcome: hope Stage 2: Early Childhood(2-3yrs): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt · Important event: Toilet training; Outcome: Will Stage 3: Preschool(3-5yrs): Initiative vs. Guilt · Important event: Exploration; Outcome: Purpose Stage 4: School Age(6-11yrs): · Important event: School; Outcome: Confidence Stage 5: Adolescence(12-18yrs): Identity vs. Role Confusion (self-identity, life goals, meaning) · Important event: Social Relationship; Outcome: Fidelity (strict adherence to promises and duties) Stage 6: Young Adulthood (19 - 40 yrs): Intimacy vs. Isolation (form intimate relationships) · Important event: Relationship; Outcome: Love Stage 7: Middle Adulthood (40 - 65 yrs): Generativity vs. Stagnation (dreams vs. accomplishments; beyond self) · Important event: Work and parenthood; Outcome: Care Stage 8: Maturity(65 to death): Ego Intefrity vs. Despair(look back on life) · Important event: Reflection on life; Outcome: wisdom

What is the goal of psychoanalytic therapy?

The ultimate goal of psychoanalytic treatment is to increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of the system and the resolution of conflicts. the two goals of freudian psychoanalytic therapy are to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt. ( Corey page 67)

What are the key features/traits of a psychoanalytic therapist?

The views of Human Nature, Structure of Personality, anxiety, ego-defense mechanisms, Development of personality, erikson's psychosical perspective, counseloring implications

From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may: a. All of these choices. b. Be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach c. Underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world d. Discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values.

a. All of these choices.

What therapy model is, Early Life, Unconscious, emotional Insight? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

a. Psychoanalytic

Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to gamble. What part of Henry's personality helped him to reach this decision? a. The ego b. The id c. The superego

a. The ego

Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except a. Counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients b. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions c. Counselors feel comfortable with their clients' values and beliefs d. Counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate

b. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions

Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/ psychotherapy is true? a. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society c. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models. d. Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are "wrong."

b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society

All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reaction EXCEPT: a. They have the potential to interfere with effective treatment. b. They can easily be avoided. c. They should be carefully monitored by the therapist. d. They can provide

b. They can easily be avoided.

What therapy model is, self-determination (freedom, relatedness, anxiety) a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

c. Existential

In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to: a. Replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk. b. Increase their support networks and develop social interest. c. Reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts. d. Make use of programs such as Weight Watchers or the Atkins diet plan.

c. Reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.

Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilt feelings? a. The ego b. The id c. The superego

c. The superego

Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when a. an older adult is being abused b. the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization c. all of the other answers d. a child under the age of 16 is the victim of incest, rape, or child abuse e. clients pose a danger to others

c. all of the other answers

In the text, the main reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them a. recognize and resolve their co-dependent tendencies b. work through early childhood trauma. c. learn to deal with countertransference d. become self-actualized individuals

c. learn to deal with countertransference

Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except: a. The therapeutic relationship is an essential component of effective treatment b. both the therapy methods and the therapy relationship make contributions to treatment outcome c.therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment d.the therapist as a person is an integral part of successful treatment

c.therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment

The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as: a. Regression b. Reaction formation c. Introjection d. Compensation e. Sublimation

d. Compensation

Clients place more value on ________________than on ___________________. a. the specific techniques used; the personality of the therapist. b.the aesthetics of the therapeutic setting; the personality of the therapist. c.the therapist's theoretical orientation; the quality of the services being provided. d.the personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used.

d. The personality of the therapist; the specific techniques used.

With regard to the role of counselors' personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to a. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports b. avoid challenging the values of clients c. teach and persuade clients to act the right way d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients

d. avoid the imposition of their values, yet expose their values to clients

Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways? a. To refer to sexual abuse b. Regression c. to refer to the death instincts d. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts e. to account for the aggressive drive

d. to refer to the energy of all the life instincts

During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow? a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option. b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values

d.Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values

A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of _________ during the_________ stage a. Identity; adolescent b. integrity; later life c. initiative; preschool age d. intimacy; young adulthood e. Industry; school age

e. Industry; school age

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense? a. Introjection b. projection c. Displacememt d. Regression e. Reaction formation

e. Reaction formation

In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to: a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations. b. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice. c. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas d. discover the correct solution for every ethical dilemma that might arise e. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma

e. learn how to interpret and apply ethical codes to an ethical dilemma

What therapy model is, learning principles, behavior change? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

f. Behavioral

What therapy model is, thinking, beliefs, as well as behaviors? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

g. Cognitive Behavioral

What therapy model is, gender-fair, power, social change? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

h. Feminist

What therapy model is, roles in the family, balance in family relationships? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

i. Family Systems

Anxiety

o Anxiety can be positive as it provides awareness that we are free to define our lives through the choices we make o However, feelings of dread that result from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness o Reality Anxiety - genuine dangers or threats that exist in external world E.g., Fear a barking dog running toward you may bite you o Neurotic Anxiety - unconscious worry we will lose control of id's urges and be punished by others as a result E.g., Fear of eating too much in a short amount of time in front of others (binge-eating); Fear of openly expressing our sexual desires o Moral Anxiety - fear of violating our own moral principles; fear of negative self-evaluation from our conscious or superego. E.g., Significant guilt or anxiety when doing or even thinking about doing something you are raised to believe is wrong; a Catholic person beginning to have romantic feelings for their best friend's spouse

Psychoanalytic Techniques - be familiar with each including what is involved, how they are different from each other? o Free Association o Observation and Analysis of Slips of the Tongue o Interpretation o Dream Analysis

o Free Association- Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts. o Observation and Analysis of Slips of the Tongue- Everyday life verbal phenomena which reveals the unconscious. o Interpretation- Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meaning of whatever is revealed. o Dream Analysis- Manifest content (storyline, actual dream itself, what happened) vs. latent content (underlying meaning, hidden messages, symbols)

The Id, Ego, and Superego o What is involved in each? o How are they related to each other?

o Id- is the original system of personality; at birth a person is all id. The id is the primary source of psychic energy and the seat of the instincts. It lack organization and is blind, demanding, and insistent. A cauldon of seething excitement, the id cannot tolerate tension, and it functions to discharge tension, avoiding immediately. o Ego- has contract with the external world of reality. It is the "executive" that governs, controls, and regulates the personality. like a "traffic cop" o Superego- is the judicial branch of the personality. It includes a person's moral code, the main concern being whether an action is good or bad, right or wrong. It represents the ideal rather than the real and strive not for pleasure but for perfection. The superego represents the traditional values and ideals of society as they handed down from parents to children. It functions to inhibit the id impulses, to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones, and to strive for perfection. o What is involved in each? o How are they related to each other?

Resistance in therapy o What does resistance look like? o How does the therapist use clients' resistance - what is involved in analysis of resistance?

o Resistance - Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the production of unconscious material o Analysis of Resistance -Helps the client to see that canceling appointments, fleeing from therapy prematurely, etc., are ways of defending against anxiety -These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead to a more satisfying life - as a general (Corey page 75)

What are transference and countertransference? o How are they similar? o How are they different? o How is transference used by the therapist?

o Transference- The client reacts to the therapist as one did to an earlier significant other/object. Allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible. Analysis of transference: allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past o Countertransference- The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity.

· The counselors' values and the clients' values - how does the counselor use and manage their own values, how does the counselor use and manage their clients' values? o What is it called when a counselor tries to define or shape a client's values?

values are ■Deeply held beliefs, ideals, principles, standards, often with an emotional investment ■Allow us to decide (judge) what is: -Moral or Immoral -Good or Bad -Right or Wrong The counselor's Values ■Who we are, including our values, influences our counseling practice -Self-awareness is vital -We must proceed with caution around issues of values in counseling ■Recognize that you are not value-neutral ■Be aware of how your values influence your interventions ■Your job is to assist clients in finding answers that are most congruent with their own values ■Begin therapy by exploring the client's goals ■Find ways to manage value conflicts between you and your clients -Be aware, consult with others, refer if necessary

What are the elements of an effective counselor?

