Exam 1 Cognitive Psych

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention; distraction

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to cause activation

A synapse is

the gap that separates two different neurons

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn?

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

Top-down

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Verbal Behavior was written by

B. F. Skinner

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

Binding

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his

Broca's area

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

Cognition

What does the principal of neural representation state

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

Neurotransmitters

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Object discrimination problem

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.

Parietal

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?

People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity?

Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

Pragnanz

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

Schema

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?

Sensory memory

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following?

Specificity coding

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio into the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?

Viewpoint invariance

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by the task

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be

continuous

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program

created proofs for problems in logic

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

localization of function

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema