FINAL EXAM: all flashcards combine

Cholera and Lyme disease are two examples of vector-borne diseases. Select one: True False

False

Chronic Lyme disease is a hoax. Select one: True False

False

Joseph Lister was the inventor of Listerene which contained the first antibiotics discovered in 1879. Select one: True False

False

Linnaeus was able to view the microbial world like no one before him because he improved upon the design of a microscope. Select one: True False

False

Prions are very small bacteria. Select one: True False

False

Thanks to his keen insights and carefully designed experiments, Louis Pasteur was able to refute the theory of Spontaneous Combustion. Select one: True False

False

Match the 19th century scientist with their country of origin. Louis Pasteur Robert Koch John Snow Ignaz Semmelweis Oliver Wendell Holmes Great Britian France Germany USA Hungary

Pasteur: France Koch: Germany Snow: Great Britian Semmelweis: Hungary Holmes: USA

Match the disease with its pathogen. Plague Lyme Disease Typhoid fever Mad Cow Disease Typhus prion salmonella typhi yersinia pestis borrelia burgdoferi rickettsia prowazekii

Plague: yersinia pestis Lyme Disease: borrelia burgdoferi Typhoin fever: salmonella typhi Mad Cow Disease: prion Typhus: rickettsia prowazekii

Match elements of the two polio vaccines on the left with the person who developed the vaccine on the right. Salk and Sabin ( who's vaccine fits with what) oral injected killed virus attenuated virus first available to the public most common today

Salk: injected, killed virus, first available to the public Sabin: oral, attenuated virus, most common today

Flagellants believed they could save themselves from the Black Death by imposing punishment on their bodies. Select one: True False

True

Mad Cow and Jakob Creutzfeld disease may have the very same root cause. Select one: True False

True

Penicillin's discovery and eventual development to a powerful antibiotic tool in the fight against infection was a true team effort involving many scientists over several years. Select one: True False

True

A tell-tale symptom of Yellow Fever is vomit of what color? Select one: a. Black b. Red c. Green d. Yellow

a

According to the the tenets of Darwinian medicine, fever is understood to be Select one: a. an adaptive defense that raises the body's temperature to kill pathogens. b. caused by bacteria that enter brain cells. c. an artifact of increased metabolism of the immune system. d. a defect in the immune system that serves no real purpose. e. a symptom that has arisen to enable humans to know when they're sick.

a

After infection with Ebola, the disease progresses to death Select one: a. very rapidly over a few to several days. b. slowly over about a year. c. very slowly over several years. d. seldom since its rarely fatal. e. moderately quickly over a few weeks.

a

Before moving to humans, HIV's most recent ancestors were probably primarily pathogens of Select one: a. apes. b. domesticated animals c. birds. d. mosquitoes. e. bats and rodents.

a

Cow's milk was once a source of tuberculosis but is no longer a problem because Select one: a. most milk is pasteurized. b. Mad cow disease has eradicated TB in cows. c. Mycobacterium bovis is no longer infectious to humans. d. Antibiotics have eradicated TB in cows e. All of the above

a

HIV infects what part(s) of the body? Select one: a. cells in the immune system b. toenails c. skin and lung tissue d. red blood cells e. liver and kidney tissue

a

How did John Snow associate water with cholera? Select one: a. Recording and mapping cholera deaths in a London neighborhood - i.e. epidemiology. b. Having people drink boiled water and others drink untreated water - i.e. pathology. c. Exposing people to mosquitoes that had been raised in Thames River water - i.e. entomology. d. Tracking sewage drains from the Thames to their source - i.e. geography. e. None of the above.

a

Influenza viruses have a few proteins, but the most important antigenic proteins are: a. Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. b. Hemagglutinin and Neisseria. c. Interferon and Gammaglobulin. d. Adenine and Guanine e. Haptene and Neptune.

a

Mycobacterium tuberculosis thrives inside which cells of the immune system? Select one: a. macrophages b. monocytes c. granulocytes d. stem cells e. mitochondria

a

Salmonella typhi was a relatively common pathogen in Lowell MA and other American cities in the nineteenth century, and causes a disease called: Select one: a. Typhoid fever b. Yellow fever c. Malaria d. Childbed fever e. Tyhphus

a

What does HIV stand for? Select one: a. Human Immunodeficiency Virus. b. Herpes Infective Variolla. c. Hanta Infective Virus. d. Humane Immunization Vitals e. Heartland Innoculum Virus

a

Which disease kills the greatest number of people (among those listed)? a. Malaria b. Ebola c. Lyme disease d. Reston virus

a

Oral rehydration therapy is Select one or more: a. used to treat people suffering from cholera and other diarrhea diseases. b. consists of mixing water with salts and sugar and giving the solution to patients to drink. c. is relatively simple and saves a high percentage of people, particularly children. d. is a leading cause of Black Death.

a,b,c

Oral rehydration therapy is Select one or more: a. used to treat people suffering from cholera and other diarrhea diseases. b. consists of mixing water with salts and sugar and giving the solution to patients to drink. c. is relatively simple and saves a high percentage of people, particularly children. d. is a leading cause of Black Death. e. is a form of vaccination that does not threaten local customs.

a,b,c

Which of the following are hosts for influenza? (Select more than one) Select one or more: a. pigs b. birds, including chickens c. humans d. corn plants e. tree nuts

a,b,c

What can be said today about the Black Death that was not known in the 14th century? Select one or more: a. Black Death resulted from an outbreak of Plague which is caused by a bacterium. b. Black Death is not caused by miasmas or bad odors. c. Plague would not go away at the end of Black Death, but instead it continued to have recurrent outbreaks up to the present time. d. Rats are an important component of the life cycle the Black Death pathogen. e. The pathogen of Black Death is present in 2016 in North America.

a,b,c,d,e

The Plague in the Middle Ages was transmitted from person to person by Select one or more: a. inhalation of the pathogen from close contact with infected people. b. bites from infected fleas. c. mosquitoes. d. drinking polluted water.

a. inhalation of the pathogen from close contact with infected people. Correct b. bites from infected fleas. Correct

A proximate cause of infectious disease might be? a. Evil spirits b. Poisonous gas c. Pathogen d. Miasma e. C and D

b

Alexander Fleming was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine or his discovery of Select one: a. Lyme Disease b. Penicillin c. Salvarsan d. Chloroquine e. Small Pox vaccine

b

Another name for tuberculosis is Select one: a. commencement b. phthisis c. listeriosis d. brucellosis e. Influenza

b

Before moving to humans, HIV's most recent ancestors were probably primarily pathogens of Select one: a. bats and rodents. b. apes. c. birds. d. mosquitoes. e. domesticated animals

b

Complete the following children's limerick from the era of the 1918 epidemic: "I had little bird, its name was Enza, I opened up the window, and...? a. ... she flew away. b. ... in flew Enza. c. ... she fell on my credenza. d. ... it joined mensa. e. ... it was an extravaganza

b

From 1932 to 1972 the United States Public Health Service used black sharecroppers to study the progression of untreated syphilis. This highly unethical experiment was called _________. Select one: a. The Harrad Experiment b. The Tuskeegee Experiment c. The Philadelphia Experiment d. The Dixie Experiment e. Meselson-Stahl experiment

b

In 2014, which disease probably killed the greatest percentage of its human victims (among those listed)? a. Tuberculosis b. Ebola c. Lyme disease d. Reston virus e. Syphillis

b

Influenza is caused by what kind of pathogen? Select one: a. bacteria b. virus c. fungus d. protozoan e. protein

b

Louis Pasteur disproved which popular theory of his day? a. Germ theory b. Spontaneous generation c. Pasteurization d. Evolution e. Special creation

b

Lyme Disease was first observed in Select one: a. people in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1950's. b. children in Connecticut in the 1970's. c. by colonists in the New England area in the 1600's. d. in adults in Lyme, England in the 1990's. e. in witches of Salem in the 1500's.

b

One particularly deadly strain of the Marburg virus called "variant U", gets its name from: a. The city in which it was first isolated. b. The man who died while conducting research on it. c. The "U"niversity from which it graduated. d. Its horseshoe shaped wing structure. e. None of the above.

b

Paul Ehrlich's Magic Bullet concept revolutionized drug development. The German translation for Magic Bullet is: Select one: a. salvarsan b. zauberkugel c. Penicillin d. Florey e. Side Chain

b

The cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, is Select one: a. a virus. b. a bacteria. c. an amoeba. d. a protozoa. e. a parasitic worm.

b

The iron lung is a device associated with polio that Select one: a. could be surgically inserted into patients who lost a lung to polio. b. people with paralyzed lungs were placed in to assist them in breathing. c. allowed scientists to swim under water searching for polio. d. pumped extra oxygen into polio patients, stopping the development of paralysis.

b

The most severe symptoms from polio occur because the pathogen attacks Select one: a. muscles, causing them to wither b. nerves, damaging them and the muscles they're attached to c. lung tissue, causing a lack of oxygen throughout the body d. bones, causing the body to be deformed

b

Which disease is associated with infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Select one: a. Influenza b. Potts disease c. Yellow fever d. syphilis e. Ebola

b

Which famous American died of HIV/AIDS? a. Magic Johnson (basketball player) b. Rock Hudson (movie actor) c. Buddy Holly (rock and roller) d. Cruella de Vil (heiress) e. All of the above

b

Which of the following is a barrier to the effective eradication of syphilis? Select one: a. There is no effective treatment and cure for syphilis. b. The stigma of sexually transmitted diseases makes it difficult to identify and treat infected people. c. Diagnosis of syphillis takes several weeks and is not accurate. d. The syphilis pathogen also lives in animal reservoir hosts. e. The bacterium cannot be grown in vitro

b

Which of the following statements about Africa and Yellow Fever is false? Select one: a. Africans are more resistant to Yellow Fever virus because of co-evolution. b. African slaves were more susceptible to Yellow Fever than free African peoples. c. The US Panama Canal project was in part more successful than its French counterpart because laborers on the US project were of African ancestry. d. did not die from the disease.

