Exam 3

voter turnout

much lower among the poor than among the financially well-off

legitimate authority

authority that is justified and supported by reasons

Power of persuasion

carry out your will by convincing people and giving reasons

Emotional power

carry out your will by manipulating people's emotions

Coercion

carry out your will by threats and brute force

low-birth-weight babies

have lower average educational attainment and SES, and greater chance of giving birth to low-birth-weight babies themselves

antagonistic pleiotropy

the same genes that caused women to be more fertile caused men to be more likely to be gay as an unintended by-product; researchers in Italy found that women in families of gay men tended to have more children than those of straight men

How did licensing change the practice of medicine?

Orthodox medical practitioners convinced state legislatures to pass laws allowing physicians to sue for payment, but only if they were licensed; this legislation led to development of AMA and state licensing boards; boards also constrained number of medical degrees awarded annually, thereby restricting number of practice physicians → drove up wages and guaranteed constant employment for doctors

paradox of sick role

Paradox: because we know that certain behaviors are linked to specific diseases - i.e. high sugar intake to type 2 diabetes - individuals are often seen as being partially responsible for their diseases; this counters the second right of sick person according to sick role: individuals have right not to be held accountable for his or her condition

cultural turn theory

Pays attention to the ways that social movements change the way that we think about things; ex. social movements can encourage people to view sexual assault as a problem that affects not just individual women, but the education of all females → framing/ frame alignment of problems provides new interpretations of familiar experiences

health and socioeconomic status

People with higher incomes and highly educated people live longer; higher-educated people behave differently from people with less education - People with college education smoke less, eat more healthily, and exercise more often - People with college education also often have more information and knowledge to work with when facing their own health choices and interactions with health care system - Perhaps, their overall better health led to their higher levels of educational attainment (ex. didn't miss school because of illness)

industry and environment

Whenever industry spreads to developing nation, environmental damage ensues; dumping, pollution, and toxic accidents are costs of development when it occurs without adequate government oversight → environmental illnesses, climate change, and economic damage

Gender and health

Women live longer, at least in US; many differences in mortality are linked to specific illnesses, such as heart disease and cancer, both of which are more likely to afflict men that women; women are more likely to see doctor than men

Boundary work

Work done to maintain border between legitimate and non-legitimate science within specific scientific disciple or between legitimate disciplines - Biologists are debating whether intelligent design fits within the boundaries of legitimate theories of evolution - Scientists in different disciplines research different answers to same scientific questions; ex urban planners, nutritionists, and biologists might all be researching causes of obesity in US

alienation from others

Workers are alienated from other people because capitalism turns all relations into market relations according to Marx; our relationships with others become conditioned by ethic of capitalism: profit maximization; we start using language of worth to describe moral quantities of individuals; men who do not make money are viewed by others as wasting their time and are morally suspect

alienation from the product

Workers are alienated from the product that they produce; they do not know it or have complete knowledge of what they are producing; factory work has become so specialized and workers' roles so interchangeable and devoid of skill that most people working in factories probably do not know entire process for making the product

alienation from oneself

Workers are alienated from themselves according to Marx; what separates humans from animals is that humans can experience conception before execution: we have ability to create something in our minds before we fashion it in nature; Marx sees capitalism as stifling our species-being, our natural creativity

alienation from the process

Workers in modern capitalism are also alienated from process of production; modern-day laborers have no choice of when or for how long they work; rhythm of work is not controlled by individual producer but by some larger social force, institution, or individual

Paradox of authority

although the state's authority derives from implicit threat of physical force, as soon as state resorts to physical coercion, all its legitimate authority is lost; having to resort to violence is proof that people are not listening to you

Capitalism

An economic system in which property and goods are primarily privately owned; investments are determined by private decisions; prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in an unfettered marketplace

Third stage of social movement

Final stage is called routinization or institutionalization: social movement is institutionalized, and formal structure develops to promote the cause

first dimension of power

First dimension of power is visible when different agendas clash, conflict results, and one side prevails

Which children are most likely to die young?

Firstborn children are more likely to die young 1) One reason is that parents are less experienced 2) Another reason is that firstborns are more often unintended pregnancies: parents tend to be younger, and mother may have been partying, drinking, or smoking further into pregnancy because she did not realize she was expecting a baby 3) Another reason is that child mortality creates firstborns, or to be more specific, only children; if you have traumatic experience with firstborn child, you are less likely to have more children

Permanent concession

If the mass citizenship resists the temptations of a temporary concessions, it may use the threat of a revolution to demand change to the political institutions of the state, such as the right to vote or establishment of a parliament; if the citizens can use their temporary opportunity - their threat of a revolution - to induce change in existing political institutions, then the country is on path to democratization

fee-for-fee service

If you go to doctor for sore throat, you pay $25 for visit and insurance company pays for rest - lab work, balance of doctor's fees, etc; one of main problems with fee-for-fee service model is that doctors have incentive to overtreat and to see you again and again in order to bill insurance company, which drives up medical costs for everybody

Premodern societies

Individuals live in small groups such as tribes or villages, there is a low degree of literacy, there is not much division of labor, and technology is relatively undeveloped; such premodern societies are characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation; social positions of individuals were primarily ascribed by elements over which they had no control

Simmel's view of monetization and private sphere

It is through these increasingly depersonalized forms of monetary payment, Simmel argues, that capitalism makes true friendship possible; by severing market relations from the personal, we now have private sphere of pure sociability that is distinct from economic or public sphere

continental ancestry

Term that rejects the idea of race as a biological classification; every so-called race has same protein-encoding genes, and there is no clear genetic line that subdivides human species; Another reason for using term continental ancestry is improved precision for locating historical and geographic origins when we look at genome; continental ancestry allows for more genetically accurate descriptors

Matthew effect

Term used by sociologists to describe notion that certain scientific results get more notoriety and influence based on existing prestige of researchers involved; well-known scientist is more likely to be credited with particular scientific discovery than lesser-known colleagues, even if they worked as team

religious authority

another example of traditional authority

Theory of collective action

asserts that it is more difficult to organize larger groups than smaller ones because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off

