Exam 1 PSYC 101

What is the approximate threshold of excitation? -70 mV 70 mV 50 mV -50 mV

-50 mV

How many pieces of information do we have the capacity to remember in working memory? - 5 - 9 - 12 - 7

7

You are interested in examining the differences between biological sex and service activities for 300 students at WVU . Because you can't randomly assign biological sex, you are using - A case study - An experimental design - A quasi-experimental design

A quasi-experimental design

Which of the following is NOT helpful in learning new materials? -Anxiety -Forgetting -Chunking -Self-testing -Expertise

Anxiety

This module argues that forgetting may be an important part of learning. Which is a good example of this argument? a. in order to learn more information we must be able to forget information that is incorrect b. our minds would become cluttered with irrelevant information c. both examples are correct

Both examples are correct

If an individual has trouble speaking after a car accident, they might have -Broca's aphasia -Wernicke's aphasia

Broca's Aspasia

Which of the following is the major problem involved in conducting a correlational study? - It is necessary to obtain informed consent. - Participants may guess the true purpose of the study. - It can only be used for studies on social psychology. - Cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn.

Cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn.

The process of grouping information together using our knowledge is called ____. - Expertise - Chunking - Working memory - Intentional learning

Chunking

Which kind of research allows us to passively observe two variables to determine a relationship between them without drawing cause-and-effect conclusions? - Correlational research - Quasi-experimental research - Experimental research - Naturalistic observation

Correlational research

______ allows us to infer a relationship, but not causality; _____ allows us to infer causality -Experimental research; correlational research -Systematic observation; empirical methods -Correlational research; experimental research - Empirical methods; systematic observation

Correlational research; experimental research

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? -Are humans inherently good or bad? -Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn C--Chinese or to learn Spanish? -What is the meaning of life? -Is Japanese a prettier language than German?

Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish?

Riley's roommate Jenna wants to do another study. She cares more about how noise in the dorm lounge affects studying effectiveness. She measures the amount of noise naturally occurring in the lounge (conversations, music, etc.) and then asks others to rate their ability to study. Jenna is emphasizing - External validity - Internal validity - Ecological validity - That she's not very scientific

Ecological validity

______ methods in psychological research are approaches to data-gathering that are tied to actual measurement and observation. - Empirical - Ethical - Scientific - None of these options are correct

Empirical

For Lindsey's dissertation, she has e-mails sent out to people 4 times a day for 4 weeks. In these e-mails, she asks about current emotional experiences and activities. What method is she using? - Experience sampling - Archival data - Day reconstruction method (DRM) - Periodic sampling

Experience sampling

Kenneth has a portable signal recording device that can measure his cortisol levels throughout the day. This information is useful in seeing his daily levels in his natural environments. This type of measurement is an example of a(n) ____. Hypertension Experience sampling technique Ambulatory assessment Monitor assessment

Experience sampling technique

True or false: Confidentiality and privacy are the same thing.

False

It is important to design research experiments that are associated with real-world situations in order to ______ findings to a larger population. - Generalize - Confirm - Validate - Disprove

Generalize

Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean? - Her results may not be true for the entire population. - She cannot prove causation. - Her sample was not perfectly random. - Her results were incorrect.

Her results may not be true for the entire population.

Which part of the brain plays an important role in the formation of memory? - Amygdala - Corpus callosum - Thalamus - Hippocampus

Hippocampus

Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? -How does race impact voting trends in a political election? -Should the laws of a country be changed to legalize the possession and use of drugs? -Is technology good or bad for society? -Which religion's belief system is the most moral and ethical?

How does race impact voting trends in a political election?