· Effective therapist have an identity. · Effective therapist respect and appreciate themselves. · Effective therapist are open to change. · Effective therapist make choice that are life oriented. · Effective therapist have sense of humor. · Effective therapist make mistakes and are willing to admit them. · Effective therapist appreciated the influence of culture. · Effective therapist have a sincere interest in the welfare of others. · Effective therapist posses effective interpersonal skills. · Effective therapist become deeply involved 3in their work and derive meaning. · Effective therapist are passionate. · Effective therapist are able to maintain healthy boundaries. · You must have knowledge/skills in a variety of therapeutic approaches & be responsive to particular clients needs · The most important instrument you have is YOU o More than a technician o Your living example, of who you are and how you struggle to live up to your potential is powerful · Be authentic o The stereotyped, professional role can be shed o If you hide behind your role the client will also hide

Distinguish between the different ego defense mechanisms and be able to provide examples of each

•Ego-defense mechanisms: •Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to deny or distort reality - safeguard the mind against certain feelings and thoughts •Can help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed •Can have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing the reality • Denial - functions to protect ego from things with which person cannot cope o Refusal to admit or recognize something has occurred or is occurring: "It doesn't exist" o Completely reject the thought/feeling oE.g., People living with drug or alcohol addiction often deny a problem; Victims of trauma may deny the events occurred •Projection - placing our own unacceptable qualities or feelings on other people o See it in someone else; "That's not me...it's him!" o E.g., Say you strongly dislike someone, you may instead believe they do not like you o Allows for expression of desire/impulse in a way ego doesn't understand, so anxiety is reduced •Regression - abandoning coping strategies under stress and reverting to past behaviors earlier in development - relates to psychosexual stage one may be fixated in o"Crying, hiding, or sulking when hearing unpleasant news" o Fixation at the oral stage - eating or smoking excessively; Fixation at the anal stage - excessive tidiness or messiness •Sublimation - act out our unacceptable impulses in more acceptable forms o"write a poem about anger"; a person with extreme anger taking up kickboxing to vent frustration o Redirect the feelings into productive activity - a sign of maturity according to Freud •Displacement - taking out frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening or have less consequences oRather than arguing with boss, take out anger on spouse, children or pets •Repression - blocking something from our conscious awareness, but these memories do not disappear and continue to influence our behavior o "I don't remember" o E.g., A person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child may later have difficulty forming relationships. o Suppression (as opposed to Repression) is when we consciously force unwanted info out of our awareness •Rationalization - explaining unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, thereby avoiding true reasons for behavior oE.g., About a job opportunity that went to another colleague..."I didn't want it anyways" oE.g., I got a bad grade because the instructor is bad at teaching oE.g., When a person is turned down for a date..." They aren't attractive to me anyways" •Reactive Formation - reduce anxiety by taking on the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior oE.g., "I love the person who was promoted instead of me" oE.g., Treating someone you dislike in an overly friendly manner •Introjection - assuming the standards or values of another, often for survival o Kidnapped survivors •Identification - self-worth via identification with others oI want to be like my mom. She is a ballerina. o"I am a ballerina." •Compensation - make up limitations by masking them or by developing other strengths o"Look at how great I am at sports" - someone who has difficulty excelling academically

Freud's Psychosexual Stages o The names of each stage o The ages of an individual during each stage o What critical event happens in each stage?

•Oral phase (1st year) pleasure is obtained through the mouth (primary caretaker) •Anal phase (1 - 3 yo) sphincter and defecation are controlled, activity linked to pleasure and sexuality (parental discipline) •Phallic phase (3 - 6 yo) pleasure is obtained when urinating, thanks to the pleasant sensation it produces (parent's response to sexuality) •Latency phase (6 - 12 yo) modesty and shame appear, related to sexuality (socialization; relationships with others) •Genital phase (12 - 60 yo): the arrival of puberty and sexual maturity; invest sexual energy in life (career, friendships, sports, etc.) • •Fixation can occur at any of the above stages which causes the libido to stagnate (stops the natural flow process)

When must a counselor break confidentiality?

•Suicide Risk •Harm to self •Homicide Risk •Harm to others (Tarasoff case - duty to warn) •Child, Dependent adult, or Elder abuse •Neglect, abuse, past/ present •Court/Legal matters

Who Decides What is Ethical?

•The Government (Federal, State, Local codes) •Professional Organizations •American Counseling Association (ACA) •American Psychological Association (APA) •National Association of Social Workers (NASW) •American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) •National Organization for Human Service Education (NOHSE) •Individual Practitioners

Why are legal and ethical guidelines needed?