Cons of GMOs

1) Scientists know very little about how changes in genetic structure of one organism may affects its relationship with other organisms and ecosystem as a whole 2) Scientists know very little about how changes in genetic structure of one organism may affects its relationship with other organisms and ecosystem as a whole

pros of GMOs

1) Altering genetic structure of particular crops has potential to produce higher yields --> with higher yields, genetically modified crops could help make US farms more profitable and lower food prices for consumers 2) Genetically modified crops may also have better resistance to insects, diseases, and other problems, further improving yields (and perhaps quality); farmers can avoid using pesticides and herbicides that might be toxic to humans 3) Genetic modifications may decrease maturation time of crops or keep them riper and fresher longer in stores, thereby reducing waste

Drawbacks of green revolution

1) Because of its focus on boosting caloric output through intensified production of staple foods, farmers are often encouraged to switch from local, indigenous crops to other high-yield crops distributed by movement's proponents --> has depleted biodiversity in many areas; by relying on fewer crops, farmers are more susceptible to disease or predators destroying their fields 2) Green revolution seed varieties emphasize higher yields but require great deal of water

social problems of organic food

1) Big agrobusiness has political power to affect US Food and Drug Administration's definition of organic (and it has been lobbying for relaxation for this label) and the money to undergo process of certification; stratification between big and small farms 2) Availability of organic products may add to health stratification by income; organic products are almost always more expensive than nonorganic ones, offering wealthier and more educated customers health opportunity that may not be available to those with limited resources

How can environment affect offspring?

1) Children of older dads have increased risk of developing schizophrenia 2) Being born in city will double your risks for schizophrenia; our social environments not only affect our own health but may also indirectly affect health of our offspring

Why is the authority of doctors declining?

1) Concerns about rising cost of health care has become major political issue and led to changes in way we pare for care, such as through health maintenance organizations (HMOs) rather than directly to doctors 2) Rise of external regulation: medical "bill of rights" signed by Clinton + 1986 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act 3) Rise of nontraditional medicine has challenged authority of traditional medical community 4) Rise of technology; ex. nurse practitioner can swab your throat, dip the swab into chemical solution, and tell in five minutes whether you have strep throat due to new technology

Solutions to challenges posed by climate change

1) Efforts to slow greenhouse gas emissions and associated climatological effects; voluntary and nonvoluntary efforts to reduce CO2 and methane emissions by, for example, taxing carbon, promoting clean energy, banning wasteful uses, or reforesting 2) Attempts to reverse global warming through geoengineering 3) Approaches to mitigate effects of climate change; ex. developing system of locks to keep rising sea levels at bay

How will climate change affect human society?

1) Extreme weather patterns, such as prolonged heat waves and increasing numbers of hurricanes, will have drastic consequences for society; these consequences will exacerbate socioeconomic stratification, as certain groups of people are affected more severely than others 2) Global warming will affect agricultural production by changing regional temperatures and altering rainfall patterns 3) As ocean levels rise, human societies may experience massive migration away from shorelines and islands; populations forced form coastal communities and isolated islands could cause significant refugee crisis worldwide 4) Poor air quality and exposure to extreme weather events and heat waves negatively influences health

concerns about Human Genome Project

1) Genetic structure might reveal information about your susceptibility to disease or about particular personal characteristics --> could create a market for genetic information in which private information about oneself is sold and revealed 2) Concern about stigmatization, which occurs when society marks someone as disgraceful or different; stigmatization would occur as scientists discover genes for various conditions considered abnormal or threatening to society 3) Knowledge of our genetic structure will increase stratification in society if we begin to label people as intelligent/unintelligent, beautiful/ugly, or healthy/unhealthy based on their genetic code 4) Prospect of genetically altering humans

Which races are most prone to illness?

1) Heart disease, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer are most prevalent among African Americans 2) Cirrhosis of liver and suicide are most prevalent among Native Americans 3) Hispanics have higher rates of diabetes and HIV/AIDS than whites

What causes health disparities between blacks and whites?

1) High correlation between SES and race (poor black Americans have less access to healthcare), but blacks still have worse health than whites regardless of income or education level 2) Blacks are disproportionately poor in US and being poor can be very stressful, but middle- and upper-class African Americans also have high rates of hypertension, which is linked to stress 3) Another theory is that it is precisely the mismatch - incongruity between what people assume their economic status to be, and what it actually is- that elevates black stress levels; also middle- and upper-class blacks may face discrimination in workplace 4) African Americans are more likely to be victims of both overt and subtle forms of prejudice; although specific acts, such as violent attack, could clearly affect someone's health, so could gradual accumulation of more minor injustices (like day-to-day racism) in form of stress and high blood pressure, and psychological impacts

Affordable Care Act

1) In addition to expanding Medicaid eligibility and allowing young adults to remain on parents' insurance through age 26, it created mandate for all Americans to purchase insurance 2) Eliminated risk adjustment - variation in pricing or rejection from coverage - if it was based on preexisting medical conditions 3) Along with subsidies to make insurance affordable for low-income persons, AFA was meant to create robust individual market 4) Restrained growth of health costs by making additional dollar of health benefits the same as additional dollar of wages tax-wise --> Reduces incentive of expensive health plans that in turn increase healthcare costs

Concerns of DNA testing and companies like 23andme and Ancestry

1) Many people are concerned about confidentiality and accuracy: the tests can be faulty and require scientists to have access to people's genetic data 2) Other critics are unsure about the usefulness of such information 3) Scientists have little basis to compare different racial groups: they don't have exhaustive sample of all racial and ethnic groups in the world 4) Also, no definitive genetic markers for race exist → there's no single gene that separates people into different races

negative side of drugs

1) Not all illnesses can be treated with drugs; some require talk therapy, which often is not covered as comprehensively by insurance companies 2) Drugs may be over- or misprescribed, and there are lethal results 3) Some studies have shown that certain antidepressants increase suicidal thoughts and tendencies in adolescents 4) Drugs may also have adverse social effect of increasing stigmatization

How do political and social factors influence science?

1) Researchers select topics, in part, based on funding available for their research 2) Nonscientists often make decisions that affect course of science; Ex. President Bush decided to allow federal funding for existing embryonic stem cells lines, but said that funds can't be used to develop new stem cells from existing human embryos; limiting availability of funding for stem cell research was political and moral decision

What were theories behind the results of the Whitehall study?

1) Whitehall scholars thought that social stress resulting from lower rank led directly to poorer outcomes for those at bottom (through release of stress hormones, for example) as well as indirectly (through different behavioral responses, such as overeating and smoking as result of social position) 2) Some researchers argue that underlying personality differences and skill sets led to both occupational and health differences, or that level of health directly determines rank that a person occupies

Pros of green revolution

1) increases agricultural productivity in countries throughout developing world 2) increased quantity of food production --> food production has kept pace with population growth 3) as incomes have increased due to greater agricultural productivity, population growth has slowed 4) new technologies require greater skills to realize their full benefit, so they have increased value of formal schooling in many rural areas

Adam Smith

1) proponent of capitalism; the drive to exchange money for goods combines with an ever-increasing division of labor to produce greater wealth for all; Smith believed that division of labor leads to greater efficiency and innovation 2) proponent of monetization instead of barter system, which he claimed was inefficient and unwieldy

difference between work in America and rest of developed world

1. Americans work longer hours than citizens of most industrialized nations 2. Americans receive little vacation compared with workers in other countries 3. These work demands infringe on home life; US is one of the only industrialized nation to not offer paid leave for parents

authority in premodern society

1. Individuals are the source of authoritative knowledge (villages may have a spiritual leader, who passes knowledge along from the gods to the people) 2. Tradition is very important in premodern societies; customs are passed down through generations to guide everyday life 3. Without science or technology, premodern societies rely largely on myths to explain the world around them

Four new phenomena of modern-day globalization

1. New markets include financial markets where anyone with proper equipment can participate 2. New means of exchange, such as cellular phones and e-mail, allow for instantaneous transactions 3. New players are all transnational; World Trade Organization acts as regulation authority for trade increase in multinational corporations and worldwide nongovernmental organizations 4. New rules are at play; there has been proliferation of multilateral trade agreements

obedience vs conformity

1. Obedience is hierarchical: someone who has high power or high status is able to give an order that people of lower power and lower status obey 2. Conformity is non-hierarchical and occurs simply through social pressure

Problems of classical model

1. Strains of various types and impacts are always present in society; the theory cannot account for social movements arising in some circumstances and not in others 2. Another critic is aimed at the way individuals are pathologized by this theory 3. The model completely removes the desire to attain specific, rational political goals while overemphasizing psychological tensions

characteristics of bureaucracies

1. They are usually structured hierarchically, meaning that bureaucratic organization has many levels, and there are frequently multiple people working at each level of administration 2. Positions within bureaucracy are highly specialized 3. Impersonality: the application of formal rules without regard to personal allegiance or feelings 4. Highly efficient in theory

Why do workers not take advantage of family-friendly work policies?

1. Working parents don't take advantage of family-friendly corporate policies because they prefer to avoid their homes and families; workplace has become a haven from the chaos and emotional and physical disarray of second shift at home 2. Under cultural and structural conditions that keep family and work divided, they are afraid of losing their jobs; workers perceive trade-off between family policies and opportunities for advancement of their careers

characteristics of social movements

1. are not ritualized 2. organized and intentional and more than a one-off event 3. such movements can work both within and outside rules of relevant institutions

pros of monetization

1. money can store value (because money stores value, actions of buying and selling can be staggered over time and across people) 2. money develops, or at least relies on, trust (if you accept money in exchange for a good, you are taking a leap of faith, as you are trusting that the currency will be accepted wherever you go) 3. money is inherently social; it facilitates social relations between humans

two types of social rights

1. right to contributory programs, such as Social Security benefits (citizens earn their rights through tax contributions) 2. right to means-tested programs, such as food stamps (rights are contingent on proof of insufficient financial resources)

Limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments; creates division between the individual - shareholder or executive - and business entity; legal way to protect investors from personal responsibility for any liabilities beyond value of the company itself

risk adjustment

A statistical process that takes into account the underlying health status and health spending of the enrollees in an insurance plan when looking at their health care outcomes or health care costs.

the corporate psychopath

According to Hare, corporations act like psychos because they show little regard, remorse, or guilt for harming others, they are unable to maintain long-term relationships, they lie all the time, and they fail to conform to social norms by obeying the law; corporations are solely self-interested - in their case, interested only in relentless pursuit of profits for their shareholders

Taylorism

Aka scientific management; example of specialization or division of labor, referring to methods of labor management introduced by Taylor to streamline processes of mass production; along assembly line, one worker might insert screws, next worker might tighten screws, and third worker might cover screws with plastic caps

agricultural revolution

Around 1700, new farming technologies were introduced that directly increased food output; as a result of increased food output, land could support more people, allowing for increased population and further adding to the labor pool created by the enclosure movement

Materialist interpretation of SES and health

Asserts that differential access to healthy life - including all monetary, psychological, and environmental risk factors - is result of socioeconomic factors; buying organic may be healthy, but is also expensive; poor neighborhoods are more likely to have high concentrations of toxic chemicals

drift explanation

Asserts that reverse causality exists - that health causes social position (i.e. if you don't have good health, you may not be able to work)

offshoring labor

Attempt to lower labor costs by moving all or part of a company's operations abroad, to developing nations with lower pay scales and lenient labor laws; by outsourcing production to sweatshops and call centers in developing world, large companies can manufacture their products for fraction of what it would cost to pay even minimum wages in the US

Risks of traditional authority

Because all decisions in traditionalized club would be made with reference to what former leader did in the now distant past, the club would not be very adaptable → lack of innovation; it would be almost incapable of adapting to new circumstances unless first leader said or established a clear precedent for action

risks of charismatic authority

Because charismatic authority derives from extraordinary attributes of single individual, Weber anticipated that this form of authority would be difficult to maintain or pass on → succession is difficult; charismatic people can have really bad ideas

How has green revolution changed farm structure?

Because costs of irrigation systems and fertilizers are sometimes too expensive for individual farms and households, new collectives and cooperates have emerged to bring together household farmers; this has reshaped social organization of farming → reduced number of individual, family-owned farms and made farming collective, community endeavor

feudalism

Before capitalism in Europe, dominant economic system was feudalism, which was characterized by presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs

Legal-rational authority

Brand of authority most pervasive in modern society; is based on legal, impersonal rules; rules define formal roles and particular conduct; even individuals in positions of authority are subject to these ubiquitous, impersonal rules; formal roles and rules overshadow personal attributes of individuals and traditional ways of doing things

Marx's view of capitalist self-destruction

Capitalist system faces crises of overproduction, in which the system is so efficient that it produces abundance of goods; the problem arises when competition is stiff and wages are driven so low that nobody can afford to buy these goods; when capitalism has spread everywhere and run out of new places to invade, and when dynamic of competition reaches its logical conclusions (one capitalist taking over all his or her competitors), then it will face destruction

Contagion theory

Claims that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact; behavior of other people in groups is contagious, especially under encouraging influence of charismatic leader; however, this theory downplays individual agency and treats individuals as mindless sheep, following the actions of their neighbors

Second stage of social movement

Coalescence is when resources are mobilized (i.e. concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage

How does collective action turn into social movement?

Collective action describes an event or particular behavior, but when this behavior becomes purposeful, organized, and institutionalized, collective actions turn into social movement

perception of unions

Common perception especially among political conservatives that unions are outdated, corrupt, and a drag on business, but survey of economics literature shows that unions are actually associated positively with productivity in US across sectors; with collective bargaining efforts, unionized workers receive contract benefits, and contract benefits make for productive workers

sick role

Concept describing social rights and obligations of sick individual - sick person has two rights: right (1) not to perform normal social roles and (2) not to be held accountable for his or her condition - sick person has two obligations: (1) to try to get well and (2) to seek competent help and comply with doctors' orders

globalization and wealth

Contemporary globalization tends to reduce income inequality and poverty on worldwide scale, but globalization tends to exacerbate disparities within countries (trade eliminates domestic manufacturing jobs)

overdiagnosis of depression in women

Depression was historically overdiagnosed in women because the symptoms were more "female"; men's depression manifests itself differently, which is not surprising due to different cultural scripts we have for emotions based on gender, such as yelling (male) versus crying (female)

Second edition of DSM

Did not make sharp distinctions between normal and abnormal behavior; rather, behaviors were considered to exist on continuum in reaction to various life circumstances (ex. if one of your parents died, you might be depressed, but this was still considered normal reaction)

supplier-induced demand

Doctors created excess demand for their services by creating lots of check-ups and post-procedure appointments in order to bill patients more

health insurance during World War 2

During World War II, wage and price controls meant that employers could not easily offer raises; in lieu of more pay, many employers offered health insurance as a (tax-free) employee benefit; origin of employer-based system that has dominated US market ever since

shift from feudalism to capitalism

During early Tudor period in England (1485-1558), some of the open fields, often referred to as the commons (existed for the public good, and anyone could graze livestock there), were "enclosed", or partitioned off; because this was land that had been publicly available for grazing and planting, enclosures led to eviction of many of the people working the land; these people had to migrate to nearby cities in search of work; these changes in dynamics would eventually lead to rise of both the city and the wage system

How did colonization lead to capitalism?

Early colonial globalization established spice routes from colonial interests in India and Far East and led to development of new ways to store meat in England; previously, livestock had to be slaughtered at onset of winter, but these new preservation methods allowed that operation to be done at any time of the year; this increased abundance further spurred enclosure movement, because land was now more productive and therefore more valuable

First stage of social movement

Emergence occurs when social problem being addressed is first identified

state-centered approach

Emphasize role of state bureaucrats in formulating welfare state policies; statist theories tie development of welfare state not to economic or political factors but to government bureaucrats who design policies based on perceived social conditions

Emergent norm theory

Emphasizes the influence of "keynoters" in promoting new behavioral norms, especially in unusual situations for which already established norms are inadequate; however, this theory doesn't explain why particular people emerge as leaders and set the terms for new behavior

Value-Added Theory

Establishes six conditions that are required for movement to coalesce and achieve successful outcome 1. First, there must be a social strain present that existing power holders are unable or unwilling to alleviate 2. Second requirement is that people must be able to agree on a definition of the problem 3. Third condition is that people must be free to act on their grievance 4. Fourth, there must be a spark that ignites the controversy 5. Fifth requirement is mobilization for action: people need to gather together in organized fashion 6. Sixth requirement is the failure of social control by established power holders

How can GMOs help the developing world?

Ex. by inserting particular bacterial gene into genetic structure of rice, plant scientist Potrykus worked to create rice with high levels of vitamin A; goal was to combat vitamin A deficiency, condition that causes blindness in millions of children around the world; because rice is staple in many children's diets worldwide, Potrykus believes that genetically modified rice containing more vitamin A could be answer to this debilitating condition

external vs manufactured risks

External risks derive from nature and have been part of human history since long before first machine was ever invented; with modernity, comes manufactured risks, which result from human activity

Fundamental causes interpretation of SES and health

Focuses on examining how social factors shape illness and health; because resources are differentially distributed across socioeconomic hierarchy, people of higher social position have more resources at their disposal than those below them and are better able to maintain good health; greater ability of high-status individuals to make use of new information and health resources as they become available

Psychosocial interpretation of SES and health

Focuses on individuals' social class relative to that of those around them; feelings of inadequacy, low worth, and stigma cause people stress and wear down their bodies

political progress model

Focuses on structure of political opportunities; when political opportunities are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger; combines variables internal and external to the movement (ex. indigenous organizational strength is internal to the movement, while the political context, such as the presence of political opportunities, is external)

Dictatorship

Form of government that restricts right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual; such states may limit suffrage, censor information to the public, and arrange the brutal "disappearances" of nonsubmissive subordinates

Human Genome Project

Goal of Human Genome Project was to identify all genes in human DNA; the Human Genome Project became one of first major scientific endeavors to acknowledge and address ethical, legal, and social issues that rose from its own process of scientific discovery

How did wage labor develop?