When you take a survey on SONA, you will have to complete a form that shares the methods used in the study, the benefits and the potential consequences. What ethical principle does this describe? - Informed consent - Debriefing - Voluntary participation - Confidentiality

Informed consent

Riley wants to wants to investigate how background noise affects studying effectiveness (learning and memory). She brings students into a lab and carefully controls the amount of noise while measuring memory for a task. Riley is emphasizing - External validity - Internal validity - Ecological validity - That she's just an uptight control freak

Internal validity

____ refers to the degree to which causal inferences can be made in the study; ____ refers to the degree that the study's findings can be applied to the larger population. - External validity; internal validity - Internal validity; reliability - Internal validity; external validity - External validity; ecological validity

Internal validity; external validity

Which part of the neuron contains genetic information? - Myelin sheath - Dendrites - Nucleus - Axon

Nucleus

the purpose of ethical guidelines in psychological research is to: -Protect the rights of human and animal subjects -Improve the chances of getting significant results -Make sure that the results can be repeated elsewhere -Develop more efficient laboratory procedures

Protect the rights of human and animal subjects

If someone's hypothalamus was damaged, what might they experience changes in? -Regulation of hormones -Formation of new memories -Fear response -Processing of sensory information

Regulation of hormones

Technological advances can influence the questions researchers ask. Monitoring heart rate, exercise and stress levels can be most easily monitored through what method? - Smartphone monitoring - Physiological monitoring in a research lab - Daily Reconstruction Method (DRM) - Electronic Activated Recorder (EAR)

Smartphone monitoring

A carefully planned and organized system of observing phenomena of interest is known as - Naturalistic observation - Systematic observation - Facebook stalking - Applied science

Systematic observation

Which part of the brain is crucial to the survival and sleep? - Hypothalamus - The brainstem - Amygdala - Limbic system

The Brainstem

What does the term "working memory capacity" refer to? -The amount of information than an individual can store for a limited amount of time. -The amount of information that an individual can store permanently. -The amount of information that an individual can remember about 2-3 events in their lives. -The total amount of information than an individual can remember.

The amount of information than an individual can store for a limited amount of time.

How does a researcher know which methods she should use to test her hypothesis in psychological research? -The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher. -The research method being used will depend on the number of research participants to be recruited for the study. -The best type of research will always be an experiment, as it is the method with the greatest chance of getting published. -The method that is used should be determined by what the researcher feels is her strongest area of expertise.

The best method depends on the question being asked as well as the resources that are available to the researcher.

Based on online survey data, drinking coffee is associated with longer life. Reading this you feel confident that -If you drink more coffee you will live longer -There is an association between those who drink more coffee and those who live longer -Living longer makes you want to drink more coffee

There is an association between those who drink more coffee and those who live longer

What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to help them make decisions when doing research? - To certify researcher's professional credentials as a researcher in the field of psychology. - To ensure that the topics of study are objective and in no way relate to researcher's own values. - To help researchers publish research findings that are of interest to the public. - To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm.

Which of the following terms suggests that memory performance is superior when a test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity? - Transfer-appropriate processing - Metacognition - Implicit memory - Self-testing

Transfer-appropriate processing

Science does NOT involve which of the following things: - Testing a hypothesis - Systematic observation - Empirical methods - Using opinion and common sense

Using opinion and common sense

Researchers that study the online behavior of people focus on their: - Number of responses (i.e., blog posts or tweets) - Mood and social engagement - Personality - Virtual language behavior

Virtual language behavior

Dru is reading about the different types of research. If he reads, "This type of research has the primary advantage of allowing a scientist to determine cause and effect relationships," what kind of research method is he studying? - a quasi-experimental design - naturalistic observation - a case study - a laboratory experiment

a laboratory experiment

An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of: -a third variable -an illusory correlation -a negative correlation -a reverse correlation

a third variable

Which of the following strategies will produce the most learning? Determining if: -the word is printed in capital letters. . a word rhymes with "nevermore." c. a word is a noun or a verb. d. a word has more than two syllables.

a word is a noun or a verb

Confidentiality requires that: - it be impossible to connect data to individuals - all data be collected anonymously - access to collected data be limited to research staff - participants not be asked for personal information

access to collected data be limited to research staff

Hugh is studying for his geography exam. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text by highlighting. He skips all the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. Hugh is using which type of strategy? - an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads. -an efficient study strategy, because highlighting will help him remember the main points. - chunking, to create easier units to remember later. - an elaborate processing strategy which will produce a good durable memory for the materials.

