Exam 2
Tv viewing in north america
- 2-4 year old children watch more than 3 hours per day - 5-6 year old watch about 2 hours per day criticisms of tv and video games: - reenforce racist, sexist, ageist views -show violent solutions for all problems - no empathy is shown or developed - they show quick reactive emotions instead of thoughtful regulation
How to treat asthma
- injections - inhalers - pills Preventions of asthma - proper ventilation - decrease pollution - safe outdoor play spaces
Family structure
- is the legal and genetic relationships between family members - does not determine function vs. disfunction - children can thrive in many different structures
Extreme stress can:
- kill neurons - make some children unable to regulate emotions and extreme stress can also: - can effect the release of stress hormones - a study found that abused children released less stress levels then normal children
gender
- learned very early - most 2 year olds know if they're are a boy or girl - can identify strangers if they're boys or girls - by age 4 children criticize peers who chose gender inappropriate toys - by age 8 children realize that sex is biological
education may include:
- mainstreaming - resource room - inclusion
Social Cognitive Theory
- maturation - experience combine to help children: - understand themselves - be effective - be competent
Selective attention is heavily influenced by social play and improves markedly around the age of:
7 years old
A federal project measuring achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects is the:
National Assessment of Educational Progress.
brain development: 7 to 11 years
Piaget's concrete operations Classification: objects can be classified into groups Transitive Inference: about age 7, children can infer answer by themselves Seriation: things can be arranged in a series
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is "_____ thought."
concrete operational
drop in self esteem
due to social comparison which is: when they compare themselves to peers and feel responsible for their short comings
tend to become: slimmer
due to: 1: limbs are lengthening 2. body porportion are changings 3. muscles are becoming stronger 4. lung capacity increases
The role of genetics in susceptibility to obesity:
is complex due to a variety of genetic influences.
It is difficult to change bullying:
origins of bullying: 1. present at birth 2. in brain abnormalities and strengthened by: 3. insecure attachment 4. poor emotional regulation 5. other deficits
Hidden Curriculum
"the unrecognized lessons and values that children learn at school" Examples: - grouped by ability - discipline - outside activities - student government
Parenting is influenced by:
- Childs temperament - by the culture were in - community - and needs to fit: the Childs temperament and parents need to: parent the child you have
Overview of Emotional Development:
- Self conception being built - Initiative vs. Guilt - eagerly takes on new tasks and activities, feels guilty if they are criticized or fail - child develops positive sense of abilities - preschoolers over estimate their abilities
Rejected: have two types
- aggressive-rejected: they are antagonistic and confrontational - withdrawn-rejected: they are timid and anxious Both types: - mistrust others words and actions - are poor listeners - avoid social situations - tend to be: clumsy, awkward, socially inept
Asthma
- another health concern we see at this age - chronic inflammation of the lungs - increasing in developed countries - 10% of US children have at least one asthma attack environmental factors: - are seen as key
bullied children are:
- anxious - depressed - underachieving and have: - damaged self esteem - painful memories best way to stop bullying? - change the social climate within schools - teachers and students stop it before it begins
Best friends have similar
- backgrounds - interests - values within the peer group can have: - neglected: ignored, not necessarily rejected - rejected: unpopular most of the time
Sociodramatic Play:
- becomes more frequent and complex - children create a story and act it out - this allows children: -- rehearse social roles -- allows them to test their ability to convince others of their ideas -- it helps them regulate their emotions -- Helps them to develop a self concept in a context that is non threatening -- girls are more likely to engage in sociodramatic play
Epigenetic Theory believes
- combing genetics with environment - gender behavior is a result of genes and early experience
possible causes of asthma
- could be genetics - could be infections - carpeted floors - airtight windows tigers but not causes: polle, exercise, pets, weather, allergies, urbanization
sociocultural theory believes:
- each culture teaches certain values and attitudes regarding gender behaviors - these values and attitudes vary by region, SES, and historical period
weight also effected by:
- environmental factors - lack of exercise help children lose weight by: - increasing physical activity - family based program is best
cognition theory believes:
- focus is on children understanding - children use mental categories for Male and female behavior to understand what they see
behaviorists believes:
- gender roles are learned, not inborn - behaviors are ether reinforced or punished -children learn gender by observing others
Epigenetic Perspective
- genetically driven to master skills needed in adulthood - boys and girls have different role models and different visions for adulthood - more self critical and lower self esteem
Discipline
- important part of parenting - most effective if it's less punitive, more proactive and prevention - physical punishment may lead to more aggression in children time out - commonly used form of discipline - child is removed from the activity - one minute per year of age
Peers Provide:
- play mates - opportunities to practice social skills - Rough and Tumble Play: - physical play in which aggression is faked - It's more common among boys than girls - it's universal - it usually happens among children with lots of social experience
Examples of Automatization
- reading - knowing the multiplication tables - writing your name - speaking a second language Reaction Time: does improve as brain matures Play is good for: brain development
Improvement in
- selective attention - improvements in automatization which is: - a process in which things and actions are repeated until they become automatic - less effort is required due to automatization - the first step in the sequence causes a chain reaction
Persuasive developmental disorder
- severe disturbance of early childhood - inadequate communication skills - inadequate social skills - inadequate imaginative play - social cognition is very weak, can't read social cues
ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
- these children are inattentive - they are impulsive - they are overactive Dyslexia - most common learning disability - reading difficulty - one half of all children with a learning disability also have more social skills
Autism:
- they don't communicate well with others - they seem self absorbed - they often score in the mentally retarded range on iq test asperger syndrome: - impaired social skills - near normal intelligence levels and communication skills
Discipline - Remember children thinking
- they're using theory of mind, their way of explain the world - they have an emerging self concept - they are using fast mapping - not logical
metacognition
- thinking about thinking - you decide how to accomplish a task - we make adjustments as needed
Tv is child's bedroom?
