Exam 1 PSYC 101
What is the approximate threshold of excitation? -70 mV 70 mV 50 mV -50 mV
-50 mV
How many pieces of information do we have the capacity to remember in working memory? - 5 - 9 - 12 - 7
7
You are interested in examining the differences between biological sex and service activities for 300 students at WVU . Because you can't randomly assign biological sex, you are using - A case study - An experimental design - A quasi-experimental design
A quasi-experimental design
Which of the following is NOT helpful in learning new materials? -Anxiety -Forgetting -Chunking -Self-testing -Expertise
Anxiety
This module argues that forgetting may be an important part of learning. Which is a good example of this argument? a. in order to learn more information we must be able to forget information that is incorrect b. our minds would become cluttered with irrelevant information c. both examples are correct
Both examples are correct
If an individual has trouble speaking after a car accident, they might have -Broca's aphasia -Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's Aspasia
Which of the following is the major problem involved in conducting a correlational study? - It is necessary to obtain informed consent. - Participants may guess the true purpose of the study. - It can only be used for studies on social psychology. - Cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn.
Cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn.
The process of grouping information together using our knowledge is called ____. - Expertise - Chunking - Working memory - Intentional learning
Chunking
Which kind of research allows us to passively observe two variables to determine a relationship between them without drawing cause-and-effect conclusions? - Correlational research - Quasi-experimental research - Experimental research - Naturalistic observation
Correlational research
______ allows us to infer a relationship, but not causality; _____ allows us to infer causality -Experimental research; correlational research -Systematic observation; empirical methods -Correlational research; experimental research - Empirical methods; systematic observation
Correlational research; experimental research
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? -Are humans inherently good or bad? -Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn C--Chinese or to learn Spanish? -What is the meaning of life? -Is Japanese a prettier language than German?
Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?
Riley's roommate Jenna wants to do another study. She cares more about how noise in the dorm lounge affects studying effectiveness. She measures the amount of noise naturally occurring in the lounge (conversations, music, etc.) and then asks others to rate their ability to study. Jenna is emphasizing - External validity - Internal validity - Ecological validity - That she's not very scientific
Ecological validity
______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation. - Empirical - Ethical - Scientific - None of these options are correct
Empirical
For Lindsey's dissertation, she has e-mails sent out to people 4 times a day for 4 weeks. In these e-mails, she asks about current emotional experiences and activities. What method is she using? - Experience sampling - Archival data - Day reconstruction method (DRM) - Periodic sampling
Experience sampling
Kenneth has a portable signal recording device that can measure his cortisol levels throughout the day. This information is useful in seeing his daily levels in his natural environments. This type of measurement is an example of a(n) ____. Hypertension Experience sampling technique Ambulatory assessment Monitor assessment
Experience sampling technique
True or false: Confidentiality and privacy are the same thing.
False
It is important to design research experiments that are associated with real-world situations in order to ______ findings to a larger population. - Generalize - Confirm - Validate - Disprove
Generalize
Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean? - Her results may not be true for the entire population. - She cannot prove causation. - Her sample was not perfectly random. - Her results were incorrect.
Her results may not be true for the entire population.
Which part of the brain plays an important role in the formation of memory? - Amygdala - Corpus callosum - Thalamus - Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? -How does race impact voting trends in a political election? -Should the laws of a country be changed to legalize the possession and use of drugs? -Is technology good or bad for society? -Which religion's belief system is the most moral and ethical?
How does race impact voting trends in a political election?
When you take a survey on SONA, you will have to complete a form that shares the methods used in the study, the benefits and the potential consequences. What ethical principle does this describe? - Informed consent - Debriefing - Voluntary participation - Confidentiality
Informed consent
Riley wants to wants to investigate how background noise affects studying effectiveness (learning and memory). She brings students into a lab and carefully controls the amount of noise while measuring memory for a task. Riley is emphasizing - External validity - Internal validity - Ecological validity - That she's just an uptight control freak
Internal validity
____ refers to the degree to which causal inferences can be made in the study; ____ refers to the degree that the study's findings can be applied to the larger population. - External validity; internal validity - Internal validity; reliability - Internal validity; external validity - External validity; ecological validity
Internal validity; external validity
Which part of the neuron contains genetic information? - Myelin sheath - Dendrites - Nucleus - Axon
Nucleus
the purpose of ethical guidelines in psychological research is to: -Protect the rights of human and animal subjects -Improve the chances of getting significant results -Make sure that the results can be repeated elsewhere -Develop more efficient laboratory procedures
Protect the rights of human and animal subjects
If someone's hypothalamus was damaged, what might they experience changes in? -Regulation of hormones -Formation of new memories -Fear response -Processing of sensory information
Regulation of hormones
Technological advances can influence the questions researchers ask. Monitoring heart rate, exercise and stress levels can be most easily monitored through what method? - Smartphone monitoring - Physiological monitoring in a research lab - Daily Reconstruction Method (DRM) - Electronic Activated Recorder (EAR)
Smartphone monitoring
A carefully planned and organized system of observing phenomena of interest is known as - Naturalistic observation - Systematic observation - Facebook stalking - Applied science
Systematic observation
Which part of the brain is crucial to the survival and sleep? - Hypothalamus - The brainstem - Amygdala - Limbic system
The Brainstem
What does the term "working memory capacity" refer to? -The amount of information than an individual can store for a limited amount of time. -The amount of information that an individual can store permanently. -The amount of information that an individual can remember about 2-3 events in their lives. -The total amount of information than an individual can remember.
The amount of information than an individual can store for a limited amount of time.
How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypothesis in psychological research? -The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher. -The research method being used will depend on the number of research participants to be recruited for the study. -The best type of research will always be an experiment, as it is the method with the greatest chance of getting published. -The method that is used should be determined by what the researcher feels is her strongest area of expertise.
The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.
Based on online survey data, drinking coffee is associated with longer life. Reading this you feel confident that -If you drink more coffee you will live longer -There is an association between those who drink more coffee and those who live longer -Living longer makes you want to drink more coffee
There is an association between those who drink more coffee and those who live longer
What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research? - To certify researcher's professional credentials as a researcher in the field of psychology. - To ensure that the topics of study are objective and in no way relate to researcher's own values. - To help researchers publish research findings that are of interest to the public. - To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.
To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.
Which of the following terms suggests that memory performance is superior when a test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity? - Transfer-appropriate processing - Metacognition - Implicit memory - Self-testing
Transfer-appropriate processing
Science does NOT involve which of the following things: - Testing a hypothesis - Systematic observation - Empirical methods - Using opinion and common sense
Using opinion and common sense
Researchers that study the online behavior of people focus on their: - Number of responses (i.e., blog posts or tweets) - Mood and social engagement - Personality - Virtual language behavior
Virtual language behavior
Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying? - a quasi-experimental design - naturalistic observation - a case study - a laboratory experiment
a laboratory experiment
An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of: -a third variable -an illusory correlation -a negative correlation -a reverse correlation
a third variable
Which of the following strategies will produce the most learning? Determining if: -the word is printed in capital letters. . a word rhymes with "nevermore." c. a word is a noun or a verb. d. a word has more than two syllables.
a word is a noun or a verb
Confidentiality requires that: - it be impossible to connect data to individuals - all data be collected anonymously - access to collected data be limited to research staff - participants not be asked for personal information
access to collected data be limited to research staff
Hugh is studying for his geography exam. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text by highlighting. He skips all the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. Hugh is using which type of strategy? - an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads. -an efficient study strategy, because highlighting will help him remember the main points. - chunking, to create easier units to remember later. - an elaborate processing strategy which will produce a good durable memory for the materials.