an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads

Which of these is NOT helpful in learning? -Forgetting - Chunking - Self-testing - Anxiety - Expertise

anxiety

The two main parts of the nervous system are: - autonomic and somatic - central and peripheral - brain and brain stem - cerebral hemispheres and corpus callosum

central and peripheral

Maritza is in a study testing if almond milk slows the development of brittle bones. She's in the study for 3 months but doesn't know that her milk allergy is causing her body to block nutrients, so it doesn't help her. Maritza's allergy is an example of a(n): - confound - dependent variable - independent variable - invalid experiement

confound

What is the part of the brain that links together the two hemispheres, and is sometimes severed for people called split-brain patients? - cerebellum - contralateral callosum - callosotomy - corpus callosum

corpus callosum

Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as a: - descriptive design - correlational design - experimental design - longitudinal design

correlational design

Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards. -deception; debriefed -debriefings; deceived -confidentiality; informed -informed consent; confided in

deception; debriefed

What part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli? - axon - soma - terminal buttons - dendrites

dendrites

A researcher wants to make sure that her assistants did not give any hints regarding which participants are in which treatment groups and to also make sure the participants did not know which group they were in. She should use (a): control group. -placebo group. -control group -random assignment. -double-blind procedure

double-blind procedure

Dr. Sharma wants to study the extent to which stress is related to suicidal ideation in people who suffer from depression. She gathers information about the level of stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts a set of participants experience the day after they attend the funeral of a loved one. Because this study is assessing people under conditions that are not typical of everyday life, it is lacking in __________ validity. - ecological - internal - external - predictive

ecological

The most accurate research method of determining whether caffeine supplements improve memory performance is: - case study - correlational study - experimental study - naturalistic observation

experimental study

Dr. Tylka is conducting research about the risk of developing eating disorders in adolescent boys. She concludes that her findings apply not only to the sample of high school boys she studied, but to other males in other settings and contexts. In this regard, Dr. Tylka is stating that her findings have high __________ validity. - internal - construct - external - split-half

external

The degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied refers to: - internal validity - external validity - ecological validity - publishing potential

external validity

A brain surgeon who needs to see which areas of the brain are functioning normally and those that are not would likely rely on - fMRI scans - EEGs - TMS scans - CAT scans

fMRI scans

The ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on smaller ones is known as __________. It requires that the sample under investigation be representative of the larger population from which it was drawn. - generalizability - validity - reliability - standardization

generalizability

Looking for the best ways to help people monitor and control their blood pressure through behavioral changes would be the concern of psychologists within which subfield? - health - clinical - behavioral - developmental

health

Having more knowledge about a subject - can inhibit you from learning other information - helps your ability to learn new related information - increases your working memory in other subjects

helps your ability to learn new related information

A positive correlation between two variables suggests that - positive behaviors were studied, such as happiness and cooperativeness. - a third variable causes the positive correlation. - high scores on one variable relate to high scores on the second variable. - there is a statistically significant relation between the two variables.

high scores on one variable relate to high scores on the second variable.

The part of the limbic system important for memory is: - amygdala - thalamus - hypothalamus - hippocampus

hippocampus

The body's ability to regulate balance in temperature and nutrition is related to the - medulla - hypothalamus - thalamus - pons

hypothalamus

The hypothesis in a research study is defined as the - questions that are asked of the subjects. - idea, or prediction, that can be tested. - outcome of the statistical results. - manipulation that is administered.

idea, or prediction, that can be tested.

Which of the following is NOT related to working-memory capacity? - reading ability - implicit learning - following directions -reasoning skills

implicit learning

Remembering information about a stimulus in addition to what you intended to remember (such as position on a page) is called: - repetitive learning - incidental learning - transfer-appropriate learning - intentional learning

incidental learning

Taylor walked into the psychology lab and was welcomed by the researcher. The first document given to him by the researcher described the research experiment and what it was to entail, which also required his signature. What was this ethical document? - Privacy Consent Form - Debriefing Form - Informed Consent - Form of Confidentiality

informed Consent

The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________. - external validity - ecological validity - internal validity - publishing potential

internal validity

When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ___________, even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation. - external validity - internal validity - concurrent validity - experimental validity

internal validity

he degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________. - external validity - ecological validity - internal validity - publishing potential

internal validity

The _____ jointly controls a variety of basic function including emotions and self-preservation. - reticular activating system - autonomic system - limbic system - endocrine system

limbic system

The _____ jointly controls a variety of basic function including emotions and self-preservation. - limbic system - autonomic system - reticular activating system - endocrine system

limbic system

Because you are currently breathing and your heart is beating, you can assume your _____ is working properly. - thalamus - pons - cerebellum - medulla

medulla

If you were to spend some time watching people in the checkout line of a local discount store to see how many read the tabloid newspapers displayed next to the register, you have chosen the __________ research method to answer your question. - case study - experimental - survey - naturalistic observation

naturalistic observation

Personal experience is associated with _______, whereas, scientific method is associated with ________. -opinion; trial and error -fact; opinion -trial and error; opinion -opinion; fact

opinion; fact

The term metacognition refers to: - the idea that in order to enhance learning, you must use multiple memory strategies - an especially deep level of processing material - remembering to study in the future - our thoughts and knowledge about how our learning and memory work

our thoughts and knowledge about how our learning and memory work

Blake is selected for a study on music preference and happiness. He thinks the experimenter's hypothesis is that people who listen to classical music are happier. As a result, Blake reports listening to classical music more often than he really does, and that he is happier than he really is. This is an example of: -experimenter expectations -placebo effect -random assignment -participant demand

participant demand

Barbara is complaining that she has terrible abdominal pains. Several physicians have found nothing wrong with her. One physician gives Barbara a prescription for tablets with no real medication in them. "I think that this new medication will be very helpful for your abdominal infection," the physician tells Barbara. Within 24 hours of taking the fake medication Barbara reports that her abdominal pains have disappeared. This is called a ______. - placebo effect - demand characteristic - naturalistic study effect - confounding variable

placebo effect

Of the following examples, which is the best way to encode material that you want to learn? - reading a word and thinking about how it relates to you - highlighting text, so that you will be able to reread it later when you study - reading a word multiple times - reading a word and determining how many vowels it has

reading a word and thinking about how it relates to you

When a neuron is not conducting an electrical message, it has a charge of -70mV known as its - excitation threshold - extracellular voltage - electrostatic pressure - resting membrane potential

resting membrane potential

when your instructor finishes reviewing a new topic in lecture, she often gives a clicker quiz. Clicker quizzes can serve the purpose of: a. incidental learning b. retrieval practice c. transfer appropriate learning d. increasing working memory capacity

retrieval practice

An effective way to make sure that you will remember something a long time from now (such as in an upcoming exam) is to: -review the material at regular intervals - learn the material really well now, and then you won't have to -worry about it later - highlight it in your text - repeat it over and over to yourself

review the material at regular intervals

science is described as a cumulative process. This means that: - scientists are always skeptical. - findings can lead to debates over results that conflict. - science is always changing and prior work is not replicated. - science builds on prior discoveries.

science builds on prior discoveries.

The definition of psychology is generally considered to be the - control of people's thought processes and behavior. - scientific study of people's behavior in groups. - treatment of people for mental disorders. - scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a: - score on an anxiety questionnaire - person's description of anxiety - fear response - personality trait

score on an anxiety questionnaire

As soon as class is over, Karen goes to the Mountainlair, gets a cup of coffee and reviews the material from class, asking herself what she remembers, and then checking to see if she is correct from her e-text. Karen is utilizing _____ to enhance her learning. a. transfer appropriate learning b. incidental learning c. self-testing

self-testing

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are: - short but all on a single day - short and across several days - long and all on a single day

short and across several days

The development of _________ has provided a new level of advantage for gathering information from research participants at specific times, often randomly selected, throughout a given day. - computer tablets - digital watches - microrecorders - smartphones

smartphones

The three major parts of the neuron are the dendrites, axon, and ___________. - cell wall - synapse - soma - reuptake

soma

The _______ division of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary movements and communication between sense organs. a. autonomic b. efferent c. central d. somatic

