exam 5

Which of the following nerve fibers would have the highest speed of conduction? A. A fibers B. B fibers C. C fibers D. Unmyelinated fibers

A. A fibers

If a medication prevented the flow of Na+ into a neuron, which of the following would be the result? A : The neuron would depolarize. B : The neuron would not depolarize. C : The neuron would not repolarize. D : The neuron would not hyperpolarize.

B : The neuron would not depolarize.

To which part of a neuron would a neurotransmitter bind? A : soma B : dendrite C : axon D : neurofibril

B : dendrite

Spinal nerves C1-C5 comprise which plexus? A brachial B cervical C sacral/coccygeal D lumbar

B cervical

Damage to the sensory or motor nerves to the muscle or to the integrating centers in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord in diabetes patients can be indicated by the absence of a knee jerk when testing this reflex: A. Achilles Reflex B. Patellar Reflex C. Abdominal Reflex D. Babinski's Sign Reflex

B. Patellar Reflex

The contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of it's antagonistic muscle is called; A. Polysnaptic Innervation B. Reciprocal Innervation C. Autogenic Innervation D. Ipsilateral Innvervation

B. Reciprocal Innervation

At the neuromuscular junction, a nerve impulse is converted into a/an: A. mechanical signal B. chemical signal C. graded potential

B. chemical signal

The membrane potential temporarily becomes more negative than the resting level during the _________ phase. A. Depolarizing Phase B. Absolute Refractory Period C. After Hyperpolarizing Phase D. Repolarizing Phase

C. After Hyperpolarizing Phase

Which neurotransmitter receptor is a type of ligand-gated channel which contains a binding site and an ion channel? A. Excitatory Receptors B. Metabotropic Receptors C. Ionotropic Receptors D. Inhibitory Receptors

C. Ionotropic Receptors

Graded potentials vary in amplitude depending on the strength of the ________. A. neurotransmitter B. type of chemically-gated channel on postsynaptic neuron C. Stimulus D. Both A&B

C. Stimulus

In this diagram which is the lumbar enlargement?

D

In this diagram which portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as outgoing axons of motor neurons?

D

The rough endoplasmic reticulum in the neuron comprises the A neurofibrils B myelin C dendrites D Nissl bodies

D Nissl bodies

Which of the following is a means to degrade or remove neurotransmitter? A enzymes B diffusion C cellular reuptake D all of these serve to remove neurotransmitters

D all of these serve to remove neurotransmitters

Muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs are supplied by the A meningeal branches B gray horn C posterior ramus D anterior ramus

D anterior ramus

Which group of nerves supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs? A. Cervical Plexus B. Thoracic Plexus C. Lumbar Plexus D. Sacral Plexus

D. Sacral Plexus

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are medications that help treat depression. Based on their name, what is the mechanism of action for an SSRI? A : SSRIs increase the breakdown of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. B : SSRIs increase the diffusion of serotonin into the postsynaptic neuron. C : SSRIs decrease the transport of serotonin into the presynaptic membrane. D : SSRIs decrease the duration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft.

SSRIs decrease the transport of serotonin into the presynaptic membrane.

Which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that produces and maintains the myelin sheath?

A

Simple series circuits allow A a single presynaptic cell to stimulate a single postsynaptic cell B the postsynaptic neuron to distribute impulses to a single postsynpatic neuron C the postsynaptic neuron to receive impulses from a single sources D the postsynaptic neuron to receive impulses from several different source

A a single presynaptic cell to stimulate a single postsynaptic cell

Tyrosine is an amino acid that is necessary for the production of catecholamines. Which of the following are catecholamines? Select all that apply. A dopamine B epinephrine C acetylcholine D GABA E glycine

A dopamine B epinephrine

Which electrical signal allows for communication over short distances within the body? A graded potentials B action potentials C nerve action potential D synaptic potentials

A graded potentials

A partial transection of the cord on either side is called a A hemisection B spinal shock C complete transection D cross section

A hemisection

Epilepsy can be caused by which of the following? Select all that apply. A hypotension B hypoglycemia C meningitis D brain damage E tranquilizers

A hypotension B hypoglycemia C meningitis D brain damage E tranquilizers

A crossed extensor reflex allows you to A maintain your balance B withdraw your leg C autonomic D extend your toes

A maintain your balance

Which of the following is a nervous system disorder characterized by hardening myelin sheaths on neurons in various places in the body? A multiple sclerosis B depression C excitotoxicity D epilepsy

A multiple sclerosis

A single presynaptic neuron stimulates a group of neurons each of which synapses with a common postsynaptic cell describes which of the following circuits? A parallel after-discharge B converging C reverberating D diverging

A parallel after-discharge

Which sacral plexus nerve supplies muscles of the perineum, skin of the penis and scrotum in the male, and clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and vagina in the female? A pudendal B tibial C inferior gluteal D common fibular E superior gluteal

A pudendal

If K+ diffusion out of a neuron were prevented, the neuron would be unable to A repolarize B hyperpolarize C depolarize D rest

A repolarize

John lives in Greenland and only has exposure to daylight for 6 months. As a consequence, he has an imbalance of seratonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. He suffers from A seasonal affective disorder B epilepsy C excitotoxicity D neuroblastoma

A seasonal affective disorder

A single postsynaptic neuron receives nerve impulses from several different sources describes which of the following circuits? A converging B parallel after-discharge C diverging D reverberating You selected A : converging got it correct

A converging

Beta-endorphins are considered A inhibitory opioid peptide neurotransmitters B excitatory opioid peptide neurotransmitters C inhibitory small molecule neurotransmitters D excitatory small molecule neurotransmitters

A inhibitory opioid peptide neurotransmitters

Once a(n) ________ potential is generated, the amplitude is always the same and does not depend on stimulus intensity. A. Action B. Graded C. Continuous D. Saltatory

A. Action

Which neurons carry information to the brain? A. Afferent B. Efferent C. Motor D. Association

A. Afferent

What collection of spinal nerves connects the sensory and motor nerves to the upper limbs? A. Brachial Plexus B. Cervical Plexus C. Lumbar Plexus D. Thoracic Plexus

A. Brachial Plexus

An area of skin that provides sensory input via the spinal nerves is called: A. Dermatome B. Myotome C. Primary Sensory Area D. Secondary Sensory Area

A. Dermatome

Channels that open in response to a specific chemical stimulus are: A. Ligand Gated Channels B. Leakage Channels C. Voltage Gated Channels D. Mechanically Gated Channels

A. Ligand Gated Channels

A positive Babinski Sign in a 1 yr old is a(n): A. Normal B. Abnormal

A. Normal

Chromatolysis and Wallerian Degeneration occur as part of the repair process for nerves in the _________. A. PNS B. CNS

A. PNS

After the first action potential is generated, subsequent action potentials are ______ since the membrane potential is already above the resting membrane potential. A easier B larger C harder D smaller

A. easier

Which of the following structures of the spinal nerves contains the sensory axons? A. posterior root B. anterior root C. both A&B

A. posterior root

In the stretch reflex, the end result is: A. the muscle that was stimulated contracts B. the muscle that was stimulated relaxes C. the antagonistic muscle contracts D. the muscle that was stimulated stretches

A. the muscle that was stimulated contracts

What is the arrangement of white and gray matter in the spinal cord? A. the white matter surrounds grey matter B. the grey forms a covering around the white matter C. grey matter surrounds white matter

A. the white matter surrounds grey matter

Which group of nerves supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, the external genitals, and part of the lower limb? A. Sacral Plexus B. Lumbar Plexus C. Thoracic Plexus D. Cervical Plexus

B

Which of the following spinal nerves do not enter into the formation of a plexus? A C6-T1 B T2-T12 C L1-L5 D C1-C5

B T2-T12

Which nerve in the lumbar plexus is present in only about 10% of the population? A obturator nerve B accessory obturator nerve C genitofemoral nerve D iliohypogastric nerve E ilioinguinal nerve

B accessory obturator nerve

Which nerve in the cervical plexus divides into superior and inferior roots? A transverse cervical B ansa cervicalis C lesser occipital D phrenic E supraclavicular

B ansa cervicalis

The movement of materials synthesized in the cell body to the axon terminals is called A action potential B axonal transport C myelin D synapse

B axonal transport

Cerebrospinal fluid is found A beneath the pia mater B between the pia mater and the arachnoid layer C between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer D above the dura mater

B between the pia mater and the arachnoid layer

The spinal cord terminates at the A lumbar enlargement B conus medullaris C coocyx D filum terminale

B conus medullaris

An action that causes a suprathreshold stimulus will A fail to open voltage-gated Na+ channels B depolarize the neuron multiple times C fail to depolarize the neuron D cause the neuron to hyperpolarize

B depolarize the neuron multiple times

Muscle, glands and other neurons can be considered A integrators B effectors C processors D stimulators

B effectors

The largest nerve coming from the lumbar plexus is the A ilioinguinal nerve B femoral nerve C tibial nerve D sciatic nerve E obturator nerve

