Eye and Ear

Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis

"Pinkeye" results from a viral inflammation of the _________. In general, any inflammation of this membrane is called _____.

Fovea Centralis; Cones

A small depression posteriorly called the _____________________ contains only __________ (photoreceptive cells).

CN #8; Vestibulocochlear

All the resulting electrical signals, action potentials, are carried in ___, also known as the ____________ nerve.

Audiotory Canal; Cerumen

Ceruminous glands line the _______________ and secrete a waxy substance called ________________.

Circular/Sphincter; Parasympathetic

Constriction of the pupil is caused by contraction of the ________/ __________ arranged muscles within the iris and is controlled by __________________ nerve fibers.

No Blood Supply

Corneas may be transplanted with little chance of rejection. Explain why.

Radial/Dialator; Sympathetic

Dilation of the pupil is caused by contraction of the ______radial/dialator____________ arranged muscles within the iris and is controlled by _______sympathetic_____________ nerve fibers.

What type of light do Rods sense?

Dim

Vestibulocochlear

Distortion generates electrical signals, or action potentials, in hair cells that can be transmitted along the ________ ______________ nerve to the auditory cortex. This is finally where we perceive sound, and the quality of sound. Any break in this pathway will result in deafness.

Utricle and Saccule; Vestibule; Perpendicular; Macula; Otolithic membrane; Otoliths; Ampullae; Semicircular Duct; Croista Ampullaris; Cupula; Endolymph; Vestibular; CN VIII

Equilbrium is a complex sense that involves our knowing "up" versus "down" and also in interpreting changes in speed or direction. This is known as acceleration. We have two different sets of acceleration sensors, one to detect linear acceleration, that is, speeding up or slowing down in a straight line, and the one set to detect angular acceleration, that is, spinning or rotation in any plane. Our detectors of linear acceleration are the identical structures ___________ and ____________ located inside the swelling known as the ______________. These structures are oriented _____________ to each other. They each have a ___________ containing hair cells, which sit just under a gelatinous _________ ________ containing heavy calcium carbonate crystals called __________. Once again, it is distortion of the specialized cilia on the hair cells that generates the signal of linear acceleration in the plane in which the structure is oriented. Our detectors of angular acceleration lie in three swellings known as ____________, each belonging to a ___ ___. Inside these structures lie clusters of hair cells known as _______ _____ ________________ with a dome-shaped cap known as the ______________. Fluid in these canals, called _____________, is what is responsible for causing a distortion in hair cells and for generating electrical signals to the brain. These signals move along the ____________________________ branch of CN ____.

Suspensatory Ligaments

Extending from the ciliary processes are the ______________________ which hold the lens in place.

Basilar; Tectorial Membrane

Harmonic waves in these scalae result in bouncing movements of the ______________ membrane and the hair cells imbedded in it. This "bouncing" motion causes specialized cilia on hair cells to bend or be distorted when they collide with the ______________ _____________ sitting just above it.

What type of light do Cones sense?

High Intensity

palpebral fissure, Cornea, anterior chamber, pupil through iris, posterior chamber, lens, posterior cavity/vitreous humor, ganglia, bipolar cells, photoreceptor (action potential started) back to bipolar cells, to ganglia cells, through optic disc, to optic nerve.

List, in sequence, the structures through which light rays must pass in going from the object to the optic nerve:

Are these cells present in optic disk in Cones?

No

Are these cells present in optic disk in Rods?

No

Are these cells present in the fovea centralis in Rods?

No

Is there one population of these cells or more than one in Rods?

One

Aqueous Humor

Structures called the ciliary processes contain capillaries which secrete the __________________ (fluid) which fills the anterior segment.

Tympanic; Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

The ______ membrane, which separates outer from middle ear, vibrates at a frequency related to the pitch of the sound and consequently moves each of the small ear bones, _______, then_____________, then _________.

Ganglia; Optic Disk Blind spot

The axons of the ________________ cells form the optic nerve which exits the eye at the ______________________. This area is also called the _______________ because it lacks photoreceptive cells.

Refraction

The bending of light rays is called ______________.

Iris and Pupil

The boundary between these segments is the __which is pierced by an opening called the ___. Not only does this opening allow light to pass to the lens, but it also allows the fluid between segments.

