Exam 2 Review

Progress and Current Status of BRI

-"Belt and Road" forum was held in Beijing 2013-2017 -50 Chinese state-owned companies have invested in nearly 1,700 BRI projects -Multiple Flagship projects -Nearly $500 billion worth of projects and mergers and acquisitions deals were announced in 2016 across seven infrastructure sectors

The Needham Question

-"Why did modern science, the mathematization of hypotheses about Nature, with all its implications for advanced technology, take its meteoric rise only in the West at the time of Galileo?" -why it "had not developed in Chinese civilization" -Why did it develop in Europe and why was China technologically superior before 16th century

Political Consideration

-BRI could address China's deepening regional disparity as the country's economy modernizes -hope that transnational infrastructure building program will spur growth in China's underdeveloped western hinterland and rustbelt (Xinjiang Region)

Joseph Needham

-British biochemist, historian and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science and technology -fellow of the Royal Society(1941), British Academy (1971), and Companionship of Honour (1992)

What are the Chinese claims for their motives and goals for the BRI?

-Build or upgrade infrastructure of participating countries -Expanding the market for Chinese-made products -Create regional growth -Create land and maritime links to developing neighboring countries and beyond -Lower cost of transportation -Ensure Energy/resource security for China

What influence did "systems" have on the growth of Science in Europe?

-Capitalism provided benefits and rewards for scientific discovery. -Colonialism: brought benefits and funds -Self-Sustainability : provided positive and mutual relationship of reinforcement

Traditional US Policy

-Control the seas -Prevent the centralization of power in Heartland -Keep Rimland divided -"Containment" policy in history

What influence did war have on the growth of Science in Europe?

-Europe was experiencing fragmentation and constant wars. -Science was used to understand how weapons work in order to improve them

What and where is the "pivot area" ?

-Extends from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia -contains the largest landmass and population

When was the Ancient Maritime Road most prevalent? Why?

-It was most significant during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) -Due to 317 ship fleet led by Admiral Zheng He, sailed ½ world to East African coast -Dispatched mainly to show prestige and ambition of China

Sea Power Theory

-Mahan argued that control of the sea lanes would lead to national strength. -concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact

Malacca Dilemma

-Malacca Strait provides an access point between the Indian ocean and the South China Sea. -It is very close to Taiwan and controlled by the US -80% Chinese oil and gas imports and 60% Chinese export pass through it -The US can cut off its use at any time, specifically if their ally Taiwan declares independence and is attacked by China -BRI provides access points on land to bypass this issue

What are the Objective perspectives on the BRI?

-Political Consideration: Reduce regional disparity and "develop the west" -Economic Consideration: Solve the issue of chronic excess capacity -Geopolitical Consideration: Solve the "Malacca Dilemma"

BRI implications for the US and the West

-Positively, open up new business opportunities for all -more challenging for US to export its political and economic model or exert influences

China's excess capacity industies

-Steel: produced 996.3 million tons of steel more than half in the world -Cement: "China used more cement in 3 years (2011-2013) than the U.S. did in the entire 20th Century" Produced 54% of worlds cement in 2010 -Vehicles: No. 1 market of GM, 2020, No. 2 of Ford,Tesla. No. 1 producer of motor vehicles: 25,225,242

What are the Western views on China's motives and goals for the BRI?

-Strengthening Beijing's economic leadership -binding China's neighboring countries more closely to Beijing (achieve geopolitical goals) -Beijing gaining political leverage over its neighbors -hard for the West to promote democracy and human rights -lack of transparency and reliable information regarding finances and specifics

Economic Consideration

-address the country's chronic excess capacity in many industries -Channel its huge foreign currency reserves into something more meaningful and solid

Rimland Theory

-domination of coastal fringes were the key areas which contain dense population, abundant resources, coastal access, and access to interior -The state controlling the area that surrounds the Eurasian heartland has the key to world domination.

What influence did religion have on the growth of Science in Europe?

-needed in religious belief -Religious conflict: Catholics vs. Protestants used science to prove their points -Rationality and speculation, and logic (pursuit for "truth")

BRI implications for developing countries

-new opportunities to secure FDI and loans for infrastructure construction -tech improvements -if poorly managed, may cumulate a huge deb

BRI implications for Russia and Central Asia

-strengthen ties with China in a post-Crimean crisis (ongoing Ukraine crisis) world where US and its allies have been imposing especially strict sanctions - more business opportunities - may lose its usually strong influences in Central Asia (Russia?)

Science

-the knowledge of "how and why things are as they are" -accumulated body of knowledge of the natural and social world

Technology

-the knowledge of "how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way."

Translation of the scientific method for the social sciences & humanities

1. Make an observation 2. Formulate a hypothesis about that observation 3. Make predictions based on the hypothesis Make predictions (i.e., observable implications) about what we should expect if the hypothesis is correct 4. Test the predictions of the hypothesis using experiments Find, gather, and use data to test the observable implications of the hypothesis

When was the compass first mentioned? By who?

1086 A.D., Song Dynasty. Shen Kou mentions compass in Dream Pool Essays

When did the process of making paper spread to Europe?