an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads
Which of these is NOT helpful in learning? -Forgetting - Chunking - Self-testing - Anxiety - Expertise
anxiety
The two main parts of the nervous system are: - autonomic and somatic - central and peripheral - brain and brain stem - cerebral hemispheres and corpus callosum
central and peripheral
Maritza is in a study testing if almond milk slows the development of brittle bones. She's in the study for 3 months but doesn't know that her milk allergy is causing her body to block nutrients, so it doesn't help her. Maritza's allergy is an example of a(n): - confound - dependent variable - independent variable - invalid experiement
confound
What is the part of the brain that links together the two hemispheres, and is sometimes severed for people called split-brain patients? - cerebellum - contralateral callosum - callosotomy - corpus callosum
corpus callosum
Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as a: - descriptive design - correlational design - experimental design - longitudinal design
correlational design
Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards. -deception; debriefed -debriefings; deceived -confidentiality; informed -informed consent; confided in
deception; debriefed
What part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli? - axon - soma - terminal buttons - dendrites
dendrites
A researcher wants to make sure that her assistants did not give any hints regarding which participants are in which treatment groups and to also make sure the participants did not know which group they were in. She should use (a): control group. -placebo group. -control group -random assignment. -double-blind procedure
double-blind procedure
Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity. - ecological - internal - external - predictive
ecological
The most accurate research method of determining whether caffeine supplements improve memory performance is: - case study - correlational study - experimental study - naturalistic observation
experimental study
Dr. Tylka is conducting research about the risk of developing eating disorders in adolescent boys. She concludes that her findings apply not only to the sample of high school boys she studied, but to other males in other settings and contexts. In this regard, Dr. Tylka is stating that her findings have high __________ validity. - internal - construct - external - split-half
external
The degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied refers to: - internal validity - external validity - ecological validity - publishing potential
external validity
A brain surgeon who needs to see which areas of the brain are functioning normally and those that are not would likely rely on - fMRI scans - EEGs - TMS scans - CAT scans
fMRI scans
The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as __________. It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population from which it was drawn. - generalizability - validity - reliability - standardization
generalizability
Looking for the best ways to help people monitor and control their blood pressure through behavioral changes would be the concern of psychologists within which subfield? - health - clinical - behavioral - developmental
health
Having more knowledge about a subject - can inhibit you from learning other information - helps your ability to learn new related information - increases your working memory in other subjects
helps your ability to learn new related information
A positive correlation between two variables suggests that - positive behaviors were studied, such as happiness and cooperativeness. - a third variable causes the positive correlation. - high scores on one variable relate to high scores on the second variable. - there is a statistically significant relation between the two variables.
high scores on one variable relate to high scores on the second variable.
The part of the limbic system important for memory is: - amygdala - thalamus - hypothalamus - hippocampus
hippocampus
The body's ability to regulate balance in temperature and nutrition is related to the - medulla - hypothalamus - thalamus - pons
hypothalamus
The hypothesis in a research study is defined as the - questions that are asked of the subjects. - idea, or prediction, that can be tested. - outcome of the statistical results. - manipulation that is administered.
idea, or prediction, that can be tested.