Growth of surplus peasant labor led to mass migration to cities; wage labor resulted from new jobs being created for former peasants; economy once dominated by small-scale artisan labor transitioned into one dominated by manufacturing, machinery, and unskilled factory work

Green revolution

Has two goals: 1) First, the introduction of high-yield crop varietals in developing countries 2) second, improvements in agricultural technologies, including irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides

adverse selection

Health individuals do not have the motivation or incentive to buy health insurance; result is that individual insurance market goes into spiral in which only sickest people buy insurance and prices increase, thereby further driving away potential healthy purchasers; insurance works by spreading risk, so health insurance market cannot function only if sickest participate

HMOs

Health maintenance organizations; emerged as an attempt to hold down costs by paying doctors a salary based on number of patients they take on; doctor provider receives capitation, meaning a fee per person as opposed to fee per treatment → doctors receive same amount of money whether they see patient once a year or once a week, so incentive of doctor is to keep you healthy so that you require less treatment and reduce number of visits to doctor's office, which creates an opposite problem: doctors have incentive to undertreat

corporation

In US, corporations are legally recognized persons and share many of the rights of an individual; can act as legal entities by entering into contracts or owning property, corporations can get sued

health and race

In US, whites hold significant advantage in health and longevity; African American infants are more than twice as likely to die as their white counterparts, and compared with their middle-class white counterparts, middle-class black women still experience high rates of low-birth-weight babies

oligopoly

In an oligopoly, there are only a handful of sellers: together, these firms often have enough market power to set prices through collusion (coordination) → zero competition → these select sellers can charge whatever they like for products or services, regardless of quality

piecework payment

In early stages of capitalism, when craftsmen produced specific products from start to finish, most payment was in form of payment per unit or piecework payment; piecework payment is slightly better for worker than in-kind payment because money carries with it certain amount of freedom

socialism

In socialism, there is still private property and free labor market where people get wages, but many needs - from health care to schooling to old age support to even food and shelter - are provided by government as matter or right; Marxism believed that through working class revolt, capitalism was be replaced by socialism

family structure and health

Larger families have higher child mortality rates; in developing countries, resources key to survival are stretched thinner in household; in our society, where food scarcity is less of an issue and accidental death is greater cause of child mortality, supervision, or lack thereof, is larger issue, because it's harder to supervise six children than two

Redemptive Social Movements

Like alternative social movements, redemptive social movements target specific groups; however, they advocate for more radical change in behavior; these movements are often affiliated with a religious group and often attempt to return troubled people back to normal routine of day-to-day society

Frame alignment

Linkage of individual and SMO (social movement organization) interpretive orientations; some set of individual interests, values, and beliefs and SMO activities, goals, and ideology are congruent and complementary; alignment between individual's worldviews and those of activists must take place for social movements to coalesce

lords

Lord was nobleman who owned land, and a vassal was granted the land, termed a fief, by the lord

Marital status and health

Married people tend to liver longer, particularly married men 1) Taller men tend to have higher rates of marriage; because height is fairly good measure for childhood health, maybe healthier people do better on marriage market → suggests that health leads to marriage 2) Other theory states that marriage can benefit one's health; when you settle down, you probably do not engage in as many risky behaviors

communism

Marx believed socialism would be quickly followed by communism: a classless society in which means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are not tied to productivity but to need; no more private property and no more inequality in wage

Marx

Marx considered capitalism both fundamentally flawed and inevitably doomed; considered alienation the basic state of being in a capitalist society; alienation is condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers

History of social relations

Marxists's theory that history is an account of humankind's struggle to control and dominate nature through use of technology; technological conditions of a given era, in turn, determine our mode of social relationships

Fordism

Mass production of consumer goods → pay workers so they can afford those goods

true democracy

Means that each citizen is essentially a legislator; however, as scale of democracy expands, high levels of mass participation become unsustainable

Medicaid

Medicaid covers most people age 65 or older and some younger people with disabilities; Medicaid is joint federal and state program that helps cover medical costs for poor people with limited resources

Classical model

Model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in psychological disruption of individuals; when this disruption reaches certain threshold, it gives rise to social movement

Birth ratio

More boys than girls are born worldwide due to lighter load of genetic material that male sperm carry (Y chromosome has hardly any genetic material compared with X chromosome); imbalance in sex ratio leads to social problems, including lack of marriage partners for young women, which may eventually lead to change in cultural valuation of women; however, higher mortality rates for boys usually mean that this number evens out in adulthood and eventually flips, leaving more old women than old men

malaria

Mosquito-borne disease malaria typically affects least-developed areas of world; malaria can be fatal disease in humans; before age of antibiotics, it had very high morbidity rate, so high it could wipe out entire villages; controlling and eliminating malaria are prerequisite for significant economic development; malaria is becoming more difficult to treat due to antibiotic-resistant strains of the disease

When did capitalism begin to develop?

Most agree that capitalism started to develop along with agricultural and industrial revolutions in Europe

emotional labor

Much work in service sector involves "emotional labor": notion that certain kinds of work require us to manage our emotions in a taxing way that exacts cost; high degrees of emotional labor are correlated with lower job satisfaction and higher rates of burnout; occupations with highest demands of emotional labor are disproportionately female

multilateral trade agreements

Multilateral means they don't result from negotiations between two nation-states, but rather are end result of negotiations among multiple players and thus enforce rights, impose sanctions, or encourage business at regional or worldwide level

Diagnostic psychiatry

Now the prevailing paradigm; treats mental illness much like any other illness, identifying its symptoms and prescribing treatment

Serfs

Of peasant origin, formed lowest class in feudal society; serfs were bound to land and required to give the lord a portion of their production, but were in turn granted protection; differed from slaves in that they were allowed to own property and could not be sold

profession vs job/career

One of the key traits of profession, as opposed to job or career, is that members of given profession are oriented toward their peers, not their clients; though doctors are serving their patients, they are equally concerned with approval of other doctors

How do developments in pharmaceuticals challenge medical authority?

Pharmaceutical companies used to market their drugs to doctors, but now more pharmaceutical companies are marketing their drugs directly to consumers in hope that they will advocate for them with their medical providers; explosion of such direct-to-consumer advertising as FDA has progressively eased restrictions

Postmodernism

Postmodernity has been characterized by a questioning of the notion of linear progression; the grand struggles (like communism vs capitalism) that defined modern period have been replaced by ideas about multiculturalism and the blending of different narratives; postmodern condition is embodied by the concept of pastiche, taking a little bit from one culture and a little bit from another to form a sort of collage, in place of a narrative; postmodern critics suggest that science and logic, the cornerstones of modernist thinking, have failed to answer important questions and have been abandoned

Third dimension of power

Power's third dimension is the invisible power to not only persevere despite overt or veiled resistance but to prevent such conflict from arising in the first place; conflict may be averted through influencing, shaping, or determining desires, wants, and preferences (narrowing the choice set and socializing desires)

doctors' relationship with hospitals

Previously doctors were merely employees of hospitals, but they gained rights to admit patients to one or more hospitals, thereby obtaining more powerful position in the relationship; hospitals came to depend on doctors for supply of patients, and physicians who could easily send his or her patient to another facility held the power

