EXAM 2 ANTH 121

The primary characteristic of the Genus Homo is a cranial volume larger than _________ cc. Both Homo habilis and Homo erectus meet this requirement. However, the remaining species more than double that mimimum threshold. Homo heidelbergensis (Archaic Homo sapiens) had a cranial volume of ___________ cc. Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertal Homo sapiens) had a cranial volume of ____________ cc. Modern Homo sapiens has a cranial volume of ______________ cc.

550 1200 1450 1350

Eocene Epoch

56-33.9 Ma

Paleocene Epoch

66-56 Ma

Match species with geographic distribution. Homo erectus

Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia

Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo heidelbergensis (Archaic Homo sapiens)

Africa, Europe, Asia

Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo erectus

Africa, eastern most edge of Europe, Asia

Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Modern Homo sapiens

African origin, Cosmopolitan now

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Suspensory

Arms longer than short back and no tail

The earliest (oldest hominin species belong to the Genus _____________ and are also referred to by some as the _____________ Australopithecines.

Australopithecus gracile

Natal Group

Birth Group

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Modern Homo sapiens

Blade

Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Aegyptopithecus (Propliopithecoidea)

Catarrhini

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Old World monkeys, apes, & humans

Catarrhini

Match traits with taxon. 2.1.2.3 dental formula, bony ear tube, frontal-sphenoid cranial bone contact

Catarrhini

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Old World monkeys

Cercopithecoidea

Match traits with taxon. Bilophodont molar, narrow nasal base, face is larger than brain, quadrupedal, has a tail

Cercopithecoidea

Long and flat pelvis

Chimp

Large canines, prognathic, cranial capacity of 405 cc.

Chimpanzee

Match Primate with Social Structure. Marmosets

Communal Breeding Group

Match diagnostic traits with species. Average cranial bran size just above 550 cc

Homo habilis

Match diagnostic traits with species. Discontinuous brow, cranial capacity of 1200 cc

Homo heidelbergensis

Match diagnostic traits with species. True forehead, true chin, canine fossa

Homo sapiens

Short and bowl-shaped pelvis

Human

Small canines, orthognathic, cranial capacity of 1,350 cc.

Modern Humans

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Femur without angle and Tibia without platform plateau.

Non-bipedal leg bones

Match traits with taxon. No post-orbital bar, lateral-facing eyes, nose at same level as eyes, claws, non-divergent hallux

Non-primate mammal

Match Primate with Social Structure. Orangutans

Noyau

Homo habilis is associated with the ________________ stone tool culture; Homo erectus is the first species associated with the _________________ stone tool culture.

Oldowan Acheulean

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Australopithecus

Only inferential evidence

Match Primate with Social Structure. Gibbons

Pair-Bonded Group

The members of the Genus ___________________ are younger (more recent) than the first confirmed hominins. They are referred to by some as the __________________ Australopithecines.

Paranthropus robust

Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Parapithecoidea

Platyrrhini

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. New World monkeys

Platyrrhini

Match traits with taxon. 2.1.3.3 dental formula, no bony ear tube, zygomatic-parietal cranial bones

Platyrrhini

Nursery Group

Play Group of Age Cohorts

Intermediate canine size, intermediate facial profile.

Pliocene Human

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Strepsirhini & Haplorhini

Primates

Match traits with taxon. Post-orbital bar, forward-facing eyes, nose beneath eyes, nails, divergent hallux

Primates

Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Adapidae

Strepsirhini

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Lemurs, Lorises, & Galagos

Strepsirhini

Match traits with taxon. Open eye orbits, external lacrimal duct, wet nose, toothcomb

Strepsirhini

Taxonomic traits such as large cheek-teeth, sagittal crest, and large zygomatic arches that differentiate Paranthropus from Australopithecus are likely associated with subtly distinct omnivorous diets. Paranthropus likely had a more fibrous diet.

True

The Propliopithecid species Aegyptopithecus is very well represented and provides solid evidence of sexual dimorphism.

True

The first Hominoidea had suspensory adaptations.

True

The first confirmed humans with bipedal adaptations are dated to the Pliocene Epoch.

True

The first scientific studies of primates in the wild were conducted by pyschologists; anthropological primatology arose later.

True

The primary characteristic of all species within the Genus Homo is that brain size is larger than 550 cc. Thus, all are Homo taxa are larger in brain size than apes and the first-confirmed humans.

True

The species Proconsul is one of the best-known of the early fossil hominoids.

True

Variables that can be examined for clues to dominance and social status include: displacement, proximity, & grooming.

True

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Femur with medial angle and Tibia with platform plateau.

bipedal leg bones

Long Term studies

continuous

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Quadrupedal

equal limb lengths, long back and tail

Brain Size: Archaic Homo sapiens, also known as Homo ____________________, was smallest

heidelbergensis

In posterior skull breadth, Homo sapiens is widest __________ on the skull and Homo erectus is widest ____________ on the skull.

high low

n brain size, Homo habilis is ___________ than Australopithecus but is ____________ than Homo sapiens.In facial profile, Homo habilis is less ______________ than Australopithecus but is more ________________ than Homo sapiens.

larger smaller prognathic prognathic

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. non-biipedal pelvis.

long and flat

Brain Size: Neandertal Homo sapiens, also known as Homo ____________________ , was largest

neanderthalensis

Body weight plays an important role in primate dietary adaptations. For example, ...

ody weight does not play a role in omnivory but will impact protein food source. Body weight does not play a role in frugivory but will impact protein food source. Insectivorous primates must weigh less than 500 grams. Folivorous primates must weigh more than 500 grams.

Descriptive Data

qualitative

Frequency Data

quantitative

Brain Size: Modern Homo ________________ is intermediate

sapiens

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Bipedal pelvis.

short and bowl-shaped

Indications of bipedalism in early fossil humans include ...

the incredible skeleton of Lucy. tibia with horizontal platform plateau. trace fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.

