Exam 4
When did the first eukaryotic cells form?
2.1 billion years ago
When did life first appear on the planet?
3.5 billion years ago
How old is our planet Earth?
4.6 billion years old
What is a plant tissue?
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
What is the endomembrane system?
A group of internal membranes and organelles that are highly connected within a eukaryotic cell
What is a plant organ?
A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
What is a fruit?
A mature ovary
How old is the oldest fossil we have food of our own species, Homo sapiens?
About 300 thousand years old
How long ago did the hominin lineage, the human branch of the evolutionary tree of life, split away from other primate groups?
About 6 million years ago
On which continent would you have seen the very earliest members of Homo sapiens?
Africa
Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action?
All are evidence for evolution
Which of the following is not a primate?
All are primates.
Which of the following statements is accurate?
All of the above are accurate statements.
Which of the following are considered fossils?
All of the above are considered fossils
What is an adaptation?
All of the above are correct
Which of the following features are used to identify chordates?
All of the above are features used to identify chordates.
Which of the following are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
All of the above are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution
Which of the following groups is not a type of mammals?
All of the above are types of mammals
Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment?
All of the above are ways in which bacteria help the environment.
Although exceptions do exist, which is a distinctively amphibian trait?
All of these are distinctive amphibian traits.
What is the main difference between amphibians and reptiles?
Amphibians are tied to water for reproduction, while reptiles have amniotic eggs that can survive on dry land.
What is a key morphological difference between fish and amphibians?
Amphibians have strong muscular and skeletal systems to support their body on land.
Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions?
Archaea
Apples that we find in the grocery store today are much larger and sweeter than those foundin the wild hundreds of years ago. Which process is responsible for this change?
Artificial selection
What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species?
Biogeography
Which group of fishes evolved most recently (in other words, is the youngest)?
Bony fishes
How do fungi reproduce sexually?
By the fusion of haploid cells from two different fungi
How do viruses make copies of themselves?
By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected
What is the correct organization in plants, from smallest to largest?
Cells, organs, tissues, tissue systems
Which of the following best defines microevolution?
Changes in genes within a population over time
Which of the following is human's closest living relative?
Chimpanzees
Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involves a physical connection between the two bacterial cells?
Conjugation
In which tissue system of plants would you expect to find the guard cells?
Dermal tissue system
What are the three tissue systems of plants contained in each plant organ, such as leaves?
Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems
Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?
Endospore
Humans belong to which subgroup of mammals?
Eutherians
All mammals live on land.
FALSE
Which of the following is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved?
Flowers
What does the term biogenesis mean?
Formation of life from nonliving chemicals
What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated?
From the inward folding of the plasma membrane
What does fitness mean when speaking in terms of evolution?
How many offspring an individual produces
Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?
Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills.
Which statement is most accurate when describing human evolution?
Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees.
Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use?
In the roots
What defines a population in evolution?
Interbreeding members of the same species that share a common space
What might be the advantage to an ancestral cell if it maintained a photosynthetic bacterium within its cytoplasm rather than digest it?
It could now use photosynthesis to make its food.
Which is most closely related to the hagfishes?
Lampreys
What is the oldest (in other words, most ancient) primate group?
Lemurs
What characterizes terrestrial tetrapods?
Lives on land, has four limbs
Which statement regarding fungal reproduction is true?
Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually.
Which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches?
Marsupials
What are the main steps of biogenesis, in the correct order?
Monomers, Polymers, self-replicating molecules, first cells
Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?
Natural selection
Are all fungi prokaryotes?
No, they are all eukaryotes.
What are the three parts that make up the structure of most viruses?
Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), a capsid, and recognition spikes
Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?
Overproduction of organisms and limited food resources
What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance?
RNA
Which of the following group is most closely related to mammals?
Reptiles
Which chordate trait evolved first?
Skull and backbone
What are plasmids?
Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria
If the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant?
Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots.
All plant organs (such as leaves, roots, and stems) contain tissues from all three tissue systems.
TRUE
Birds are a type of reptile.
TRUE
Humans are more related to fungi than to plants.
TRUE
According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American blackbear?
The Asiatic black bear
Which of the following statement is correct regarding the phylogenetic tree above?
The polar bear and the brown bear are the most recently evolved species.
What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
The population
Compared to mammals and reptiles, what characteristic prevents amphibians from surviving far from water?
Their eggs do not have an amnion to prevent them from drying out.
Which of the following is a key feature of primates?
They have a brain that is large in relation to their body.
Prokaryotic organisms are present in how many domains?
Two
Based on the endosymbiosis theory that highlights where chloroplasts come from, how would you expect chloroplasts to divide when a plant cell divides?
Via binary fission
How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells?
Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell
Which of the following infects only plants?
Viroid
All vertebrates have ________.
a skull and a backbone
Evolution can be best defined as ________.
change in the gene pool of a population
Humans belong to the phylum ________.
chordates
Bacteria that have a spherical shape are called ________.
coccus
Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.
comparative anatomy
The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with ________.
genetics
All mammals ________.
have mammary glands and hair
A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________.
inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide
The oldest fossils are typically found in the sediments ________.
located deep under the surface
Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve.
ndividuals; populations
Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ________.
survive and reproduce
If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.
these two species are very closely related
Most chordates are ________.
vertebrates
An infectious circular piece of RNA that can infect plants is called a ________.
viroid
The xylem primarily transports ________, while the phloem primarily transports ________.
water and minerals; sugars