EXSC 345 - Chapters 10-17Quiz Questions

(Ch. 12) Which alpha level is the most widely accepted in peer-reviewed, published research articles?

0.05

(Ch. 11) The value of ____ in a correlation matrix indicates the correlation between a variable to itself.

1

(Ch. 10) Which of the following is an example of the use of inferential statistics to document a relationship?

A study showing a relationship between distances on the 12-minute run and estimates of VO2 max.

(Ch. 11) A researcher is interested in how the performance of three types of a motor tasks influences memory recall. The number of hours of sleep the participants had the previous night was measured and is considered a confounding variable. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

ANCOVA

(Ch. 17) When writing a methodology, what sections should be included?

All of the above (Participants, Equipment, Statistical analysis, Protocol)

(Ch. 10) The amount of error due to chance that a researcher is willing to accept is called the ____________.

Alpha level

(Ch. 12) A researcher interested in how the performance of three types of motor tasks influences memory recall. The number of hours of sleep the participants had the previous night was measured and is considered a confounding variable. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

(Ch. 17) In what ways do dissertations differ from journal manuscripts?

Both A & B (Dissertations are much longer than journal manuscripts / Dissertations have a greater level of detail than journal manuscripts.

(Ch. 13) Which of the following is a strength of nonparametric statistics?

Can be used when typical statistical assumptions are violated

(Ch. 13) A researcher is interested in if performance on a memory task differs among students in grades 1 through 5 of an elementary school. A formula that includes the expected and observed outcomes may be used to answer this question is which of the following?

Chi-square

(Ch. 11) Which of the following terms is used to explain how much change in one variable is the result of change in another variable?

Coefficient of determination

(Ch. 14) The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 measures gross motor skill competence. To establish __________ validity, typically developing children and children diagnosed with development coordination disorder completed the test with an expectation that the groups would perform statistically different from each other.

Construct

(Ch. 14) A panel of three experts creates a survey to measure physical activity participation. They sent the survey to another group of experts who made small revisions. Everyone agreed that the final product measured physical activity participation. Which of the following terms best describes this process?

Content Validity

(Ch. 11) Which of the following terms describes a statistical output that is convenient when a researcher wants to observe the correlations between multiple variables within the same plot?

Correlational matrix

(Ch. 12) An analysis of _____________ is the statistical test used as an attempt to control for a confounding variable that may have influenced the values of the dependent variable.

Covariance

(Ch. 14) Studies have established a strong association between an objective monitor (such as a pedometer) and direct observation (which is considered the "gold standard") to measure physical activity. These studies are attempting to determine _____________ validity.

Criterion

(Ch. 11) As the degrees of freedom ___________, the r critical value becomes higher thereby decreasing the chance that an r actual will be statistically significant.

Decreases

(Ch. 12) One group of participants is tested pre- and post-intervention on a dependent variable of interest. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

Dependent t test

(Ch. 10) __________ statistics include measures of central tendency and variability.

Descriptive

(Ch. 12) In general, as variability increases between groups it becomes more (easy/difficult) _____________ to find statistical significance.

Difficult

(Ch. 10) The study of health issues within large populations is known as ______________.

Epidemiology

(Ch. 14) There are two versions of an exam a professor gives to his/her class. If ______________ reliability is established, then competence in course material can be assessed similarly in either version of the exam.

Equivalence

(Ch. 10) A characteristic of a population is termed a statistic.

False

(Ch. 10) In studies involving more than one group, it is usually best to allow participants to select the group they wish to be in.

False

(Ch. 11) A strong correlation indicates a cause-effect relationship.

False

(Ch. 11) The coefficient of determination, or r^2, indicates the amount of shared variance by two variables.

False

(Ch. 11) The strength of a correlation is related to whether or not the correlation is positive or negative.

False

(Ch. 12) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests describe specifically which groups are statistically different from each other.

False

(Ch. 13) The process of creating null and alternative hypotheses is different for research questions that will use nonparametric statistics for analysis.

False

(Ch. 13) There are no post hoc tests available for the Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOVA statistical test.

False

(Ch. 14) A Z score can only be calculated for interval data.

False

(Ch. 14) A component of internal consistency is established by participants completing the same test once per month.

False

(Ch. 16) All university professors are required to conduct research and receive grants to support research efforts.

False

(Ch. 16) Grant proposals that are written for a federally funded organization (such as the National Institutes of Health) are very similar to proposals written to foundations.

False

(Ch. 16) It is not necessary to develop a specific budget for a research proposal as researchers decide how to spend the money after it has been awarded.

False

(Ch. 17) Because journal reviewers will provide feedback on a manuscript, the first submission does not need editing.

False

(Ch. 17) Cover letters are no longer necessary because manuscripts are submitted electronically.

False

(Ch. 17) If an author has published a manuscript, he or she may use that written material again without modifying or citing it.

False

(Ch. 17) When submitting a manuscript the first time, citation style can be more generic rather than a specific style.

False

(Ch. 16) _____________ are non-profit or charitable trusts that fund scientific or educational research.

Foundations

(Ch. 13) In general, nonparametric statistics have a (smaller/greater)_________ chance of resulting in a Type II error.

Greater

(Ch. 11) Which of the following terms describes the statistical tool that allows several predictor variables to be used to predict an outcome variable?

Multiple regression

(Ch. 11) As sample size ___________, the r critical value becomes lower thereby increasing the chance that an r actual will be statistically significant.

Increases

(Ch. 11) As the alpha level set by researchers _____________, there is a greater chance of finding statistical significance of an r actual value.

Increases

(Ch. 16) It is important that a research proposal is feasible to be completed within the suggested timeline.

True

(Ch. 12) A researcher is interested in the effect of teaching style on physical activity engagement. One group receives teaching style A while the other receives teaching style B. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

Independent t test

(Ch. 11) A researcher is interested in the effect of teaching style on physical activity engagement. One group receives teaching style A while the other receives teaching style B. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

Independent t-test

(Ch. 14) Three researchers are coding physical activity behaviors of preschool children. Each researcher established over 90% agreement with each of the other two researchers. Which of the following type of reliability has been established?

Interrater

(Ch. 16) Which of the following series of funding mechanisms is meant to fund career development?

K series

(Ch. 13) Three groups (n=8 per group) were taught by different teachers. Test performances were ranked for the entire sample. A ____________ is the most appropriate statistic to test if students of one teacher performed differently than the other group.

Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOVA

(Ch. 11) A calculated p value as the result of a statistical test must be ________ than the a priori selected alpha level in order to be termed significant.

Less

(Ch. 12) A calculated p value as the result of a statistical test must be (less/greater) ________ than the a priori selected alpha level in order to be termed significant.

Less

(Ch. 14) A researcher creates a "Fun Index" which is a scale from 1-10. Parents rate the perceived level of fun displayed by their child during data collection sessions. This is the first time this scale has been used. Which of the following terms best describes the validity of this scale?

Logical validity

(Ch. 14) Which of the following types of validity is considered the "weakest" in terms of ensuring accurate measurement?

Logical validity

(Ch. 13) The ___________ is the nonparametric equivalent of the independent samples t test.

Mann-Whitney U

(Ch. 13) The _____________ test uses ranked data and is used to compare two groups on one outcome variable.

Mann-Whitney U

(Ch. 16) Which of the following is the most well-known funding agency for researchers in health sciences and is a part of the United States government?

National Institutes of Health

(Ch. 10) Which of the following sets of terms accurately describe a set of scores on a 100 point written test that are not normally distributed and have a greater number of high scores?

Nonparametric, ratio data, negatively skewed

(Ch. 10) The ________ hypothesis is a statement that no correlation or difference is expected.

Null

(Ch. 14) ___________ and interrater reliability are terms that are often used interchangeably and describe the process researchers must go through in order to ensure accurate measurement.