B femoral nerve

Inhibiting the uptake of norepinephrine into a presynaptic cell would A stimulate further release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic cell B increase the duration of action for norepinephrine in the synapse C decrease the duration of action for norepinephrine in the synapse D prevent further release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic cell

B increase the duration of action for norepinephrine in the synapse

Which of the following does NOT describe an action potential? A exhibits all-or-none B it arises mainly in dendrites and cell bodies C short duration D utilizes voltage gated channels for sodium and potassium

B it arises mainly in dendrites and cell bodies

Spinal nerves L1-L5 comprise which plexus? A cervical B lumbar C sacral/coccygeal D brachial

B lumbar

Cells with long processes and the ability to send electrical impulses are most commonly found in the A cardiovascular system B nervous system C immune system D digestive system

B nervous system

Which of the following is a biogenic amine? A glutamate B norepinephrine C acetylcholine D nitric oxide

B norepinephrine

The ability of the nervous system to change based on experience is called A accomodation B plasticity C adaptation D evolution

B plasticity

A virus that produces paralysis by destroying cell bodies of neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord characterizes A areflexia B poliomyelitis C meningitis D neuritis

B poliomyelitis

The type of reflex arc that involves more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse is a/an A monosynaptic B polysynaptic C autonomic D somatic

B polysynaptic

You've looked up a phone number for the local florist. Which type of circuit allows you to remember the phone number just long enough to dial it? A parallel after-discharge B reverberating C diverging D converging

B reverberating

Pulling your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a/an A cranial reflex B spinal reflex C autonomic reflex D somatic reflex

B spinal reflex

If a neurolemma is absent from a damaged PNS neuron, A there will be increased regeneration of the neuron B there will be no regeneration of the neuron C the axon will grow through a regeneration tube instead D the axon may regenerate abnormally slowly

B there will be no regeneration of the neuron

Which subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System is involuntary? A. Central Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous System C. Somatic Nervous System

B. Autonomic Nervous System

A reflex that causes contraction of muscles that extend joints in a limb opposite the painful stimulus is called: A. Flexor Reflex B. Crossed Extensor Reflex C. Stretch Reflex

B. Crossed Extensor Reflex

Which neurons carry information out of the brain? A. Afferent B. Efferent C. Sensory D. Integrative

B. Efferent

What is the collective term for the connective tissue coverings that surround the spinal cord and the brain? A. Dura Mater B. Meninges C. Epineurium D. Denticulates

B. Meninges

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheaths in multiple regions causing the myelin sheaths to deteriorate to scleroses or hardened scars. A. Neuroblastoma B. Mutiple Sclerosis C. Guillain-Barre Syndrome D. Epilepsy

B. Mutiple Sclerosis

Chemical substances that neurons use to communicate with other neurons are called: A. Hormones B. Neurotransmitters C. Effectors D. Receptors

B. Neurotransmitters

A patient has suffered a spinal cord injury at the C6 level. Will this patient need to be on a ventilator to breathe for them? A. Yes B. No

B. No

A sensory neuron that has one process that extends from the cell body: A. Multipolar B. Unipolar C. Bipolar D. Dendritic

B. Unipolar

The spinal nerves responsible for the contraction of the diaphragm and breathing are A C1-C3 B C6-C8 C C4-C5 D T1-T2

C C4-C5

Epinephrine can be released in response to stimuli in the sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following is true regarding the action of epinephrine after release? A Epinephrine will cause inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in its effectors. B Epinephrine can cause neither excitatory nor inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in its effectors because it is not a biogenic amine neurotransmitters. C Epinephrine will cause excitatory postsynaptic potentials in its effectors. D Epinephrine can cause neither excitatory nor inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in its effectors because it is not a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system.

C Epinephrine will cause excitatory postsynaptic potentials in its effectors.

Which of the following have a higher concentration outside a neuron than in the cytosol? Select all that apply. A phosphate B K+ C Na+ D Cl- E amino acids

C Na+ D Cl-

A pressure stimulus opens a mechanically-gated channel. As sodium ions (Na+) flow into the cell through the channel, which of the following is created? A a hyperpolarizing graded potential as the inside of the membrane becomes less negative B a hyperpolarizing graded potential as the inside of the membrane becomes less negative C a depolarizing graded potential as the inside of the membrane becomes less negative D a depolarizing graded potential as the inside of the membrane becomes more negative

C a depolarizing graded potential as the inside of the membrane becomes less negative

Thoracic outlet syndrome involve compression to the nerves of which plexus? A cervical B lumbar C brachial D sacral/coccygeal