12th century

How many countries have signed on?

138 countries, covering 41% of the world

What is the current number of projects and their combined value?

2,631 projects with a combined value of $3.7 trillion

Around when did the Ancient Silk Road and Ancient Maritime Road originate?

200 BC in the Han Dynasty

New Scientific Culture

Above: the monarch and aristocrats support scientific discovery Middle: social elites devoted to it Bottom: masses enjoy the benefits brought about by progress of S&T

The Eurasian Land Bridge

Connect China with Europe through railroad. Connecting the rimland

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

Flagship project: Infrastructure and energy agreement, USD 46 billion

China-Thailand Railroad

Flagship project: Railway, hydro power, energy and education. Highlights China's ambition to be center of southeast asia

Strategic Cargo Route from Gwadar Port

Flagship project: port facilities, transportation and communications. Will allow China to ship goods directly to western china through Pakistan (faster than shipping across China)

What were typical Chinese exports and imports on the Ancient Silk Road?

Exports: silk, jades, tea, china, traditional medicines Imports: perfumes, medicines, fruits, vegetables

Why was China technologically superior before 16th century

Four Chinese inventions in the ancient world that changed the course of human history

What other G-7 country appears to be interested in joining the BRI?

France: Feb. 16, 2022, President Xi had a phone conversation with President Macron, reached agreement on a long series of political, economic, financial and technological cooperation

Who said this about printing, gunpowder, and the compass? "...For these three have changed the whole face and stage of things throughout the world, the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes; insomuch that no empire, no sect, no star, seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these three mechanical discoveries."

Francis Bacon

Where does the Maritime Silk Road begin and end?

Fuzhou to Venice

Who named it the "Silk Road"?

German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833-1905)

Who created the Heartland Theory?

Halford Mackinder(1861-1947) -English geographer -a founding father of geopolitics and geostrategy

"Who rules East Europe rules the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island. Who rules the World Island rules the World."

Heartland Theory

When and with who did the scientific age begin

began in the 17th century with Francis Bacon's recognition of the significance of a disciplined method for development, testing, and verification of theory

China-Central Asia Gas Pipelines

bring gas from the various Central Asian countries (stans) to Western China and farther. Helps solve Malacca problem

When did shifts in modern science occur?

when scientific discovery was effectively communicated to society

Main purpose of BRI

to promote the economic development and prosperity of the countries involved - China itself and other participating countries

When was block printing developed?

581-618 A.D., Sui Dynasty

What is key to the world's balance of power?

A divided rimland

Who created the Sea Power Theory?

Alfred Mahan (1840-1914) -"the most important American strategist of the 19th century." -ideas still permeate the U.S. Navy Doctrine, even till today

When and by whom was paper invented?

Cai Lun invented it in 105 A.D. during the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was made from fishnets, bark, and cloth

What was a positive external factor of the Creation of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)?

China's territory was greatly expanded

Who put forward Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-century Maritime Silk Road?

Chinese President Xi Jinping when he visited Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013. After 2012 election

What is the only G-7 country to officially join the BRI?

Italy, March 23, 2019

Who said this about printing, gunpowder, and the compass? ""Gunpowder, compass, and printing-these are the three major inventions that foretell the arrival of bourgeois society. Gunpowder blasted the knight class to pieces, the compass opened the world market and established colonies, and printing became a tool of Protestantism. In general, it has become a means of scientific renaissance, and has become the most powerful lever to create the necessary preconditions for spiritual development."

Karl Marx

Who created the Rimland Theory?

Nicholas Spykman (1893-1943)

What were the 4 Chinese inventions in the ancient world that changed the course of human history

Paper, gunpowder, printing press, compass

"The nation that controls the seas, controls the world (trade)."

Sea Power Theory

What previous Dynasty was less conservative that the Qing Dynasty?

Tang Dynasty (618-907) based on a comparison of women's dress

Heartland Theory

The greatest powers would control the land: Eurasia which contains the "pivot area" or "world island"

How are these projects financed?

They are predominantly financed by debt. Most projects are backed by two state-run policy banks: -the China Development Bank (CDB) -the ExportImport Bank of China (China EXIM) -as well as state-owned banks

How is current US Policy pushing the Heartland and Rimland Closer?

Western Side: NATO Expansion East Side: AUKUS (US, UK, and Australian pact in Indo-pacific)

Where does the Silk Road Economic Belt begin and end?

Xi'an to Venice

Why is Xi'an a significant location for the Silk Road?

Xi'an was once capital city of china for 13 dynasties and has ties to the ancient silk road

Who wrote the details for making gunpowder? When?

Zeng Gongliang 1044 A.D

"One Belt One Road Initiative" (OBOR) (BRI)

refers to The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st century Maritime Silk Road

Ancient Silk Road

series of trade and cultural transmission routes, connecting the West and East by linking traders, pilgrims, soldiers, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea

What was a negative internal factor of the Creation of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)?

society was becoming increasingly conservative; no more social environment for scientific discovery

What distinguished science in the West from science in the Islamic world or China

the adoption of the scientific method