Exam 3 - HW & IClickers

Which of the following explains why the cecum is larger in herbivores than it is in carnivores? Select ALL answer choices that apply.

- All animals lack the enzymes to digest cellulose. - Carnivores primarily eat meat, so they do not need a large cecum. - Herbivores primarily eat plants, so they need a large cecum.

Since amphibians do not spend their entire lives in water, they faced a challenge as they moved to the terrestrial environment. Which of the following is true about the amphibian heart and circulatory system? Select ALL answer choices that apply.

- Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. - The amphibian circulatory system experiences double circulation: both pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

The equation for Fick's Law of Diffusion for a dissolved gas is shown below. Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion? Select ALL answer choices that apply.

- An increase in the area over which diffusion occurs. - An increase in the pressure difference or concentration of gases. - A decrease in the distance over which diffusion occurs.

What is letter E in the figure?

Anus

During exhalation does air move in or out?

Out

What is F on the heart?

Superior vena cava

What is answer 1?

Transportation

Place the following events in the correct order of the cardiac cycle: a. Blood flows back against the semilunar valves, causing them to close ("dub" sound). b. Pressure rises in the ventricles and semilunar valves open. c. The atria contract and blood flows into the ventricles. d. The ventricles contract, pushing the atrioventricular valves closed ("lub" sound).

c, d, b, a

Which of the following variables would cause the curve to shift to the right (i.e., resulting in a decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen)? Select ALL answer choices that apply.

- Decrease in pH - Increase in CO2 - Increase in temperature

Early humans most likely did not retain lactase persistence after weaning off mother's milk. The gene turns off. Research has revealed that the genetic mutation for lactase persistence is found: ....?

- Mostly in populations from Northern Europe and some parts of Africa and dates back to 9,000 years in Europe, and 3,000-7,000 in Eastern Africa - Cattle domestication appears to correspond directly with above

The figure below shows one way in which the circulatory system and the lymphatic system are connected. Which of the following statements is/are true about this relationship? Select ALL answer choices that apply.

- Water and solutes filter out of the blood capillaries and some is not returned. The lymph capillaries can collect this excess fluid. - Lymphatic vessels can return the interstitial fluid back to the veins. - Lymph flows in one direction only.

According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the maximum amount of sugars you should eat in a day are?

25-36 grams

What is the function of the small intestine?

90% of digestion and absorption of nutrients and minerals occurs here.

Lactose is...?

A disaccharide that first needs to be digested into its component monosaccharides before it is absorbed by the small intestine

Chyme is...?

A mixture of partially digested food with gastric juice

Of the 20, how many should a healthy adult be able to build on their own, "non-essential" and how many are "essential?"

A. 12 non-essential, 8 essential

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorption of remaining water and electrolytes; formation of feces takes place here.

Leptin is produced in the __________ and targets receptors of the _______.?

Adipose tissue; hypothalamus

What is the function of the gizzard in birds?

Aides in mechanical digestion of fruits & seeds

What does mechanical digestion allow for?

Allows animals to capture larger food items

What is C on the heart?

Aorta

What type of blood does an optimist have?

B positive, hehe

When you have fatty chyme in your duodenum, the hormone Choleccystokinin (CCK) is released to stimulate your gallbladder and pancreas to contract. These deliver ______________ to your duodenum to help break down the food for absorption?

Bile from the liver; digestive enzymes from the pancreas

What is a small, rounded mass of food that has been chewed?

Bolus

Which of the following statements about red blood cells is incorrect? a. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin b. Mammalian red blood cells are anucleated c. Red blood cells are called leukocytes d. aged red blood cells are removed by the liver and spleen

C

What hormone is short-term control; released by the duodenum and respond to food in the stomach, resulting in a decrease in appetite?

Cholecystokinin

What is the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice?

Chyme

What is the function of the esophagus?

Connects the throat to the stomach.

During inhalation do the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm contract or dialate?

Contract

During inhalation, the diaphragm...?

Contracts

What is the consumption of feces to absorb more nutrients on the second passage?

Coprophagy

During exhalation does the Volume of Thoracic Cavity increase or decrease?

Decrease

During inhalation deos the Pressure on Inside of Thoracic Cavity increase or decrease?

Decrease

Which characteristic do all multi-organ system animals have in common?

Digest food items into polymers, then monomers; which can then be absorbed

Body mass is _______ to heart mass in mammals?

Directly proportional

What is answer 4?

Erythrocytes

What is letter A in the figure?

Esophagus

In the context of nutrition, what is meant by "essential?"

Essential means that you must eat them and digest them from your meals

True or False: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

False

True or False: Proteins can readily pass through the cell membrane to be catabolized into amino acids.

False

What is letter G in the figure?

Gallbladder

The action of ________ is to stimulate the release of pepsinogen and HCl in response to _______- in the stomach.

Gastrin; protein

What hormone is Short-term control; released by the stomach and results in an increase in appetite?

Ghrelin

The partial pressure of O2 within the alveoli is _________ the partial pressure of O2 in the venous blood arriving at the lungs?

Greater than

What is the likely scenario triggering breathing in humans?

High blood pCO2

What is answer 2?

Homeostasis

During inhalation does air move in or out?

In

During exhalation does the Pressure on Inside of Thoracic Cavity increase or decrease?

Increase

What anatomic characteristics are for increased secretion contact and absorptive area?

Increased folds or projections such as the gastric pits and villi

During inhalation does the volume of thoracic cavity increase or decrease?

Increases

What is G on the heart?

Inferior vena cava

What hormone is Long-term control; released by the pancreas and results in the uptake of glucose into cells?

Insulin

Peristalsis is...?

Involuntary smooth muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract

During inhalation what happens to the pressure within your thoracic cavity?