Amniocentesis

Process of inserting needle into uterus to extract fluid from amniotic sack; can be used to screen for certain diseases before birth

meritocracy

Promotions to higher levels within idealized bureaucracy are based on achievement, not personal attributes or favoritism

Georg Simmel

Proponent of capitalism; he saw development of monetary payment systems as part of historical evolution, the depersonalization of exchange; with arrival of capitalism, payment forms evolved toward giving more and more freedom to the worker

selection theory

Relationship between lower income and higher morbidity is false or not really causal because other factors such as genetics and biology affect both health and SES

Grassroots organization

Relies on high levels of community-based membership participation to promote social change; like mass protest organization, it lacks hierarchical structure of professional movement organization; unlike mass protest organization, this type of group works through existing political structures to promote social change

prenatal hormones and homosexuality

Research by Bogaert has identified positive relationship between number of older biological brothers a boy has and his chance of being gay; could be result of mother's immune system "remembering" her previous male pregnancies and altering hormonal environment in utero for subsequent male fetuses

Traditional authority

Rests on appeals to the past or traditions; rules based on traditional authority dominates by virtue of age-old rules and power; leaders are designated according to traditional rules and are obeyed because of their traditional status

Charismatic authority

Rests on personal appeal of an individual leader; natural leader who has an uncanny way with people, is the center of attention, and is comfortable making decisions, responding to crises, and delivering orders

Global warming

Rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases resulting in higher global average temperatures; CO2 and other greenhouse gases are trapped in atmosphere, naturally warming temperature of earth → this process enables planet to remain at a temperature comfortable for human habitation; however, atmospheric concentrations of these gases and average global temperatures have been rising in recent years and is a cause for concern

scientific discovery in the laboratory

Scientific facts don't just pop up from experiments; instead, scientists debate research findings, discuss their results, and work through disagreements; some findings make it to laboratory and into print; others don't; power struggles within hierarchy of lab may determine which results or explanations of data receive more attention

Second dimension of power

Second dimension of power is more complicated and occurs when the power is so formidable that no conflict results from competing interests because one side is convinced it's a losing battle

alternative social movements

Seek the most limited societal change: they often target narrow group of people; usually issue oriented, focusing on singular concern and seeking how to change individuals' behaviors in relation to that issue

wage labor

Simmel argues that under wage labor system, people are paid in money, and furthermore, this wage is not tied to quality of raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in production process

Postmodern identity

Simmel's group affiliation model if adapted to postmodernity would look like series of nonconcentric, non-overlapping, and sometimes even contradictory identities and affiliations; individual seems to have disintegrated into fragments and multiple, postmodern selves resulted from disjointed affiliations

social construction of mental illness

Social meanings of mental illness have always been contested, and DSM represents social construction of mental illness; in 19th century, women were frequently diagnosed as hysterical, and today the increasing diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, whose symptoms are analogous to those of hysteria, is similar diagnosis under different name

social movements

Social movements seek to challenge or change one or more aspects of society through institutional and extra-institutional means; attempt to achieve their aims through conflict and action directed at particular opponents, not just through consensus and compromise

social determinists theory

Social status position determines health; being of a lower income or SES causes higher morbidity and lower general health

quack

Sociological definition of a "quack" is professional who seeks to make a client happy at the esteem of his or her peers

political arbitrage

Some corporations attempt to beat competition by gaining political influence, such as political arbitrage, or the use of insider political knowledge to earn profits; ex. by hiring former secretaries of defense in order to gain access to current officials, the corporation can influence government decisions on spending and policy in its own favor

Convergence theory

States that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place; doesn't necessarily require planning; however, this theory does not explain inconsistency of group action

working mothers

Studies consistently show that working mothers are less depressed, have higher self-esteem, and report greater sense of happiness than stay-at-home mothers; one study suggests that women who work feel more valued at home than those who stay at home; working mothers are also more likely to feel anxious and tired

Whitehall study

Study examined differences among men of different social classes in similar occupations (civil service); researchers found that men who held lower ranks and lower social status had much higher rates of common illnesses and ailments and higher mortality rates; men in lower ranks had more risk factors, such as obesity, higher levels of stress, and low levels of physical activity; England provides health care to everyone regardless of socioeconomic status, but lower class people still had more health problems

barriers to electoral participation

Such barriers have historically included literacy tests, stricter naturalization procedures, and burdensome voter registration procedures; these obstacles prevent certain people from voting altogether and increase time and effort required of those who remain eligible

Democracy

System of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life

vassal

The fief (land) was the property of the lord, but it was left to the vassal to reap the harvests from it; in exchange, the vassal provided military protection for the lord

Temporary concession

The ordinary people are armed and threatening to revolt, so the elites give them their democratic reforms; however, the ordinary people don't have the resources to sustain a revolution forever, so when the revolution dwindles, the elite takes away these democratic reforms

Civic voluntarism model

Three reasons why people vote or do not vote have to do with 1. Political orientation: the strength of an individual's political commitments 2. Resources: money to donate to parties or causes, as well as civic skills such as leadership, communication, and organizational habits 3. Mobilization efforts by political parties or nonpartisan groups, which can boost political participation

John Locke

The state of nature is peaceful; natural law regulates interpersonal relations without the interference of a cumbersome sovereign authority

Resource-mobilization theory

This theory expresses that political context and goals lead to collective action; discontent and the availability of resources are key factors that determine if a social movement will coalesce; powerful or elite members of society have greater chance of leading or contributing in other ways to a movement because they control more resources

neo-Marxist theory

This theory is concerned with explaining contradictions between formal legal equality and social class inequality; when private property is held by small section of population, democratic impulse might be to confiscate that property; to resolve this tension and maintain private property rights, welfare state emerges → welfare state is mediator of class conflict, "granting concessions to both capitalists and workers" to ensure long-term health of society; to serve interests of rich owners by means of production, welfare state "buys off" workers by providing necessities and degree of economic security

salary system

Under salary system, workers are paid not for direct service but for sum total of their services; for one year of employment, you are paid set amount of money, and that figure is what you and employer agreed would be acceptable for average level of performance and average amount of work over course of year; both sick days and vacation days are allotted

US approach to health care

Unlike other developed nations, the US relies on private market to provide care as well as manage risk and finances (through insurance) for vast majority of population

Why was medicine considered philanthropic up until mid-19th century?