C brachial

An individual is unable to contract their extensor digitorum brevis of the foot muscle. The nerve that is most likely damaged is the A lateral plantar B medial plantar C deep fibular D superficial fibular

C deep fibular

The outermost covering of a spinal nerve is the A endoneurium B perineurium C epineurium D fascicle

C epineurium

Binding of acetylcholine to a receptor causes a _________________________ to open, resulting in a depolarizing graded potential. A mechanically-gated channel on the axon of a motor neuron B ligand-gated channel on the axon of a motor neuron C ligand-gated channel on the dendrite of an interneuron D mechanically-gated channel on the dendrite of an interneuron

C ligand-gated channel on the dendrite of an interneuron

Which type of membrane channel would be stimulated to open by pressure changes? A leak channels B voltage-gated channels C mechanically gated channels D ligand-gated channels

C mechanically gated channels

The gracilis fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus comprise the A anterior column B rubrispinal tract C posterior column D spinothalamic tract

C posterior column

The area of the spinal cord that contains only sensory axons is the A anterior gray horn B anterior root C posterior root D posterior gray horn

C posterior root

An example of a mechanically gated channel is when a channel opens as a result of A release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles B binding of norepinephrine to receptors on a dendrite C pressure of a fingertip pushing on a doorbell D the change of membrane voltage away from resting potential

C pressure of a fingertip pushing on a doorbell

The combination of spinal nerves L4, L5, S1-S4 forms the A cervical plexus B brachial plexus C sacral and coccygeal plexuses D lumbar plexus

C sacral and coccygeal plexuses

Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of seratonin allow for prolonged activity of seratonin at the synapses. These drugs are classified as A glucosamines B alpha-blockers C selective seratonin reuptake inhibiotrs D beta-blockers

C selective seratonin reuptake inhibiotrs

A neuron that transmits olfactory information from the nose to the brain receives a signal from a(n) A interneuron B motor neuron C sensory receptor D cranial nerve

C sensory receptor

Which of the following nerves are bound together by connective tissue and form the sciatic nerve? Select all that apply. A superior gluteal B pudendal C tibial D perforating cutaneous E common fibular

C tibial E common fibular

During which of the following processes does Wallerian degeneration occur? A inhibition of a reverberating circuit B sensation of a painful stimulus C neural repair after an injury D propagation of an action potential

C neural repair after an injury

Reverberating circuits allow A : the postsynaptic neuron to distribute impulses to a single postsynpatic neuron B : the postsynaptic neuron to receive impulses from a single source C : the stimulation of a presynatic neuron to cause a postsynaptic neuron to transmit a series of impulses

C : the stimulation of a presynatic neuron to cause a postsynaptic neuron to transmit a series of impulses

The movement of materials in both directions on microtubules in axons referes to: A. Continuous Propagation B. Slow Axonal Transport C. Fast Axonal Transport D. Saltatory Propagation

C. Fast Axonal Transport

A withdrawal of a part of the body in response to a painful stimulus is called a: A. Pain Reflex B. Crossed Extensor Reflex C. Flexor Reflex D. Patellar Reflex

C. Flexor Reflex

When the motor nerve impulse goes out the same side as the sensory neuron came in it is called: A. Monosynaptic Reflex B. Contralateral Reflex C. Ipsilateral Reflex D. Reciprocal Innervation

C. Ipsilateral Reflex

Neuroglial cells in the brain that form a myelin sheath around several adjacent axons are: A. Satellite Cells B. Schwann Cells C. Oligodendrocytes D. Microglial Cells

C. Oligodendrocytes

Which nervous system division contains spinal nerves, ganglia, and peripheral nerves? A. ENS B. CNS C. PNS D. ANS

C. PNS

Sensory and motor tracts are found in the _____ of the spinal cord. A. Spinal Nerves B. Grey Matter C. White Matter

C. White Matter

Which of the labeled structures is the dura & arachnoid mater?