somatic

As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are: - studying daily experiences - studying daily behavior - studying daily physiology - studying online behavior

studying daily physiology

Dr. Fikshunal is interested in how our bodies respond to being excluded from a group. Therefore, she decides to monitor the heart rate and cortisol levels of participants as they engage in their environment and indicate experiences when they felt ostracized. In this scenario, Dr. Fikshunal is: - studying daily experiences - studying daily behavior - studying daily physiology - studying online behavior

studying daily physiology

Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be: - studying daily experiences - studying daily behavior - studying daily physiology - studying online behavior

studying online behavior

The autonomic nervous system is especially important for - maintaining alert consciousness - handling simple reflexes - making future plans. -successfully resolving emergencies

successfully resolving emergencies

The autonomic nervous system is especially important for - making future plans. - successfully resolving emergencies - maintaining alert consciousness - handling simple reflexes

successfully resolving emergencies

A major function of the _____ division of the autonomic system is the fight-or-flight response in reaction to a threat. - somatic - central - sympathetic - parasympathetic

sympathetic

Elizabeth was walking in the woods when she came across what she thought was a deadly coral snake. Her flight-or-fight response reacted as her blood pressure and pulse increased. This is the _______ division of the autonomic system. - sympathetic - central - parasympathetic - somatic

sympathetic

Elizabeth was walking in the woods when she came across what she thought was a deadly coral snake. Her flight-or-fight response reacted as her blood pressure and pulse increased. This is the _______ division of the autonomic system. - central - parasympathetic - somatic - sympathetic

sympathetic

Before they travel across the synapse to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, chemical messengers are stored in what location on the presynaptic membrane? -. ionotropes - synaptic vesicles - axons - nodes of Ranvier

synaptic vesicles

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for which aspect of behavior? - integration of sensory information - preparing the body for emergencies - taking care of the body's functions at rest - facilitation of newly learned actions

taking care of the body's functions at rest

Eidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate? - that television watching causes hyperactivity - that hyperactive children watch television - that parents of hyperactive children rely on television as a means of managing hyperactivity - that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity

that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity

the individual plays an important role in memory acquisition. Which of the following is LEAST likely to have an effect on memory? -prior knowledge -the learning strategy that was used -the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials. -the situation in which you learn the material

the amount of money that you are reimbursed for learning the materials.

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of: - the autonomic and somatic systems - sympathetic and parasympathetic systems - the efferent and afferent systems - the brain and the spinal cord

the brain and the spinal cord

In an experiment on the effects of light on reading speed, which of the following is the dependent variable? - variation of light levels - the measured reading speed - number of words per page - point size of the print

the measured reading speed

It is difficult to study the specialized abilities of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in the brains of normal individuals because - it is difficult to identify the boundary between the two hemispheres. - the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. - the two hemispheres share information quickly and completely. people won't submit for unnecessary brain surgery.

the two hemispheres share information quickly and completely.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if: - there is elaborate processing during encoding of the material -the student generates his own retrieval cues - the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task

the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task

When we develop ____ (groups of closely related phenomena or observations) in science, we must do so in a way that can be tested. Otherwise, there is no way to prove (or disprove) them. -theories -prototypes -examples -concepts

theories

The study on master chess players showed that master chess players are better than average players in recalling the location of pieces on a chess board because: a. they have superior memories b. they can chunk the pieces better into familiar groups c. they are better able to talk through the problems than average players d. they have had more practice guessing where the pieces belong

they can chunk the pieces better into familiar groups

The principle of _____________ states that memory is better when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity. -transfer appropriate processing -associative learning - metacognitive matching -metacognition

transfer appropriate processing

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called: -elaborate rehearsal -metacognition -spacing effect -transfer-appropriate processing

transfer-appropriate processing

The reticular formation - integrates right and left sides of the cortex - stores memories - transmits motor information - responds to loud noises

transmits motor information

The main focus of clinical psychology is on which aspect of human behavior? - gaining insight into how people think and learn -understanding and treating psychological disorders - applying psychology to physical ailments or disease -describing and explaining development

understanding and treating psychological disorders