Objectivity

(Ch. 12) A researcher is interested in the effect of the duration of instruction on motor skill competence. There are 3 groups: 15, 30, and 45 minutes per session during a 12-week intervention. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

One way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

(Ch. 11) A researcher is interested in the effect of the duration of instruction on motor skill competence. There are 3 groups: 15, 30, and 45 minutes per session during a 12-week intervention. What is the most appropriate statistical test?

One-way ANOVA

(Ch. 14) Test-retest reliability is typically established by which of the following statistical tools?

Pearson Correlation

(Ch. 11) __________ tests are conducted to determine significant differences among groups only if a significant result of an ANOVA is found.

Post hoc

(Ch. 12) __________ tests are conducted only if a significant result of an ANOVA is found.

Post hoc

(Ch. 14) The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is considered an assessment with ____________ validity where performance is thought to be related to success in graduate school.

Predictive

(Ch. 11) Linear regression is a statistical tool that ___________ the amount of change in one variable based on the amount of change of another variable.

Predicts

(Ch. 16) Which section of a research proposal provides the reader with specific details about the participants, procedures, instrumentation, and statistical analyses of the project?

Proposed analysis

(Ch. 17) Which section of a journal article provides the reader with specific details about the participants, procedures, instrumentation, and statistical analyses of the project?

Proposed analysis

(Ch. 16) Which of the following mechanisms of the National Institutes of Health is designed to fund exploratory research that has the potential to be highly impactful?

R21

(Ch. 17) Methodology should be written in enough detail so that the research study can be ___________.

Repeated

(Ch. 13) Which of the following characteristics suggest that parametric statistics should be used rather than nonparametric statistics?

Sample size is large (at least 30 per group).

(Ch. 13) Which of the following characteristics of a research study will likely lead to a researcher to use nonparametric statistics?

Small sample size (<10 per group).

(Ch. 16) Federally funded organizations such as the NIH and NSF have specific funding mechanisms intended to fund students during their graduate studies.

True

(Ch. 13) A researcher is interested in determining the relationship between outcomes on two surveys that each used a six-point Likert scale. A ______________ is the most appropriate statistic to use.

Spearman's rho

(Ch. 16) Which section of a research proposal is arguably most important because it needs to really capture the readers' attention and provide a one-page overview that is easy to understand yet compelling?

Specific Aims

(Ch. 14) The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 includes the assessment of six object control skills. If performance of each skill is highly correlated to performance on all of the skills combined, then which of the following type of reliability has been established?

Split-half

(Ch. 10) The estimate of the expected difference between a sample mean and population mean is called the _______________.

Standard error of the mean

(Ch. 11) A correlation value of -0.8 indicates a ________ (weak, moderate, strong) negative relationship between two variables.

Strong

(Ch. 17) Where should new authors look first when trying to select an appropriate journal to send their manuscript?

The journal's scope

(Ch. 10) Which of the following statements is true regarding sample selection?

The more closely a sample reflects the characteristics of a population, the less the likelihood of type I and type II errors.

(Ch. 10) A type I error occurs when a study's results demonstrate a false significance.

True

(Ch. 10) Inferential statistics aims to collect data from study participants & generalize the findings to the larger population represented.

True

(Ch. 10) Inferential statistics are used to make generalizations about a population from measures of a sample.

True

(Ch. 10) There is no objective test to determine the clinical relevance of a study's results.

True

(Ch. 11) A correlation coefficient must be a value in between -1.0 and +1.0.

True

(Ch. 11) A researcher predicts that there is no difference from pre- to post-intervention on the onset of walking as a result of a treadmill intervention provided to infants diagnosed with Down syndrome. This is an example of a null hypothesis.

True

(Ch. 11) As children's body mass index increases, motor proficiency tends to decrease. This is an example of a negative correlation.

True

(Ch. 11) Findings from correlational research tend to be the foundation for experimental studies.

True

(Ch. 12) A researcher predicts that participants will gain strength as the result of participating in an 8-week exercise program. This is an example of a directional alternative hypothesis.

True

(Ch. 12) A researcher predicts that there is no difference from pre- to post-intervention on the onset of walking as a result of a treadmill intervention provided to infants diagnosed with Down syndrome. This is an example of a null hypothesis.

