Exam 1A

what is the net energy yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?

2 molecules of ATP

if 1000mL of solution contains 17 grams of NaCl (MW 58.5), what is the molarity of the solution in moles/L?

0.29

regulated variables are kept in a _________ by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________

dynamic range; setpoint

an ion is an atom that has gained or lost

electrons

the chemical bonding behavior os an atom is a property of the atoms

electrons

chemical reactions that occur in the human body proceed at a faster rate due to special catalytic molecules called

enzymes

the rates of chemical reactions that occur in the human body are controlled by a particular type of proteins called _______

enzymes

an energy-release reaction is referred to as an ______ reaction

exergonic

which of these results in a REDUCED molecule?

gain of electrons

the maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called

homeostasis

which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?

homeostasis prevents any changes to the internal environment from occurring

the weak attractions that occur between molecules exhibiting weak polarity

hydrogen bonds

molecules that do not dissolve well in water are called

hydrophobic

which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

if blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter which in turn reduce the blood pressure.

which of the following would NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

increasing the activation energy barrier

which of the following would be most likely to decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

increasing the concentration of product

What are the two primary extracellular fluid compartments of the body?

interstitial fluid and plasma

in the presence of a limited oxygen, supply, pyruvate is converted to what?

lactic acid

changes in the internal environment are detected by the _________, and that information is sent to the ________, where it is compared to set-point

sensor; integrator

polysaccharides are composed of ________ bonded together with one another

simple sugars

a _______ Is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute

solution

in order to use a graph to illustrate and measure quantitate data it is important to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured (example: each square represents one centimeter)?

true

its necessary to label the axes of a graph so that the value and identity of the measurement that each axis represents is clear and unambiguous

true

bioinstrumentation, like the machines used to record electrocardiograms, can only directly measure two things:

voltage and time

you want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky derby. Which type of graph would be best to display this information?

bar graph

in the equation CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-, which of these is an acid?

H2CO3

a non-competitive inhibitor (aka allosteric inhibitor) decreases the activity of an enzyme by binding to

a region of the enzyme other than the active site

if a substance has a pH that is less than 7, it is considered

acidic

the most important energy-transferring compound in cells is a nucleotide known as

adenosine triphosphate

according to the second law of thermodynamics

all things spontaneously transition from a high energy state to a low energy state

which of the following results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom

an ionic bond

which of the following biological molecules does glycogen belong to?

carbohydrates

all organic molecules contain which of the following?

carbon

a drug that binds to and blocks the active site of an enzyme and does not allow a product to be produced is known as a(n)

competitive inhibitor

which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?

conversion of pyruvate to lytic acid

the reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's __________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the _________.

cytoplasm, mitochondria

when an enzyme's activity is destroyed by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be

denatured

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6 month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of the horse. Which type of graph would be best to display the race finish time of this horse?

line graph

the vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following?

local control

enzymes increase reaction rate by

lowering the activation energy of a reaction

some enzymes require minerals to function as cofactors. What do the trace metals do?

minerals must be bound to the enzymes in order for the enzyme to bind substrate

where within the cell does the herbs cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

if you were to take the temperature of everyone in class, assuming no one is sick, you would find that not everyone has a temperature of 98.6F. Which statement below best explains your findings?

most regulated variable, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the set point due to negative feedback control

what is the primary (aka most common) mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

negative feedback

this particles has a natural change and a mass of 1

neutron

the center of an atom is called the

nucleus

in the aerobic metabolism of glucose, __________ acts as the final electron acceptor.

oxygen

the general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is

potential energy

enzymes are what class of molecule?

proteins

which of the following biological molecules exhibit the characteristic of saturation, specificity and competition?

proteins

the identity of an element can be determined by the number of

protons

the final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is _______

pyruvate

hemoglobin molecules are made from four globular protein subunits. The three-dimensional shape of the entire hemoglobin molecule would be an example of which of the following levels of protein structure?

quaternary

a substrate is the same as a

reactant

when an enzyme is working as fast as it can because its active site of every enzyme is continually refilled with substrate, the condition is referred to as

saturation

energy is defined as

the capacity to move matter

which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?

the cytoplasm of the cell

activation energy is

the energy required to initiate a reaction, whether it is endergonic or exergonic

Physiology is the study of

the normal function of living organisms

most of the lipid found in the human body is in the form of

triglycerides