D

Which of the following spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus? A C1-C5 B L1-L5 C L3-S2 D L1-L4 E L1-S4

D L1-L4

What helps offset the ion diffusion through leak channels on neurons and helps return the membrane potential to its resting voltage? A voltage-gated ion channels B transporters for large molecules C anions that are too large to diffuse out of the cell D Na+/K+ ATPase pumps

D Na+/K+ ATPase pumps

The action potential propagates through which part of the neuron? A soma B dendrites C nucleus D axon

D axon

The disorder 'foot drop' is caused by damage to which nerve A lateral plantar B pudendal C medial plantar D common fibular

D common fibular

The release of serotonin into the synaptic cleft stimulates a postsynaptic neuron to depolarize. In this event, serotonin is considered A converging B diverging C inhibitory D excitatory

D excitatory

Summation increases the strength and duration of A action potentials that occur on dendrites B graded potentials that occur on axons C action potentials that occur on axons D graded potentials that occur on dendrites

D graded potentials that occur on dendrites

Which of the following results in the occurrence of Brown-Sequard syndrome? A spinal shock B complete transection of the spinal cord C spinal compression D hemisection of the spinal cord E shingles

D hemisection of the spinal cord

Traumatic injury to the spinal cord will destroy neurons. The neuronal debris is primarily cleared by which type of glial cells? A satellite cells B macrophages C Schwann cells D microglia

D microglia

Which of the following is NOT a biogenic amine? A norepinephrine B dopamine C serotonin D nitric oxide

D nitric oxide

Spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S5 comprise which plexus? A brachial B cervical C lumbar D sacral You selected D : sacral got it correct

D sacral

Identify the neurotransmitter that is responsible for inhibiting neuronal synapses in the brain. A butyric acid B glutamate C epinephrine D seratonin

D seratonin

Identify the ipsilateral reflex responsible for maintaining muscle tone A patellar B crossed-extenson C tendon D stretch

D stretch

An individual is unable to contract their fibularis brevis muscle. The nerve that is most likely damaged is the A deep fibular B medial plantar C lateral plantar D superficial fibular

D superficial fibular

A ganglion cyst is a disorder that happens when a small area fills with fluid near joints between bones. It does not involve a ganglion in the peripheral nervous system; therefore, why might the two share a name? A : A ganglion transmits messages between two areas. B : A ganglion is involved in movement. C : A ganglion connects two regions with fluid. D : A ganglion is a swelling or mass.

D : A ganglion is a swelling or mass.

Unipolar neurons like Pacinian corpuscles frequently have which of the following types of channel on the corpuscle? A : voltage-gated channels B : leak channels C : ligand-gated channels D : mechanically gated channels

D : mechanically gated channels

A medication that prevents anterograde transport would prevent which of the following actions? A : reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synapse B : graded depolarization of the dendrites C : synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria D : movement of synaptic vesicles to the axon

D : movement of synaptic vesicles to the axon

The epidural space is located A between the pia mater and the arachnoid layer B between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer C beneath the pia mater D above the dura mater

D above the dura mater

The resting membrane potential in neurons is:__________millivolts A. 70 mv B. 90 mv C. -55 mv D. -70 mv

D. -70 mv

The period of time during which the neuron cannot generate another action potential, even with a very strong stimulus is called the: A. After Hyperpolarizing Phase B. Depolarizing Phase C. Relative Refractory Period D. Absolute Refractory Period

D. Absolute Refractory Period

Which is a synapse that transmits a nerve impulse from an axon to a cell body: A. Axocellic B. Axodendritic C. Axoaxonic D. Axosomatic

D. Axosomatic

Unmyelinated axons transmit action potentials through _______ conduction while myelinated axons use _____ conduction. A. Action, Graded B. Graded, Action C. Saltatory, Continuous D. Continuous, Saltatory

D. Continuous, Saltatory

The spinal cord ends by tapering to a conical portion called the: A. Cauda Equina B. Filum Terminale C. Coccyx D. Conus Medullaris

D. Conus Medullaris

What occurs when neurons one and two both act on neuron three at the same time to cause an action potential? A. Action Summation B. Graded Summation C. Temporal Summation D. Spatial Summation

D. Spatial Summation

What is the correct order of the connective tissue layers that protect the spinal cord from the outermost layer to the innermost layer? A. perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium B. epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium C. arachnoid, dura, pia mater D. dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

D. dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

White matter primarily consists of ______ of many neurons. Grey matter consists of ______. A. neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons B. unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies C. neuron cell bodies; myelinated axons D. myelinated axons; neuron cell bodies

D. myelinated axons; neuron cell bodies

In this diagram, which layer of the meninges is closest to the spinal cord?

G

The ability of the nervous system to change is known as _____ a person's experiences are instrumental in changing the connections that occur between neurons.

plasticity

Which is commonly the "receiving" structure of a neuron? A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Cell Body D. Somatic Process

B. Dendrite

The spinal nerves responsible for the movement of the subclavius muscle A C8-T1 B C7-C8 C C5-C6 D C1-C3

C C5-C6

Spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1-T2 comprise which plexus? A lumbar B cervical C brachial

C brachial

In this diagram, which structure is the myelin sheath?

E