True

(Ch. 12) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test results in an F statistic that is the result of the sum of squares divided by the mean squares values.

True

(Ch. 12) It is possible to simultaneously find a main effect and an interaction effect as the result of a two way ANOVA.

True

(Ch. 13) Data needs to be ranked in order to use Spearman's rho to determine the relationship between two variables.

True

(Ch. 13) For each parametric statistical test, there is an equivalent nonparametric test.

True

(Ch. 13) Nonparametric statistics can be used when statistical assumptions, such as the data fit of a normal distribution, are violated.

True

(Ch. 13) The interpretation of Spearman's rho is the exact same as Pearson's r.

True

(Ch. 13) There are clear and simple rules to follow when a researcher decides between using parametric or nonparametric statistical tests.

True

(Ch. 14) A student scores similarly on an IQ test once per week for three consecutive weeks. This suggests the IQ test is reliable.

True

(Ch. 14) Construct validity is the process of measuring the accuracy of a test, instrument, or assessment to measure a variable that cannot be directly observed or measured.

True

(Ch. 14) Standard scores are helpful to allow comparison of performance between two or more different assessments.

True

(Ch. 14) When developing a Likert scale, each number should represent an approximately equal unit of measure in an attempt to provide an accurate measurement.

True

(Ch. 16) Each funding agency typically has a set of research priorities that relate to specific topics of interest that the agency will fund.

True

(Ch. 16) In general, federal funding agencies tend to award more money per award than foundations.

True

(Ch. 16) The National Institutes of Health funds research grants to researchers and organizations outside of the United States.

True

(Ch. 16) The National Institutes of Health is composed of many different institutes and centers that specialize in specific areas of health.

True

(Ch. 17) Graphics should be used in presentations to underscore important concepts and liven up the presentation.

True

(Ch. 17) It is important to know specifics, such as how much presentation time is provided, prior to preparing an oral presentation.

True

(Ch. 17) Presenters should tailor their presentation for the specific audience.

True

(Ch. 10) Which of the following approaches to sampling is theoretically optimal?

True Random

(Ch. 12) Which of the following is an example of a post hoc test?

Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test

(Ch. 13) The ______________ test uses expected and observed outcomes and allows two or more groups to be compared on more than one category of occurrence.

Two way chi-square

(Ch. 14) __________ is how well a given test, instrument, or assessment measures what it claims to measure.

Validity

(Ch. 17) The ______________ is the last section that should be written in a manuscript.

abstract

(Ch. 12) The ____________ is the statistical chance that a researcher will mistakenly reject the null hypothesis, when in fact the null hypothesis should be accepted, indicating that a significant difference between groups does not exist.

alpha level

(Ch. 17) When submitting a manuscript to a journal, be sure to use the ___________ that is required by the specific journal.

citation style

(Ch. 11) Which statistic allows researchers to interpret the strength of a significant r value?

coefficient of determination (r^2)

(Ch. 17) In presentations, use ___________ to present most important results.

diagrams

(Ch. 10) Which of the following statements is true regarding a (alpha) and the p-value?

p must be < than or = to alpha in order for the results to be significant.

(Ch. 17) After creating a PowerPoint presentation, it is important to ____________ to ensure there are no errors.

proofread

(Ch. 11) Which value must the r,actual value exceed if it is to be determined as significant?

r,critical

(Ch. 11) Left- and right-hand grip strength vary together 94% of the time. Which of the following describes how the 94% was obtained?

r^2 * 100

(Ch. 16) The _____________ is a subdivision of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance whose primary mission is to advance and distribute research in physical activity and health.

research consortium

(Ch. 16) The _____________ section of a grant proposal must clearly and concisely express how the project is significant, innovative, and clinically relevant in order to have the best chance of receiving a good score.

specific aims

(Ch. 16) The ____________ section of a research proposal is important because it clearly describes when and how each phase of the study will occur which lets the reviewers know that the project is feasible in the amount of time a researcher is requesting funding for.

timeline