Viterous Humor, Posterior, and Aqueous Humor

The cavity of the eye consists of a viscous fluid called ___ that fills the _________ cavity, and a watery fluid, ________ that fills __________ cavity.

Scala Vestibula; Scala tympani; Perilymph Scala Media/ Cochlear Duct; Organ of Corti Endolymph Vestibular;Basilar Tectorial Vestibulocochlear

The chambers of the cochlea formed by the bony labyrinth are the _____scala vestibula____________________ and ___________scala tympani____________________. These chambers are filled with _________perilymph_______________ (fluid). The chamber formed by the membranous labyrinth is the _______scala media/ cochlear duct_____________________ and contains the structure associated with hearing called the ___________organ of Corti_________________. The fluid found in this chamber is the _______endolymph______________. The roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the ________vestibular ___________ _membrane and the floor of this duct is formed by the ______basilar _______________ membrane. Sitting on the basilar membrane are sensory hair cells whose tips are embedded in the _________tectorial membrane. Associated with the sensory hair cells are the sensory fibers of the _______vestibulocochlear ___________________ nerve.

Smooth Muscle

The ciliary body contains _____________________ which help control the shape of the lens.

Hyperopia; Posterior

The clinical term for farsightedness is ______hyperopia_____________. In this case, close objects are focused ______ ___ the retina.

Myopia; Anterior

The clinical term for nearsightedness is ____________. In this case, distant objects are focused ____________ of the retina.

Iris, Pupil

The colored part of the eye is called the ___________ and contains an opening through which light passes called the _____________.

Glaucoma; Lens; Retina

The condition where intraocular pressure increases due to the aqueous humor not being drained properly is called ______________. This condition may result in blindness due to compression of the __________ and _______________.

Equilibrium

The ear is involved in detecting sound and vestibular sense (equilibrium / motion.)

Cochlea; Vestibule; Utricle and Saccule; Semicircular canals bony labyrinth; Perilymph; Membranous Labyrinth; Endolymph

The inner ear is divided into three regions: a snail shaped region called the __________, a central cavity called the _________________ which houses two organs of equilibrium called the ____ _______, and the three ______ which respond to rotationa l movements of the head. These structures have an outer bony chamber called the_____ ____which contains a fluid called ________________, and inner membranous sacs forming the ________ ______ which contain a fluid called ______.

Neural, Photoreceptor, and Retina

The innermost tunic consists mainly of __tissue, containing the light sensing ____cells and neurons, which all together form the structure called the_______.

Abducens; Trochlear

The lateral rectus and superior oblique are innervated by the ________________ nerve and _______________ nerve respectively.

Chambers or Segments

The latter cavity is subdivided into two "rooms" known as ______ and ______.

Occulomotor

The medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique are all innervated by the ________________ nerve.

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes; Tympanic; Audiotory ossicles; Oval; Perilymph and endolymph

The middle ear contains three ossicles (bones): the _________, ______ and the _________________. As sound vibrations hit the _______________ membrane, this causes vibration of the _________________, which transmit this vibration to the _________________ window. Here sound vibration is converted to _______________ vibration within the cochlea

Choroid, Iris, and Ciliary Body

The middle tunic is composed of a posterior ___and an anterior portion that gives rise to two muscular structures, the ___and the ___.

Photoreceptors, Bipolar, and Ganglion

The neural layer is made-up of three types of neurons; _________________, ___________________ cells, and __________________ cells.

Basilar; Tectorial

The organ of Corti sits on top of the basilar membrane and includes the _________ and the _____________ membrane.

Sclera; Cornea

The outermost tunic is divided into a posterior, white structure, the _____and an anterior transparent _____.

Organ of Corti; Chcolear Duct/Scala Media; Utricle and Saccule; Semicircular Ducts

The part of the inner ear involved in sound is the ____ ____ ____ of __________, and the parts involved i n balance or equilibrium are the ___ and ________ of the vestibule, and the three_____ ______.

Cones

The photoreceptors which provide the greatest visual acuity are the ___________.

Choroid

The pigmented layer which helps absorb light is the _____________.

Sclera, Cornea

The posterior portion of the fibrous tunic is called the _______. The anterior portion of this tunic forms the transparent covering called the ____________.

Inner; External and Middle

The region of the ear which functions in both hearing and equilibrium is the ________ ear. The _____________ and _______________ ear function only in hearing.

Left Visual Field of the; Right visual field of the; Chiasm; Occipital; One; both

The right optic nerve contains sensory fibers from the ______ ____ eye, whereas the left optic nerve contains sensory fibers from the ____right__visual field of the__________ eye. The optic nerves cross at the _________________, forming the optic tracts which take the impulse to the ______________ lobe of the cerebrum. Each optic nerve carries visual information from _______ eye, while each optic tract carries visual information from ______ eyes.

Periphery

The rods are located along the ____________ of the retina.

Retina

The sensory tunic or _____________, is composed of two layers: the pigmented layer and neural layer.

Biconvex; Fovea Centralis

The shape of the lens is ______________, which focuses the light rays onto the _____ ______ of the retina.

Skeletal Muscle

The six extrinsic eye muscles are those that move the eyeball, and they are composed of ________.They are: Superior Rectus, Superior. Oblique, Inferior Rectus, Inferior. Oblique, Medial and Lateral rectus)

Anterior Chamber; Posterior Chamber; Anterior Cavity; Aqueous Humor; Lubrication; Nourishment

The space between the cornea and iris is called the _______ _______, whereas the space between the iris and the lens is called the ________ __________. Both of these chambers form the ________ ______________ which contain a fluid called the ____________________. This fluid provides _______________ and ________________ to the lens and cornea.

Vitreous Humor

The substance (gel) which fills the posterior segment is called the ___________ __________.

Vitreous Humor.

The substance which holds the neural retina against the pigmented layer is the _______________________.

Fibrous, Vascular, and Sensory

The three layers that form the structure of the eyeball, from superficial to deep, are the __, _______, and _________ tunics.

Pinna/Auricle

The three parts of the ear, outer, middle and inner, are involved in transducing sound waves into electrical signals that the auditory cortex of the cerebrum translates into sound perception. The outer ear that is most like a funnel, gathering longitudinal sound waves, is the ___ ____.

Audiotory; Nasopharynx; Otis media

The tube in the middle ear which is responsible for equalizing pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane is the __________ tube. This tube runs from the middle ear and opens into a region of the pharynx called the _________________. In some children these tubes are shorter than normal and more horizontal, resulting in inflammation of the middle ear called ________________. This inflammation results in the build-up of fluid within the middle ear cavity, putting pressure on the tympanic membrane.

Ciliary Body, iris, and smooth

The two intrinsic (inside) sets of muscles of the eye are the __hich controls the tension on and shape of the lens, and the __hat regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball. Both are composed of ________(type) muscle.

Choroid, Cilliary Body, and Iris

The vascular tunic is composed of the __________, ____________, and the ___________.

Rods; Cones

There are two types of photoreceptive cells within the neural layer; the ______________ which are responsible for dim light vision and the ______________ which are responsible for bright light vision.

Macula Lutea; Cones

This depression is surrounded by an oval region called the ____________, which also contains primarily ___________.

Oval; Perilymph; Vestibuli; Tympani; Round

This last small bone beats on the _________window, generating pressure waves in the _________ fluid of the scala ___________. This scala is continuous with the scala _______, which terminates on another membrane-covered window, the _______ window, releasing the stored energy.

Is there one population of these cells or more than one in Cones?

Three

Astigmatism

Unequal curvature of the lens or cornea which leads to blurry vision is referred to as _________________.

Strabisimus

Weakness of the external eye muscles which results in the affected eye rotating either medially or laterally is called _______________.

Contract; Decreases; Bulging

When focusing for close vision, the ciliary muscles ____________ (contract/relax) which ______________ (increases/decreases) the tension of the suspensory ligaments on the lens. This results in the ___________ (flattening/bulging) of the lens, which more sharply refracts the light rays onto the retina.

Relax; Increases; Flattening

When focusing for distance vision, the ciliary muscles __________ (contract/relax) which _______________ (increases/decreases) the tension of the suspensory ligaments on the lens. This results in the ______ (flattening/bulging) of the lens, which results in less refraction of the light rays by the lens.

What is meant by retinal detachment?

When the outer pigmented and inner neural layers of the retina separate

Are these cells present in the fovea centralis in Cones?

Yes