Oligocene Epoch

33.9- 23.03 Ma

Sahelanthropus has bipedal traits that indicate that this Late Miocene is a hominin.

False

Sexual dimorphism is strongly correlated to social structure.

False

Social rank is not correlated to reproductive outcomes.

False

The Genus Homo arose in the Pleistocene but major speciation occured in the Pliocene.

False

The healthiest BMI is the lowest BMI.

False

The oldest fossil humans come from South Africa.

False

True or False:All Homo species include individuals with the potential to reach modern stature.

False

True or False:The sagittal keel is unique to Homo habilis.

False

In order to record natural behaviors, each field primatologist must habituate the study population to his or her presence.

True

Modern humans have parabolic tooth rows with orthognathic faces.

True

Sivapithecus appears to be ancestral to orangutans and also appears to be ancestral to Gigantopithecus.

True

Pliocene Epoch

5.33-2.58 Ma

Parapithecids are known to be ancestral Catarrhini because they have a 2.1.3.3 dental formula; Propliopithicids are known to be ancestral Platyrrhini because they have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.

False

Plesiadapiforms are the common ancestors of primates.

False

Pleistocene Epoch

2.58-0.0117 Ma

Miocene Epoch

23.03-5.33 Ma

Holocene Epoch

0.0117 Ma (same as 11.7 Kya to present)

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo erectus

Earliest Acheulean

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Paranthropus

Earliest Oldowan

Match species with geographic distribution. Paranthropus

East Africa and And South Arica

Match species with geographic distribution. Australopithecus

East Africa and South Africa

Match species with geographic distribution. Homo habilis

East Africa and South Africa

Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo habilis

East and South Africa

Match each species with its geographic range (be as specific as possible). Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertal Homo sapiens)

Europe, Western Asia

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo heidellbergensis (Archaic Homo sapiens)

European Acheulean

A straight femur characterizes chimps and early humans.

False

Archaic Homo sapiens (Homo heidelbergensis) and Anatomical Modern Humans shared several features -- both had true foreheads and true chins.

False

Ardipithecus kadabba has bipedal traits that indicate that this Late Miocene hominoid is a hominin.

False

BMI provides an accurate assessment of body tissue distribution.

False

Body Mass Index is applicable to athletes.

False

Body Mass Index is applicable to children.

False

Chimps have parabolic tooth rows with prognathic faces.

False

Humans are the only members of the Superfamily Hominoidea.

False

Modern humans are the only humans with midfacial prognathism.

False

Modern humans have prognathic faces due to canine root and crown lengths.

False

Most primate field research today is performed by psychological primatologists who focus on adaptation.

False

Neandertal was the only human species with a canine (or maxillary) fossa.

False

Orrorin has bipedal traits that indicate that this Late Miocene hominoid is a hominin.

False

Match Primate with Social Structure. Lowland Gorillas

Fission-Fusion

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Suspensory Arm Joints

Flexible but weak arm

Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Omomyidae

Haplorhini

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, Apes, & Humans

Haplorhini

Match traits with taxon. Closed eye orbits, internal lacrimal duct, dry nose, no toothcomb

Haplorhini

Match fossil primate with most specific (most exclusive) taxonomic category. Proconsul

Hominoidea

Match primate groupings with taxon exclusive to the set. Apes and Humans

Hominoidea

Match traits with taxon. Y-5 molars, wide nasal base, brain larger than face, suspensory, no tail

Hominoidea

Match diagnostic traits with species. Occipital bun, midfacial prognathism, retromolar gap

Homo Neanderthalensis

Match diagnostic traits with species. Sagittal keel, pronounced brow, cranial capacity of less than 1000cc but more than 550 cc

Homo erectus

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo habilis

Later Oldowan

Match locomotor category with anatomical adaptation. Quadrupedal Arm Joints

Infllexible but strong

Match each species with Stone Tool Culture. Homo neanderthalensis (Neandertal Homo sapiens)

Mousterian

Match Primate with Social Structure. Most Primate Species

Multimale-multifemale

Bipedal adaptations.

Tribe Hominini

99.9% of primates have a divergent hallux -- the one exception is humans. Despite lacking this one trait, humans have all of the other primate traits, descended from primate ancestors with this trait, and are, therefore, primates.

True

Adapidae are known to be ancestral Strepsirhini because they have open eye orbits; Omomyidae are known to be ancestral Haplorhini because they have closed eye orbits.

True

All of the Middle-Late Pleistocene hominins had cranial averages above 1,000 cc in volume.

True

An angled femur characterizes all humans (past and present).

True

Archaic Homo sapiens (Homo heidelbergensis) and Neandertal shared several features -- both had occipital buns and midfacial prognathism.

True

Body Mass Index provides a useful tool for assessing mortality risk in average adults with average athletic activity patterns.

True

Both "Focal Animal" data and "Ab libitum" data are usually collected when conducting a timed-sample study.

True

Chimp tooth row shape, parallel, is likely due to canine length.

True

Cranial ratio estimates provide a means to compare relative brain sizes across taxa without the influence of scaling effects.

True

Each primate infant inherits its mother's social rank.

True

Friendships and social alliances demonstrate that social intelligence is an excellent adaptation in primate society.

True

Humans are the only members of the Hominoid Tribe Hominini -- bipedal traits are a key diagnostic of this taxon.

True

Identifying the common ancestor (CA) at the base of an adaptive radiation is always difficult. The CA will retain primitive traits and will have the new derived traits seen in its descendants. However, sister taxa to the CA also retain primitive traits shared with the common ancestor and may also have a few of the new derived traits of groups that are not its descendants.

True