Exam 3 Lymphatic system & immunity

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

>37.2ºC (99ºF)

.What kind of infection suggests if there is a rise in the level of interferons in the body?

A rise in the level of interferon suggests a viral infection.

Describe immunodeficiency diseases.

A type of disease that decreases the body's ability to produce an effective immune response impair the immune system's ability to defend the body against foreign or abnormal cells that invade or attack it

Define interferons.

Small proteins released from virally infected cells that bind to near-by non-infected cells Interferons are species and tissue specific in thehost but not virus specific Three types: alpha (α) and beta (β) from WBC'sand gamma (γ) from activated T-cells

Which two cells coordinate adaptive immunity?

T cells & B cells

Identify the three main classes of lymphocytes.

T cells (80%) , B cells (10-15%), and natural killer cells (NK) (5-10%)

List the components of the lymphatic system

The components of the lymphatic system are... Lymph Lymphatic Vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus gland Peyer's Patches

Define autoimmune disorders.

arising from and directed against the person's own tissues, as in autoimmune disease, difficult to treat, progressive

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine?

artificially induced active immunity

____ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

autoimmune disease

Which cells are involved in inflammation?

basophils and mast cells

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessles

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation?

cell-mediated (T-cell) and antibody mediated (B-cell) immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Artificial acquired active immunity

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T cells

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

immunity- ability to resist infection and disease

A child falls off her bike and skins her knee. Which form of immunity will be activated immediately?

innate (nonspecific) immunity will be activated immediately in the child with a skinned knee.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity

innate immunity

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

Describe inflammation

localized tissue-level response to limit spread of infection

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity

naturally acquired active immunity

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of.....................immunity

passive immunization

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

Where does Lymphocyte production occur in the body?

red bone marrow, thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissue

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

Define opsonization

the coating of a pathogen with a protein that facilitates phagocytosis

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

Name the two large lymphatic vessels into which the lymphatic trunks empty.

thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins

T is to ________ as B is to ________

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen

tolerance

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx

tonsils

What structure prevents the back flow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (E) desmosomes

valves

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp

Define antigenic determinant site

An antigenic determinant site is the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule binds.

What is the effect of histamine release?

Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area.

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction?

Histamine, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause pain and inflammation.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

What are Lymphocytes?

Type of WBC that attack foreign matter and fx as the source of viral defense Primary cells of the lymphatic system •Respond to: -Invading pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses)-Abnormal body cells (such as virus-infected or cancer cells)-

What is perforin?

a protein, released by killer cells of the immune system, that destroys targeted cells by creating lesions like pores in their membranes.

Describe hypersensitivities.

abnormal reactions to antigens. (excessive immune responses to antigens) Allergies

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

antibody

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n

antigen

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the

antigenic determinant site.

Describe CD markers.

CD is an abbreviation "for cluster of differentiation". CD molecules are cell surface markers which are very useful for the identification and characterization of leukocytes

Explain lymphedema.

Caused by blocked lymphatic drainage• Interstitial fluids accumulate • Affected area becomes swollen and distended

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

Cisterna chyli

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins. Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to the bloodstream

Define immune surveillance

Constant monitoring of normal tissues (immune surveillance) by naturalkiller (NK) cells

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

Cytotoxic T-cells

What is anaphylaxis?

Life threatening allergic reaction

What is the difference between a lymphocyte and lymph?

Lymphocytes - are the primary cells of the lymphatic system. These cells respond to pathogens, abnormal body cells, and foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria. Lymph - is the interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel and surrounds lymphocytes.

Name the lymphoid tissue that protects epithelia lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

MALT - Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

What tissues are involved in Lymphopoiesis?

The red bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissues are involved in lymphopoiesis.

Where is the thymus located?

The thymus is located in the anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum.