EXAM 2 ANTH 121
The primary characteristic of the Genus Homo is a cranial volume larger than _________ cc. Both Homo habilis and Homo erectus meet this requirement. However, the remaining species more than double that mimimum threshold. Homo heidelbergensis (Archaic Homo sapiens) had a cranial volume of ___________ cc. Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertal Homo sapiens) had a cranial volume of ____________ cc. Modern Homo sapiens has a cranial volume of ______________ cc.
550 1200 1450 1350
Eocene Epoch
56-33.9 Ma
Paleocene Epoch
66-56 Ma
Match species with geographic distribution. Homo erectus
Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia
Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo heidelbergensis (Archaic Homo sapiens)
Africa, Europe, Asia
Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo erectus
Africa, eastern most edge of Europe, Asia
Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Modern Homo sapiens
African origin, Cosmopolitan now
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Suspensory
Arms longer than short back and no tail
The earliest (oldest hominin species belong to the Genus _____________ and are also referred to by some as the _____________ Australopithecines.
Australopithecus gracile
Natal Group
Birth Group
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Modern Homo sapiens
Blade
Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Aegyptopithecus (Propliopithecoidea)
Catarrhini
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Old World monkeys, apes, & humans
Catarrhini
Match traits with taxon. 2.1.2.3 dental formula, bony ear tube, frontal-sphenoid cranial bone contact
Catarrhini
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Old World monkeys
Cercopithecoidea
Match traits with taxon. Bilophodont molar, narrow nasal base, face is larger than brain, quadrupedal, has a tail
Cercopithecoidea
Long and flat pelvis
Chimp
Large canines, prognathic, cranial capacity of 405 cc.
Chimpanzee
Match Primate with Social Structure. Marmosets
Communal Breeding Group
Match diagnostic traits with species. Average cranial bran size just above 550 cc
Homo habilis
Match diagnostic traits with species. Discontinuous brow, cranial capacity of 1200 cc
Homo heidelbergensis
Match diagnostic traits with species. True forehead, true chin, canine fossa
Homo sapiens
Short and bowl-shaped pelvis
Human
Small canines, orthognathic, cranial capacity of 1,350 cc.
Modern Humans
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Femur without angle and Tibia without platform plateau.
Non-bipedal leg bones
Match traits with taxon. No post-orbital bar, lateral-facing eyes, nose at same level as eyes, claws, non-divergent hallux
Non-primate mammal
Match Primate with Social Structure. Orangutans
Noyau
Homo habilis is associated with the ________________ stone tool culture; Homo erectus is the first species associated with the _________________ stone tool culture.
Oldowan Acheulean
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Australopithecus
Only inferential evidence
Match Primate with Social Structure. Gibbons
Pair-Bonded Group
The members of the Genus ___________________ are younger (more recent) than the first confirmed hominins. They are referred to by some as the __________________ Australopithecines.
Paranthropus robust
Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Parapithecoidea
Platyrrhini
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. New World monkeys
Platyrrhini
Match traits with taxon. 2.1.3.3 dental formula, no bony ear tube, zygomatic-parietal cranial bones
Platyrrhini
Nursery Group
Play Group of Age Cohorts
Intermediate canine size, intermediate facial profile.
Pliocene Human
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Strepsirhini & Haplorhini
Primates
Match traits with taxon. Post-orbital bar, forward-facing eyes, nose beneath eyes, nails, divergent hallux
Primates
Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Adapidae
Strepsirhini
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Lemurs, Lorises, & Galagos
Strepsirhini
Match traits with taxon. Open eye orbits, external lacrimal duct, wet nose, toothcomb
Strepsirhini
Taxonomic traits such as large cheek-teeth, sagittal crest, and large zygomatic arches that differentiate Paranthropus from Australopithecus are likely associated with subtly distinct omnivorous diets. Paranthropus likely had a more fibrous diet.
True
The Propliopithecid species Aegyptopithecus is very well represented and provides solid evidence of sexual dimorphism.
True
The first Hominoidea had suspensory adaptations.
True
The first confirmed humans with bipedal adaptations are dated to the Pliocene Epoch.
True
The first scientific studies of primates in the wild were conducted by pyschologists; anthropological primatology arose later.
True
The primary characteristic of all species within the Genus Homo is that brain size is larger than 550 cc. Thus, all are Homo taxa are larger in brain size than apes and the first-confirmed humans.
True
The species Proconsul is one of the best-known of the early fossil hominoids.
True
Variables that can be examined for clues to dominance and social status include: displacement, proximity, & grooming.
True
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Femur with medial angle and Tibia with platform plateau.
bipedal leg bones
Long Term studies
continuous
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Quadrupedal
equal limb lengths, long back and tail
Brain Size: Archaic Homo sapiens, also known as Homo ____________________, was smallest
heidelbergensis
In posterior skull breadth, Homo sapiens is widest __________ on the skull and Homo erectus is widest ____________ on the skull.
high low
n brain size, Homo habilis is ___________ than Australopithecus but is ____________ than Homo sapiens.In facial profile, Homo habilis is less ______________ than Australopithecus but is more ________________ than Homo sapiens.
larger smaller prognathic prognathic
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. non-biipedal pelvis.
long and flat
Brain Size: Neandertal Homo sapiens, also known as Homo ____________________ , was largest
neanderthalensis
Body weight plays an important role in primate dietary adaptations. For example, ...
ody weight does not play a role in omnivory but will impact protein food source. Body weight does not play a role in frugivory but will impact protein food source. Insectivorous primates must weigh less than 500 grams. Folivorous primates must weigh more than 500 grams.
