Exam 4

When did the first eukaryotic cells form?

2.1 billion years ago

When did life first appear on the planet?

3.5 billion years ago

How old is our planet Earth?

4.6 billion years old

What is a plant tissue?

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

What is the endomembrane system?

A group of internal membranes and organelles that are highly connected within a eukaryotic cell

What is a plant organ?

A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

What is a fruit?

A mature ovary

How old is the oldest fossil we have food of our own species, Homo sapiens?

About 300 thousand years old

How long ago did the hominin lineage, the human branch of the evolutionary tree of life, split away from other primate groups?

About 6 million years ago

On which continent would you have seen the very earliest members of Homo sapiens?

Africa

Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action?

All are evidence for evolution

Which of the following is not a primate?

All are primates.

Which of the following statements is accurate?

All of the above are accurate statements.

Which of the following are considered fossils?

All of the above are considered fossils

What is an adaptation?

All of the above are correct

Which of the following features are used to identify chordates?

All of the above are features used to identify chordates.

Which of the following are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection?

All of the above are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution

Which of the following groups is not a type of mammals?

All of the above are types of mammals

Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment?

All of the above are ways in which bacteria help the environment.

Although exceptions do exist, which is a distinctively amphibian trait?

All of these are distinctive amphibian traits.

What is the main difference between amphibians and reptiles?

Amphibians are tied to water for reproduction, while reptiles have amniotic eggs that can survive on dry land.

What is a key morphological difference between fish and amphibians?

Amphibians have strong muscular and skeletal systems to support their body on land.

Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions?

Archaea

Apples that we find in the grocery store today are much larger and sweeter than those foundin the wild hundreds of years ago. Which process is responsible for this change?

Artificial selection

What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species?

Biogeography

Which group of fishes evolved most recently (in other words, is the youngest)?

Bony fishes

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

By the fusion of haploid cells from two different fungi

How do viruses make copies of themselves?

By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected

What is the correct organization in plants, from smallest to largest?

Cells, organs, tissues, tissue systems

Which of the following best defines microevolution?

Changes in genes within a population over time

Which of the following is human's closest living relative?

Chimpanzees

Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involves a physical connection between the two bacterial cells?

Conjugation

In which tissue system of plants would you expect to find the guard cells?

Dermal tissue system

What are the three tissue systems of plants contained in each plant organ, such as leaves?

Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?

Endospore

Humans belong to which subgroup of mammals?

Eutherians

All mammals live on land.

FALSE

Which of the following is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved?

Flowers

What does the term biogenesis mean?

Formation of life from nonliving chemicals

What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated?

From the inward folding of the plasma membrane

What does fitness mean when speaking in terms of evolution?

How many offspring an individual produces

Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?

Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills.

Which statement is most accurate when describing human evolution?

Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees.

Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use?

In the roots

What defines a population in evolution?

Interbreeding members of the same species that share a common space

What might be the advantage to an ancestral cell if it maintained a photosynthetic bacterium within its cytoplasm rather than digest it?

It could now use photosynthesis to make its food.

Which is most closely related to the hagfishes?

Lampreys

What is the oldest (in other words, most ancient) primate group?

Lemurs

What characterizes terrestrial tetrapods?

Lives on land, has four limbs

Which statement regarding fungal reproduction is true?

Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

Which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches?

Marsupials

What are the main steps of biogenesis, in the correct order?

Monomers, Polymers, self-replicating molecules, first cells

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?

Natural selection

Are all fungi prokaryotes?

No, they are all eukaryotes.

What are the three parts that make up the structure of most viruses?

Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), a capsid, and recognition spikes

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?

Overproduction of organisms and limited food resources

What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance?

RNA

Which of the following group is most closely related to mammals?

Reptiles

Which chordate trait evolved first?

Skull and backbone

What are plasmids?

Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria

If the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant?

Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots.

All plant organs (such as leaves, roots, and stems) contain tissues from all three tissue systems.

TRUE

Birds are a type of reptile.

TRUE

Humans are more related to fungi than to plants.

TRUE

According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American blackbear?

The Asiatic black bear

Which of the following statement is correct regarding the phylogenetic tree above?

The polar bear and the brown bear are the most recently evolved species.

What is the smallest unit that can evolve?

The population

Compared to mammals and reptiles, what characteristic prevents amphibians from surviving far from water?

Their eggs do not have an amnion to prevent them from drying out.

Which of the following is a key feature of primates?

They have a brain that is large in relation to their body.

Prokaryotic organisms are present in how many domains?

Two

Based on the endosymbiosis theory that highlights where chloroplasts come from, how would you expect chloroplasts to divide when a plant cell divides?

Via binary fission

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells?

Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell

Which of the following infects only plants?

Viroid

All vertebrates have ________.

a skull and a backbone

Evolution can be best defined as ________.

change in the gene pool of a population

Humans belong to the phylum ________.

chordates

Bacteria that have a spherical shape are called ________.

coccus

Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.

comparative anatomy

The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together Darwin's findings with ________.

genetics

All mammals ________.

have mammary glands and hair

A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________.

inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide

The oldest fossils are typically found in the sediments ________.

located deep under the surface

Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve.

ndividuals; populations

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ________.

survive and reproduce

If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.

these two species are very closely related

Most chordates are ________.

vertebrates

An infectious circular piece of RNA that can infect plants is called a ________.

viroid

The xylem primarily transports ________, while the phloem primarily transports ________.

water and minerals; sugars