- what is the goal and purpose? - is there value in sharing one tv per family? - what can be learned and gained in each of those situations? - how can you monitor what they watch? - how will you talk about what they're watching?
Brain development:
1) brain reaches adult size by age 7 2) as brain matures the child has better control of: - body movement - emotions Prefrontal Cortex maturity helps: - with thinking - with analyzing
Facts about childhood obesity:
1. In the U.S childhood obesity has increased 4 times in the past 30 years 2. the heaviest children have become even heavier 3. all ethnic groups and SES are effected 4. 30-40% of daily calories go towards growth health should be the focus, not weight loss
Types of Aggression:
1. Instrumental to obtain or retain a toy or object 2. Reactive a reaction to something happening to them 3. Relational used to cause psychological/psychic pain 4. Bullying unprovoked attack on a peer
Factors in bullying:
1. culture 2. change in social status and behavior 3. extent and type of bullying
different family structures include:
1. extended 2. nuclear 3. one parent 4. blended parents 5. grandparents alone 6. adoptive 7. step-parent 8. polygamous 9. same sex 10. foster
two factors that impact children:
1. family income 2. warmth or conflict other factors affecting children: 1. parenting styles 2. how isolated and supported the family is
variations are due to:
1. genes 2. gender 3. nutrition obesity is: a serious problem in middle childhood two categories: 1. overweight: 20% above the average weight and height of a child their age 2. obese: 30% over average weight for a child their height and age
healthy families nature in five ways:
1. meet basic needs 2. encourage learning 3. develop healthy self esteem 4. nuture peer friendships 5. provide an environment of harmony and stability
how stress impacts a child depends on six factors:
1. number of stressors happening together 2. agree they affect the Childs daily life 3. Childs interpretation of the stress 4. child's personality 5. child's appraisal 6. impact on daily routine
factors that help a child deal with stress:
1. support from friends and relatives 2. pets 3. religious faith and practice
Obese in North America
1/3 of North American children of this age are considered obese obesity: does increase blood pressure decreases physical activity if obese children do not lose weight, then in adolescence will have more problems: - physical - psychological - lead to depression
By the age of _____, children are less likely to throw temper tantrums.
4 or 5
Gender Differences
Boys: - more aggressive Girls: - more anxious Boys in public: tend to be aggressive, in private they regret it Girls in public: tend to comply, in private they regret it Thimble Analogy: children's emotional capacity is as small as a thimble
Intelligence Tests:
Appititude tests: - tests child ability to learn Achievement tests: - test what the child has already learned
Five Styles of Parenting
Authoritarian: The Dictator 1. The parents word is law, no questions allowed 2. Parent-child communication is low 3. Maturity demands are high 4. Children are likely to be obedient, but not happy 5. once they leave home, they don't come back Permissive Parents: 1. parents make few maturity demands on child 2. parents are nurturing, accepting, communicate well with their children 3. Discipline is relaxed, no discipline 4. Children often lack self control Authoritative Parenting: Democratic 1. make high maturity demands of children, but they communicate and explain why 2. parents are more nurturing and democratic then other parents 3. explain the rules and can be flexible in enforcing them 4. these children tend to be successful, articulate, intelligent, happy with themselves, and generous with others. Neglectful Parenting: 1. Parents don't care at all about the children Indulgent Parenting: 1. Parents give in to the Childs every desire
Developmental Psychopathology
Basic premises of this field: 1. abnormality is common 2. disability changes over time 3. adolescence and adulthood maybe better or worse 4. each Childs culture needs to be considered before a diagnosis is made
Piaget:
Child learns about the world through experiencing the world. Cognition improves Vygotsky: matures from instruction from others Information processing theory: selective attention: focusing on a specific stimuli while ignoring others automatization: behaviors become automatic through repetition reaction time: reaction time increases due to milanation
Parenting effects on psychological development:
Diane Baumrind's 4 aspects of parenting: - warmth of the relationship - discipline: what kind do you use and how do you do it - communication: talk to your children even before they're verbal - maturity expectations: know what is normal for a child or a certain age
The researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. _____ is one of those dimensions.
Expressions of warmth
The Nature of the Child:
Freud Believes - is in latency - emotional drives are quiter - sexual drives are important Energy is then used: - advance cognitive skills - assimilate cultural values Erikson believes - Industry vs. Inferiority - strive to be competent in culture values - productive/industrious or inadequate/inferior In middle childhood: - acquire new skills - new self-understanding
The international math and science assessment for fourth- and eighth-graders is called the:
Trends in Math and Science Study.
coping with problems: resilience is:
a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity - it is thought to be somewhat genetic and part personality
Freudian theory believes:
age 3 to 6 is when the fallic stage is occurring, boys have the Oedipus complex (male secretly wants his dad to disappear) , and girls have Electra complex (penis envy)
working memory
aka short term memory holds your conscious information
sensory memory
all five senses take sensory information to your brain
This disorder may be diagnosed in early infancy and no longer have symptoms later, and some females may have onset later in childhood.
autism spectrum disorder
Emotional Regulations
begins with the control of impulses and can be either: under controlled (externalizing problems) over controlled (keep all emotions in)
In the United States, four times as many 1- to 4-year-old children die of accidents than from:
cancer
_____ is the MOST common organic cause of death in children under the age of 4 years in the United States.
cancer
care experience matters:
empathy is: when you're able to understand your emotions and others and leads to: prosocial behavior antipathy is: the dislike or hatred of another person and leads to: antisocial behavior
A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to:
encourage empathy.
Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on our biological need to reproduce to explain gender differences and behaviors?
evolutionary theory
Genetics does influence emotional regulation: Fearful versus less fearful children
fearful children: more active in right frontal cortex less fearful children: more left frontal cortex
A healthy time:
growth is: - smooth - uneventful - slow weight: gains about 5to 7 pounds per year height: gain two inches per year average ten year old weighs 7p pounds and is four height feet tall tend
biological sex differences refers to:
how boys and girls are different biologically gender differences: - referring to the differences in roles and behaviors - these differences become more apparent as they age - biological sex is what is in-between your legs and your gender is what's between your ears
Seven-year-old Skyla is from Holland and speaks only Dutch. At her school, all subjects (reading, social science, and so on) are taught entirely in English. This method of teaching a second language is:
immersion.
A drive that comes from inside a person is called a(n):
intrinsic motivation.
long term memory
limitless
physical punishment
may increase obedience temporally may later come back spanking doesn't create violent adults psychological control: threatening to withdraw love and support
Too much stress about their weight:
may lead to an eating disorder - anorexia nervosa - bulimic nervosa genes effect weight by influencing: - body type - metabolic weight - your activity level - your taste preferences
Thinking about thinking is called:
metacognition
With regard to social skills, maltreated children are:
more isolated
_____ is the impulse that propels someone to act.
motivation
Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because:
motor skills are mastered, so accidents are rare.
The Flynn effect:
named by doctor flynn - IQ scores have steadily increased over the last 100 years why? - better health - better schools - smaller families - All lead to better education for the child
families and children
nature vs. nuture: - both important in psychosocial development family function is: how well a family nutures its children to reach heir full potential
A vast number of treatments have been used to help children with autism spectrum disorder, and:
none of them have been completely successful.
Johnna loves her children dearly but believes that they can do no wrong and that they should be allowed to develop without interference. Accordingly, she accepts whatever they do without control or discipline. Her parenting style could be BEST described as:
permissive
More important than peers?
personal friendships as mature, friendships become more: 1. more important 2. more intense 3. more intimate
Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence concept influenced:
primary school curriculum.
Barb is 8 years old and just starting 3rd grade. Her older sister is trying to prepare her for her new class and teacher. Barb's sister said she should be able to do all of the following in her reading class EXCEPT:
read polysyllabic words.
The peer group has:
the most influence in forming self concept peers teach: self understanding how to relate to others
Bullying is:
repeated, systematic attempts to harm a child through physical, verbal, or social attack - seems to be universal - harms both the victim and the aggressor Both types (withdrawn-rejected, aggressive-rejected) - are targets for bullies - withdrawn-rejected is especially vulnerable to bullying Bully victims are: - children are targeted for bullying - usually as the same gender of the bully
Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is:
rough-and-tumble play.
Trace and Emmitt are running around outside. Their goal is to catch the other, tackle him to the ground, and wrestle until the other gets up and they begin the chase again. They are MOST likely engaging in:
rough-and-tumble play.
Types of Play:
solitary: Child plays alone On-Looker: child watches others play Parallel: plays along side another child who's playing associate play: children interact and share, not reciprocal Cooperative: when they play together, cooperate, is reciprocal
Longitudinal study about tv watching
teenagers who have watched educational tv as young children read more, especially boys. Teenagers who watched violent tv as young children, had lower grades, especially girls.
Meta memory
understanding how memory works so we can use it well