Which of the following is NOT related to working-memory capacity? - reading ability - implicit learning - following directions -reasoning skills
implicit learning
Remembering information about a stimulus in addition to what you intended to remember (such as position on a page) is called: - repetitive learning - incidental learning - transfer-appropriate learning - intentional learning
incidental learning
Taylor walked into the psychology lab and was welcomed by the researcher. The first document given to him by the researcher described the research experiment and what it was to entail, which also required his signature. What was this ethical document? - Privacy Consent Form - Debriefing Form - Informed Consent - Form of Confidentiality
informed Consent
The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________. - external validity - ecological validity - internal validity - publishing potential
internal validity
When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ___________, even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation. - external validity - internal validity - concurrent validity - experimental validity
internal validity
he degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________. - external validity - ecological validity - internal validity - publishing potential
internal validity
The _____ jointly controls a variety of basic function including emotions and self-preservation. - reticular activating system - autonomic system - limbic system - endocrine system
limbic system
The _____ jointly controls a variety of basic function including emotions and self-preservation. - limbic system - autonomic system - reticular activating system - endocrine system
limbic system
Because you are currently breathing and your heart is beating, you can assume your _____ is working properly. - thalamus - pons - cerebellum - medulla
medulla
If you were to spend some time watching people in the checkout line of a local discount store to see how many read the tabloid newspapers displayed next to the register, you have chosen the __________ research method to answer your question. - case study - experimental - survey - naturalistic observation
naturalistic observation
Personal experience is associated with _______, whereas, scientific method is associated with ________. -opinion; trial and error -fact; opinion -trial and error; opinion -opinion; fact
opinion; fact
The term metacognition refers to: - the idea that in order to enhance learning, you must use multiple memory strategies - an especially deep level of processing material - remembering to study in the future - our thoughts and knowledge about how our learning and memory work
our thoughts and knowledge about how our learning and memory work
Blake is selected for a study on music preference and happiness. He thinks the experimenter's hypothesis is that people who listen to classical music are happier. As a result, Blake reports listening to classical music more often than he really does, and that he is happier than he really is. This is an example of: -experimenter expectations -placebo effect -random assignment -participant demand
participant demand
Barbara is complaining that she has terrible abdominal pains. Several physicians have found nothing wrong with her. One physician gives Barbara a prescription for tablets with no real medication in them. "I think that this new medication will be very helpful for your abdominal infection," the physician tells Barbara. Within 24 hours of taking the fake medication Barbara reports that her abdominal pains have disappeared. This is called a ______. - placebo effect - demand characteristic - naturalistic study effect - confounding variable
placebo effect
Of the following examples, which is the best way to encode material that you want to learn? - reading a word and thinking about how it relates to you - highlighting text, so that you will be able to reread it later when you study - reading a word multiple times - reading a word and determining how many vowels it has
reading a word and thinking about how it relates to you
When a neuron is not conducting an electrical message, it has a charge of -70mV known as its - excitation threshold - extracellular voltage - electrostatic pressure - resting membrane potential
resting membrane potential
when your instructor finishes reviewing a new topic in lecture, she often gives a clicker quiz. Clicker quizzes can serve the purpose of: a. incidental learning b. retrieval practice c. transfer appropriate learning d. increasing working memory capacity
retrieval practice
An effective way to make sure that you will remember something a long time from now (such as in an upcoming exam) is to: -review the material at regular intervals - learn the material really well now, and then you won't have to -worry about it later - highlight it in your text - repeat it over and over to yourself
review the material at regular intervals
science is described as a cumulative process. This means that: - scientists are always skeptical. - findings can lead to debates over results that conflict. - science is always changing and prior work is not replicated. - science builds on prior discoveries.
science builds on prior discoveries.