Until mid-19th century, medicine in England and U.S. was considered philanthropic: if you did not pay your physician's bills, he could not sue you for payment: doctors had no legal recourse

causes of global warming

Vast majority of scientists acknowledge that roots of global warming can be traced back to human activities; Primary cause: burning fossil fuels Second-largest cause: deforestation

third edition of DSM

Version was largely atheoretical, meaning that diseases were not attributed to certain causes (such as life events); in this way, it was primarily diagnostic and largely adopted medical model (as opposed to psychological one); removed social context in favor of biomedical model (if you are depressed, you have a chemical imbalance, and no consideration is given to what life events may have triggered your feelings)

Thomas Hobbes

We need a strong, central authority in order to live in peace and harmony with our neighbors; human interaction is, by nature, rife with conflict and fear

Weber

Weber, unlike Marx, believed that not just technology but also ideas generate social change; claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without Protestant Reformation, which created necessary social conditions for capitalism by promoting theological insecurity and instilling doctrine of predestination; Weber shared Marx's negative view of capitalism and worried that capitalism ate at the soul

social construction of illness

What it means to be sick or healthy varies across time and place; ex. alcoholism was not always seen as a disease, but was viewed as moral weakness throughout much of history

collective identity

What makes you an individual is your affiliation with multiple group identities; sharing a group affiliation with another person helps us develop emotional attachments to that person

union busting

When company assaults its workers' union in hope of breaking it up

Paradigm shift or scientific revolution

When enough scientific anomalies accrue to challenge existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena; scientific revolutions are infrequent, but when they do occur, they turn existing ways of thinking about science on their heads; scientific revolutions represent major breaks in periods of normal science and are responsible for important scientific advancements

State

a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory; hidden under any form of domination by authority - and by extension, any state - is the threat of violence; the state doesn't have to make threats to back up its orders; rather it is implicit that there will be consequences if orders are not followed and that the state has the power to exact physical punishment if needed

International state system

a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states; each state agrees to mind its own business when it comes to internal affairs of other sovereign countries as long as borders are respected

Power

ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance

Collective action

action that takes place in groups and diverges from social norms of the situation

Reformative Social Movements

advocate for limited social change across an entire society

Revolutionary Social Movements

advocate the radical reorganization of society

Mass protest organization

advocates for social change through protest and demonstration, and relies on high levels of member participation to achieve its goals; lacks organizational structure of professional movement organization

normative view of science

aka traditional view of science; notion that science should be unaffected by personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather should follow objective rules of evidence

Altruism

an action that benefits a group but does not directly benefit the individual performing the action; when the group is small, there is higher likelihood that individuals will act altruistically to promote the goals of that group

static identity

an aspect of your identity (such as race) that doesn't change and that determines at least one group to which you belong

dynamic identity

an aspect of your identity that is more fluid (such as working as a lifeguard for one summer) and that is determined by a group to which you belong

Thomas Kuhn

believed that scientific discovery doesn't proceed along linear path or simply accumulate little by little; rather, periods of "normal science" are ruptured every so often by scientific revolutions that shift paradigm of given science

Epigenetics

chemical regulation of gene activity that may be switched "on" or "off" in response to external or environmental factors; for schizophrenics, external factors may have affected their fathers' sperm, such that certain genes that should be dormant are active, and vice versa

mass collective action

collective action in which close physical proximity is not necessary such as a letter writing campaign

Hereditary monarchies

crown passes down through single family,

fifth edition of DMS

current DSM; contains info on almost 400 distinct mental illnesses; its use has increased, largely because of bureaucratic requirements of insurance industry; to get paid, mental health professionals must find diagnosis category that "fits"; led to proliferation of new entries such as ADHD and generalized anxiety disorder - all of which have previously belonged to less medical categories

Mortality

death → mortality rates refers to likelihood of individual or group of individuals dying

Domination by economic power

defined by Weber; control by virtue of a position of monopoly

Steven Lukes

describes power as three-dimensional

Stanley Milgram

designed experiment to see how far ordinary people would go to obey an authority figure

rent seeking

economic activities that aim to move value from one person or company to another without increasing value; ex. landlord charges higher rent for apartment than he did 20 years ago without improving its quality at all

Productivity enhancing

economic activities that increase total economic value available to society

paradigm

framework within which scientists operate

monetization

establishment of legal currency; barter system in villages allowed peasants to trade livestock or produce, but in context of large cities and wage labor, need for monetary system emerged

Dynamic psychiatry

focused on identifying internal conflicts that produce mental illness; was usurped by diagnostic psychiatry, which seeks to identify symptoms of underlying diseases

oligarchy

form of government in which power lies with small group of leaders

Lleras-Muney study

found that extra years of school decreased individuals' chance of dying

Civil rights

guarantee a citizen's personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and right to travel freely

Social rights

guarantee citizen's protection by the state, including protection from the free market in the areas of housing, employment, health, and education; minimal living standards for full participation in society

Political rights

guarantee citizen's rights to participate in politics, including right to vote and right to hold an elected office

professional movement organization

has full-time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays minor role in organization

Morbidity

illness in general sense - absence of complete health

bureaucracy

legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to formal rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy; seek to make routine tasks efficient and to provide order in a disorderly world

explanations for racial health disparities

less access to healthcare/ insurance, language barriers, and immigration status

Inequality of organic farms

maintaining organic farm (with USDA certification) is expensive → small farms have small profits and may not be able to afford to comply with costly certification requirements

How do corporations lower prices?

may lower production cost in variety of creative ways, such as cutting environmental corners, weakening labor unions, and telling lies

globalization

multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social exchanges and interdependencies; results in an increase in trade and economic exchanges among individuals, corporations, and governments in different areas of the globe

myth of AIDS

myth that it is transmitted only through homosexual sex, when in actuality, HIV is carried in bodily fluids; shared intravenous needles, unprotected sexual activity (both heterosexual and homosexual), and mother-to-infant exchange are most frequent modes of transmission