It decreases, thus drawing air into the lungs

What is letter D in the figure?

Large intestine

What is E on the heart?

Left atrium

What is A on the heart?

Left ventricle

What is D on the heart?

Left ventricle

Compare the two mice in the image below. Mouse A was genetically engineered to not produce a specific hormone that is involved in regulating appetite. Based on this information, which hormone is NOT being produced in Mouse A?

Leptin

What hormone is Long-term control; released from fat cells and results in a decrease in appetite?

Leptin

Blacksburg is about 2,100 feet above sea level. If you were atop a mountain 18,000 feet above sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air would be _________ as Blacksburg?

Less

What is answer 6?

Leukocytes

What is letter H in the figure?

Liver

Features of mammalian fetal circulation include?

Mixing of venous with arterial circulation

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which food will travel?

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Anus

Which of the following is the correct order of structures in which air travels through the human respiratory system?

Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchioles → Alveoli

Monocytes are large white blood cells. You will learn in a future lesson on the immune system that they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. You learned previously that they also differentiate into:.....?

Osteoclasts

Once food is digested in the stomach it is called "chyme" and is sent to the duodenum. The acidity of the chyme is detected in the duodenum which releases the hormone secretin to signal the _________ to release bicarbonate which buffers up the pH of chyme to a more neutral condition

Pancreas

What is letter F in the figure?

Pancreas

What are the rhythmic waves of muscular contraction to move food from the esophagus to the stomach?

Peristalsis

What is answer 3?

Plasma

What is answer 5?

Platelets

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen on the x-axis and the percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin on the y-axis. Which point on the graph would be most appropriate for blood that has immediately left the alveoli of the lungs?

Point C

What is the function of the liver?

Processes nutrients from the small intestine; detoxification; secretes bile.

During exhalation do the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm contract or relax?

Relax

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in the heart?

Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle

What is B on the heart?

Right atrium

What is the function of the stomach?

Secretes acids and enzymes to break down food.

What is the function of the pancreas?

Secretes digestive juices composed of chymotrypsin and trypsin.

What is letter C in the figure?

Small Intestine

What is letter B in the figure?

Stomach

The action of ghrelin is to stimulate hunger. Ghrelin is produced by the ________ and targets receptors of the _________.

Stomach; hypothalamus

What is the function of the anus?

Stool is pushed out of this structure during a bowel movement.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile.

Erythropoietin is a hormone made by the kidneys. Why is erythropoietin made in the kidneys?

The kidneys sense oxygen levels and blood volume

Echinoderms, such as the starfish pictured above, have small hair-like protrusions called papulae to assist with gas exchange. The red arrow in the image is pointing to the papulae. How do papulae assist echinoderms with gas exchange?

The papulae increase the surface area over which gas exchange occurs.

Which of the following explains why humans do not survive at altitudes above 6,000 meters?

The partial pressure of oxygen is half of that found at sea level.

Blacksburg is about 2,100 feet above sea level. If you were atop a mountain 18,000 feet above sea level, the amount of oxygen in the air would be _________ as Blacksburg?

The same

There are variations in the digestive systems of vertebrates. How do birds break up food to be digested?

They ingest pebbles and store them in the gizzard to grind up food particles.

True or False: A healthy, well-balanced diet is generally sufficient for obtaining all the vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids that the body needs.

True

What ensures blood flow back to the heart?

Veins' semi-lunar backflow valves

Normal stool (poop) color is brown. The color is the result of.....?

What you eat and how much bile is in your stool

Characteristics of Ketones

a. Fatty acids made by the liver and transported to body cells through the blood to use in cellular respiration b. they are often made when glucose is in short supply c. They are also made over-night as the body fasts during sleep

As blood flows away from the heart through an artery, it travels through smaller vessels called A. __________ . Blood then reaches the B. ____________ , which is where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues. These structures regroup to form C. __________ , which make up veins. Blood then travels back to the heart.

a. arterioles b. capillaries c. venules

Which of the following is true of lymph and its role in circulation?

a. it is plasma that has come out of blood capillaries b. the lymphatic capillaries collect this fluid c. taken up in lymphatic veins and carried back in one direction toward the heart

The dashed red arrows in the figure represent the process of _________ , which is the mechanism by which gas exchange occurs. In this process, the oxygen moves from an area of _________ oxygen concentration to an area of _______ oxygen concentration. In Example A, water and blood both flow in the same direction, which is termed ___________________ . As both fluids flow in the same direction, the percentage of oxygen concentration in the blood __________ . In Example B, water and blood flow in opposite directions, which is termed _________________ . This mechanism increases the rate of diffusion by maintaining the ____ variable in the Fick's Law equation.

diffusion higher lower concurrent exchange stabilizes countercurrent exchange ∆p

While you are babysitting a young child, he becomes frustrated and threatens to hold his breath. As the child holds his breath, the concentration of CO2 in the body is likely to _____________ , and the pH of the body fluid is likely to ____________ . The body responds by initiating breathing to bring the pH of the body back to normal. This is an example of _________- feedback.

increase decrease negative

Body mass is ______ to heart rate in mammals?

inversely proportional

Lactose tolerant = ....?

lactase persistence

The schematic diagram above represents the circulatory system of fish. The fish heart is composed of four structures that form ______ pumping chambers. As blood moves from the heart via a(n) __________ , it travels to the gills where the blood will release ____________________ and pick up _________ . Thus, oxygenated blood is represented by the _____ color in the figure and deoxygenated blood is represented by the _______ color in the figure. The blood travels from the gills, throughout the body of the fish, and once past arterioles, capillaries, and venules back to the heart via a(n) ______ .

two artery carbon dioxide oxygen red blue vein