The definition of psychology is generally considered to be the - control of people's thought processes and behavior. - scientific study of people's behavior in groups. - treatment of people for mental disorders. - scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a: - score on an anxiety questionnaire - person's description of anxiety - fear response - personality trait
score on an anxiety questionnaire
As soon as class is over, Karen goes to the Mountainlair, gets a cup of coffee and reviews the material from class, asking herself what she remembers, and then checking to see if she is correct from her e-text. Karen is utilizing _____ to enhance her learning. a. transfer appropriate learning b. incidental learning c. self-testing
self-testing
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are: - short but all on a single day - short and across several days - long and all on a single day
short and across several days
The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day. - computer tablets - digital watches - microrecorders - smartphones
smartphones
The three major parts of the neuron are the dendrites, axon, and ___________. - cell wall - synapse - soma - reuptake
soma
The _______ division of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary movements and communication between sense organs. a. autonomic b. efferent c. central d. somatic
somatic
As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are: - studying daily experiences - studying daily behavior - studying daily physiology - studying online behavior
studying daily physiology
Dr. Fikshunal is interested in how our bodies respond to being excluded from a group. Therefore, she decides to monitor the heart rate and cortisol levels of participants as they engage in their environment and indicate experiences when they felt ostracized. In this scenario, Dr. Fikshunal is: - studying daily experiences - studying daily behavior - studying daily physiology - studying online behavior
studying daily physiology
Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be: - studying daily experiences - studying daily behavior - studying daily physiology - studying online behavior
studying online behavior
The autonomic nervous system is especially important for - maintaining alert consciousness - handling simple reflexes - making future plans. -successfully resolving emergencies
successfully resolving emergencies
The autonomic nervous system is especially important for - making future plans. - successfully resolving emergencies - maintaining alert consciousness - handling simple reflexes
successfully resolving emergencies
A major function of the _____ division of the autonomic system is the fight-or-flight response in reaction to a threat. - somatic - central - sympathetic - parasympathetic
sympathetic
Elizabeth was walking in the woods when she came across what she thought was a deadly coral snake. Her flight-or-fight response reacted as her blood pressure and pulse increased. This is the _______ division of the autonomic system. - sympathetic - central - parasympathetic - somatic
sympathetic
Elizabeth was walking in the woods when she came across what she thought was a deadly coral snake. Her flight-or-fight response reacted as her blood pressure and pulse increased. This is the _______ division of the autonomic system. - central - parasympathetic - somatic - sympathetic
sympathetic
Before they travel across the synapse to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, chemical messengers are stored in what location on the presynaptic membrane? -. ionotropes - synaptic vesicles - axons - nodes of Ranvier
synaptic vesicles
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for which aspect of behavior? - integration of sensory information - preparing the body for emergencies - taking care of the body's functions at rest - facilitation of newly learned actions
taking care of the body's functions at rest
Eidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate? - that television watching causes hyperactivity - that hyperactive children watch television - that parents of hyperactive children rely on television as a means of managing hyperactivity - that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity
that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity
the individual plays an important role in memory acquisition. Which of the following is LEAST likely to have an effect on memory? -prior knowledge -the learning strategy that was used -the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials. -the situation in which you learn the material
the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials.
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of: - the autonomic and somatic systems - sympathetic and parasympathetic systems - the efferent and afferent systems - the brain and the spinal cord
the brain and the spinal cord
In an experiment on the effects of light on reading speed, which of the following is the dependent variable? - variation of light levels - the measured reading speed - number of words per page - point size of the print
the measured reading speed
It is difficult to study the specialized abilities of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in the brains of normal individuals because - it is difficult to identify the boundary between the two hemispheres. - the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. - the two hemispheres share information quickly and completely. people won't submit for unnecessary brain surgery.
the two hemispheres share information quickly and completely.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if: - there is elaborate processing during encoding of the material -the student generates his own retrieval cues - the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task
the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task
When we develop ____ (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise, there is no way to prove (or disprove) them. -theories -prototypes -examples -concepts
theories
The study on master chess players showed that master chess players are better than average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because: a. they have superior memories b. they can chunk the pieces better into familiar groups c. they are better able to talk through the problems than average players d. they have had more practice guessing where the pieces belong
they can chunk the pieces better into familiar groups
The principle of _____________ states that memory is better when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity. -transfer appropriate processing -associative learning - metacognitive matching -metacognition
transfer appropriate processing
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called: -elaborate rehearsal -metacognition -spacing effect -transfer-appropriate processing
transfer-appropriate processing
The reticular formation - integrates right and left sides of the cortex - stores memories - transmits motor information - responds to loud noises
transmits motor information
The main focus of clinical psychology is on which aspect of human behavior? - gaining insight into how people think and learn -understanding and treating psychological disorders - applying psychology to physical ailments or disease -describing and explaining development
understanding and treating psychological disorders