Descriptive Data
qualitative
Frequency Data
quantitative
Brain Size: Modern Homo ________________ is intermediate
sapiens
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Bipedal pelvis.
short and bowl-shaped
Indications of bipedalism in early fossil humans include ...
the incredible skeleton of Lucy. tibia with horizontal platform plateau. trace fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.
Oligocene Epoch
33.9- 23.03 Ma
Sahelanthropus has bipedal traits that indicate that this Late Miocene is a hominin.
False
Sexual dimorphism is strongly correlated to social structure.
False
Social rank is not correlated to reproductive outcomes.
False
The Genus Homo arose in the Pleistocene but major speciation occured in the Pliocene.
False
The healthiest BMI is the lowest BMI.
False
The oldest fossil humans come from South Africa.
False
True or False:All Homo species include individuals with the potential to reach modern stature.
False
True or False:The sagittal keel is unique to Homo habilis.
False
In order to record natural behaviors, each field primatologist must habituate the study population to his or her presence.
True
Modern humans have parabolic tooth rows with orthognathic faces.
True
Sivapithecus appears to be ancestral to orangutans and also appears to be ancestral to Gigantopithecus.
True
Pliocene Epoch
5.33-2.58 Ma
Parapithecids are known to be ancestral Catarrhini because they have a 2.1.3.3 dental formula; Propliopithicids are known to be ancestral Platyrrhini because they have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.
False
Plesiadapiforms are the common ancestors of primates.
False
Pleistocene Epoch
2.58-0.0117 Ma
Miocene Epoch
23.03-5.33 Ma
Holocene Epoch
0.0117 Ma (same as 11.7 Kya to present)
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo erectus
Earliest Acheulean
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Paranthropus
Earliest Oldowan
Match species with geographic distribution. Paranthropus
East Africa and And South Arica
Match species with geographic distribution. Australopithecus
East Africa and South Africa
Match species with geographic distribution. Homo habilis
East Africa and South Africa
Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo habilis
East and South Africa
Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertal Homo sapiens)
Europe, Western Asia
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo heidellbergensis (Archaic Homo sapiens)
European Acheulean
A straight femur characterizes chimps and early humans.
False
Archaic Homo sapiens (Homo heidelbergensis) and Anatomical Modern Humans shared several features -- both had true foreheads and true chins.
False
Ardipithecus kadabba has bipedal traits that indicate that this Late Miocene hominoid is a hominin.
False
BMI provides an accurate assessment of body tissue distribution.
False
Body Mass Index is applicable to athletes.
False
Body Mass Index is applicable to children.
False
Chimps have parabolic tooth rows with prognathic faces.
False
Humans are the only members of the Superfamily Hominoidea.
False
Modern humans are the only humans with midfacial prognathism.
False
Modern humans have prognathic faces due to canine root and crown lengths.
False
Most primate field research today is performed by psychological primatologists who focus on adaptation.
False
Neandertal was the only human species with a canine (or maxillary) fossa.
False
Orrorin has bipedal traits that indicate that this Late Miocene hominoid is a hominin.
False
Match Primate with Social Structure. Lowland Gorillas
Fission-Fusion
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Suspensory Arm Joints
Flexible but weak arm
Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Omomyidae
Haplorhini
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, Apes, & Humans
Haplorhini
Match traits with taxon. Closed eye orbits, internal lacrimal duct, dry nose, no toothcomb
Haplorhini
Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Proconsul
Hominoidea
Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Apes and Humans
Hominoidea
Match traits with taxon. Y-5 molars, wide nasal base, brain larger than face, suspensory, no tail
Hominoidea
Match diagnostic traits with species. Occipital bun, midfacial prognathism, retromolar gap
Homo Neanderthalensis
Match diagnostic traits with species. Sagittal keel, pronounced brow, cranial capacity of less than 1000cc but more than 550 cc
Homo erectus
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo habilis
Later Oldowan
Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Quadrupedal Arm Joints
Infllexible but strong
Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertal Homo sapiens)
Mousterian
Match Primate with Social Structure. Most Primate Species
Multimale-multifemale
Bipedal adaptations.
Tribe Hominini
99.9% of primates have a divergent hallux -- the one exception is humans. Despite lacking this one trait, humans have all of the other primate traits, descended from primate ancestors with this trait, and are, therefore, primates.
True
Adapidae are known to be ancestral Strepsirhini because they have open eye orbits; Omomyidae are known to be ancestral Haplorhini because they have closed eye orbits.
True
All of the Middle-Late Pleistocene hominins had cranial averages above 1,000 cc in volume.
True
An angled femur characterizes all humans (past and present).
True
Archaic Homo sapiens (Homo heidelbergensis) and Neandertal shared several features -- both had occipital buns and midfacial prognathism.
True
Body Mass Index provides a useful tool for assessing mortality risk in average adults with average athletic activity patterns.
True
Both "Focal Animal" data and "Ab libitum" data are usually collected when conducting a timed-sample study.
True
Chimp tooth row shape, parallel, is likely due to canine length.
True
Cranial ratio estimates provide a means to compare relative brain sizes across taxa without the influence of scaling effects.
True
Each primate infant inherits its mother's social rank.
True
Friendships and social alliances demonstrate that social intelligence is an excellent adaptation in primate society.
True
Humans are the only members of the Hominoid Tribe Hominini -- bipedal traits are a key diagnostic of this taxon.
True
Identifying the common ancestor (CA) at the base of an adaptive radiation is always difficult. The CA will retain primitive traits and will have the new derived traits seen in its descendants. However, sister taxa to the CA also retain primitive traits shared with the common ancestor and may also have a few of the new derived traits of groups that are not its descendants.
True