Logic of industrialism thesis

nations develop social welfare benefits to satisfy social needs created by industrialization; state intervenes to take care of people who are not needed in labor market: children, people with disabilities, and the elderly

heterodoxy

nontraditional medicine; ex. massage therapy and acupuncture

Keynoters

not the same as leaders: they can just be people whose actions become, either intentionally or unintentionally, the behavior copied by an entire group

homeopathy

notion that the "poison is the cure"; you are given little bit of poison, a little bit of the disease, in order to cure or prevent an illness; homeopathy was widely followed medical practice in 19th century until what we now called traditional medicine became dominant paradigm with assistance of state licensing boards

First growth spurt in US health insurance industry

occurred during Great Depression; emerging health care industry was characterized by fee-for-fee service model of insurance

monopoly

occurs when one seller of good or service dominates market to exclusion of others, potentially leading to zero competition

union

organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with employer; makes workers better able to promote and protect their collective interests than each worker would be able to alone

Interest group

organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without campaigning for direct election or being appointed to office; such groups use variety of other paths to influence policy, such as persuading elected officials to advocate for their group's agenda or working through existing regulatory bureaucracy or the legal system

Political party

organization that seeks to gain power in government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe to organization's political ideals

postwar definition of statehood

organizations that extract resources through taxation and attempt to extend coercive control and political authority over particular territories and the people residing in them; this definition still includes reference to coercion and political authority (i.e. Weber's monopoly on legitimate force), but now states are concerned with another function - social provisions - and may be called welfare states

participatory movement organization

participation of ordinary members is directly involved in this organization

in-kind payment

payment in the form of items needed for survival: actual sustenance necessary to live and reproduce; payment was personal in nature

civil service salary

payment is not tied to productive value of workers at all but related to "appropriate standard of living" for someone at the particular grade level and amount of experience

Organic foods

pesticide-free and don't contain genetically modified ingredients; organic farms follow strict set of guidelines outlined by USDA; some products are certified organic, meaning they contain at least 95% of organic ingredients, whereas other products are labeled "made with organic ingredients" meaning that at least 70% of their ingredients are certified organic

social policies

policies developed to meet social needs

AIDS is more prevalent in

poorer populations because of a lack of access to drugs that stop HIV from evolving in to AIDS

soft power

power attained through use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action (hard power); cultural myths or legitimizations can help persuade people or even nations to obey; ex. Hollywood films are often popular abroad simply because they are entertaining, but they can also be vehicle for some of US's favorite ideologies, such as free trade or democratic political institutions

Politics

power relations among people or other social actors, be it at governmental level or an interpersonal level or any level in between

First edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

prescribed about 60 disorders

Scientific laboratory

primary site in which many scientific data are collected, researched, and analyzed

Domination

probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by given group of people (defined by Weber)

medicalization

process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such and come under control of medical profession

specialization

process of giving each person specific, delimited tasks; each worker has small and related set of specific functions

Genetically modified foods

products whose genetic structures have been altered

Ryan White Act

provided federal funds to poor Americans with AIDS to act as last resort to pay for treatment

Domination by authority

refers to situation in which the will of the ruler influences the conduct of the ruled so they act as if the ruler's will were also their own; the willing obedience of the ruled to the commands of legitimate authority

1986 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act

requires emergency rooms to treat you, at least enough to stabilize your condition, regardless of your ability to pay for services

consequence of assisted reproductive technology

rise in number of twins, triplets, and higher-order multiple births; when woman has in vitro fertilization, several zygotes may be inserted into her uterus in hopes of increasing chance of implantation, which carries associated risk that more than one may implant; if woman is taking ovulation-inducing drugs, more than one egg may be traveling down fallopian tubes, and two or more eggs may merge with sperm

Legal-rational authority is highly...

routinized - based on a standard, regular procedure - and rationalized - subject to ever-expanding modes of organization

frame

schema by which we organize our lives and see the world

Normal science

science that's conducted within an existing paradigm, adding to our existing knowledge; you aren't overturning existing scientific knowledge, but gradually adding to it through process of scientific discovery

Traditional view of science

scientific process should occur outside boundaries of day-to-day world, so that social concerns and political interests don't enter into it; value-neutral endeavor conducted by objective researchers, who remain influenced by personal views and political pressures

causes of social change

social change can result from technological innovations, emergence of new ideas, changes in cultural identities, and conflict between social actors

social contructivism vs scientific truth

social contructivism: notion that scientific facts are "created", not discovered scientific truth: scientific facts are not made but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered by truth-seeking researchers

modernity

social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity, as well as individuality created by nonconcentric but overlapping group affiliations; rise of science and objectivity; rise of modern nation-state and process of urbanization; increased industrialization and specialization of labor revolutionized economic production

risk society

society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating risks

charisma

specific qualities that inspire loyalty and obedience in others

Purpose of DSM

standardize canon of mental disorders and their definitions

Impossibility theorem

states that there is no system of voting that will consistently yield the top choice of the most voters when there are more than two alternatives

Game theory

study of the decisions actors make in situations where there is uncertainty and where their success depends on the strategies of others; Acemoglu and Robison use game theory to understand how some states wind up more democratic than other states

Problem with resource-mobilization theory

successful social movements are often led by those who are relatively powerless and have few monetary resources; involvement of elite classes in a movement often results in its decline and eventual demise → if a movement becomes dependent on external sponsors, organizations within the movement can be easily co-opted by elite groups in cases of conflicting demands

Welfare state

system in which state is responsible for well-being of its citizens

crowd collective action

takes place when members of a group are face to face

Authority

the justifiable right, not just the ability, to exercise power; rulers have authority if they can persuade their subordinates that their claim to power is valid

social responsibility of business

to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within rules of the game; committed to its shareholders

Social change

transformations in social institutions, political organizations, and cultural norms across time

woman's wage

treated as unnecessary when compared to male wages because they were expected to be dependent on men; when economists and politicians did consider single working women, they maintained that woman's wage need meet only barest necessities; low wages pushed heavy incentives on women to marry in order to survive economically; also impelled women to stay married even when marriages were oppressive and rife with conflict

hard power

use of military or economic force to influence behavior

Family wage

wage paid to male workers sufficient to support dependent wife and children; by assuming women's dependence, family wage was denied to them, thus pushing women and children into the very dependency to which they were presumed to be naturally suited; provides a male breadwinner but at the cost of women's autonomy and freedom

Leading killer worldwide

waterborne illness