•Vulnerable Clients •Sensitive Information •Power Differentials/Exploitation •Client rights to best practice •Need to Protect from Harm •Unclear situationsxx

Counselor self-disclosure

The most productive form of self-disclosure is related to what is going on between the counselor and the client within the counseling session. The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client, but be careful to avoid pronouncing judgements about the client. (Corey page 29)

What is underpathologizing? o What is the potential harm in doing this?

Underpathologizing: Assuming something is cultural, when it is really a problem

What therapy model is, early family,striving, encouragement? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

b. Adlerian

Clients have a right to be informed about the following, EXCEPT a. the general goals of counseling b. their counselor's personal background c. the approximate length of the therapeutic process d. their therapist's qualifications

b. their counselor's personal background

Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the: a. anal stage b. Genital stage c. phallic stage d. oral stage

c. phallic stage

What therapy model is, self-directed growth in a supportive environment? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

d. Person-centered

What therapy model is, awareness, integration, wholeness? a. Psychoanalytic b. Adlerian c. Existential d. Person-centered e. Gestalt f. Behavioral g. Cognitive Behavioral h. Feminist i. Family Systems

e. Gestalt

What are some of counselors' legal and ethical responsibilities?

- informed consent - competence -focusing on client needs in therapy -confidentiality

What are the recommended steps in ethical decision making?

1. Identify the problem/dilemma 2. Identify ethical/legal issues 3. Examine relevant ethical codes 4. Consider laws/regulations 5. **Consult, Consult, Consult 6. Consider courses of actions and consequences 7. Chose the best possible course of action 8. **Document, Document, Document

What is involved in being an ethical practitioner?

Being an ethical Practitioner is knowing and following your profession's code of ethics is part of being an ethnical practitioner, but these codes do not make decisions for you. As you become involved in counseling, you will find that interpreting the ethnical guidelines of your professional organization and applying them to particular situations demand the utmost ethnical sensitivity. (Corey page 53).

Counseling for the Counselor - why is it important for a counselor to got to therapy?

Corey says that he believes that counselors can benefit greatly from the experience of being clients at some point, a view that is supported by research. This experience can be obtained before your training, during it, or both, but i strongly support some form of self-exploration as vital preparation in learning to counsel others. By participating in personal therapy, counselors can prevent their potential future countertransference from harming clients. (Corey page 20-22).

What are dual relationships? o Be able to think of examples o What do ethical codes state about dual relationships?

Duel or multiple relationships, either sexual or nonsexual, occurs when counselors assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client. examples: - social relationships - Financial relationship - Boundaries with clients (former/ current) - Friendship - dating - Sexual relationship Ethical reasoning and judgment come into play when ethic codes are applied to specific situation. The ACA Code of Ethic (ACA, 2014) makes it clear that counselors professionals must learn how to manage multiple roles and responsibilites in the ethical way.

What is involved in using a "blank-screen" or "blank slate" approach in therapy?

In classical psychoanalytic, analytic typically assume an annonymous nonjudgmental stance, which is sometimes is sometimes called the blank-screen approach. ( Corey page 67). The classical psychoanalytic must be willing to commit themselves to an intensive, long-term therapy process. (Page 68)

What is informed consent and what is involved in this process?

Informed consent- involves the right of the clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it. The counselor will provide it in written form, said it orally or do both kinds on ways. If the counselor does it orally they have it entry un the client's clinical record documenting the nature and extent of informed consent.

What things should you consider when thinking about culture and counseling?

It is unrealistic to expect a counselor to know everything about the cultural background of a client, but some understanding of the client's cultural and ethnic background is essential. It is a good idea for counselor to ask clients to provide them with the information they will need to work effectively. It is critical that therapist take into account to world views and background of every client. Failing to do this seriously restricts the potential impact of the therapeutic endeavor.

The difference between manifest content and latent content in dreams.

Latent Content consist of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears. Because they are so painful and threatening, the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into the more acceptable manifest content. Manifest content which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer. The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into less threatening manifest content is called dream work. The therapist's task is to uncover disguised the meaning by studying the symbols in the manifest content of the dream. Dreams may serve as a pathway to repressed material, but dreams also provide an understanding of client's current functioning. relational psychoanalytic therapists are particulary interested in the connection of dreams to clients' lives. the dreams is viewed as a significant message to clients to examine something that could be problematic if left unexamined.

What is over pathologizing? o What is the potential harm in doing this?

Over pathologizing: Seeing a problem when there is none