b

Which term describes the lesions in the brain of CJD victims: a. kurudish b. spongiform c. diarrhea d. Gajdusek e. scrapies

b

Why do influenza vaccines need to be given every year? Select one: a. The antibodies produced in people do not last more than a year. b. The virus changes it's shape from year to year, and therefore can avoid antibodies from previous vaccinations. c. In order to keep vaccine manufacturers in business, the government buys vaccines every year. d. Not everyone gets a flu shot every year, therefore if they're offered every fall and winter, a higher percentage of the population will get one. e. Because virus transmission is seasonal

b

Childbed fever is also known by the name? a. Miraculous fever tree b. Beaver fever c. Puerperal fever d. Spring fever e. Black Death

c

Ebola and Marburg are caused by Select one: a. bacterial pathogens. b. proteins only (i.e. prions). c. viral pathogens. d. protozoan parasites. e. insect vectors.

c

HIV is transmitted from infected people to other people primarily by Select one: a. fomites such as toilet seats b. aerosol droplets c. sex and needles d. mosquitoes

c

HIV is transmitted from infected people to other people primarily by Select one: a. mosquitoes b. fomites such as toilet seats c. sex and needles d. aerosol droplets

c

Helicobacter pylori is a peculiar bacterium because it can live in/on... a. small ponds b. human mouth c. human stomach d. human large intestine e. human skin

c

In severe cases of influenza, the most common symptoms include Select one: a. development of a severe skin rash. b. headache and nerve damage. c. pneumonia that damages lungs and high fever. d. an upset stomach. an upset stomach. e. Black vomit

c

Large-scale, central sewage systems and water supply systems were first built in cities during the Select one: a. 1600's b. 1700's c. 1800's d. 1900's e. 2000's

c

One of the main reasons that Mary Mallon refused to change her profession is that she did not believe she was responsible for making people sick because she was: Select one: a. an arthropod vector b. a fomite c. an asymptomatic carrier d. a pariah e. a very good cook

c

The Black Death, or Plague, is caused by Select one: a. a bacterium, Salmonella. b. a protozoan, Ergotinia rubricens c. a bacterium, Yersinia pestis. d. a virus, Yersinia pestis. e. a virus, Staphylococcus.

c

The pathogen that causes Yellow fever is Select one: a. an amoeba. b. a bacterium. c. a virus. d. a mosquito

c

The pathogen that causes syphilis is Select one: a. a virus, SCV (syphilis canker virus). b. a virus, Treponema pallidum c. a bacterium, Treponema pallidum d. a yeast, Chlamydia e. closely related to HIV

c

The women accused of being witches in Salem MA may have been intoxicated by what fungus? a. Saccharomyces b. Athletes foot c. Ergot d. Spinroot e. LSD

c

When is the highest risk of Lyme infection in the Northeastern U.S.? Select one: a. Winter and early spring. b. Late fall. c. Late spring, mid-summer. d. Risk is the same all year. e. On in the daylight.

c

Which of the following is NOT one of the Darwinian Medicine explanations for why we get sick?: a. Defenses b. Trade-offs c. Hierarchy d. Conflicts e. Novel Environmental Factors

c

Which of the following is NOT used as a treatment for bacterial infection? Select one: a. Sulfonamides b. Salvarsan c. Quinine d. Protonsil e. All of the above

c

Which of the following is not a disease? Select one: a. Leprosy b. Cholera c. Yersinia pestis d. Plague e. Rabies

c

Which of the following is not symptom of tertiary syphilis? Select one: a. Gummas b. Aortic insufficiency c. Hemophilia d. Paralytic dementia e. Central nervous system disorders

c

Who was US President when the earliest cases of Lyme disease were being reported in Old Lyme, CT? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Abraham Lincoln c. Jimmy Carter d. Woodrow Wilson e. George Washington

c

Yellow fever originated probably originated in Select one: a. India. b. China. c. Sub-Saharan Africa. d. Europe.

c

Buboes are associated with which of the following disease/outbreaks? Select one or more: a. Tuberculosis b. Typhoid Fever c. Plague d. Black Death e. Rabies

c and d

What are the best ways to prevent infections with influenza virus? (More than one answer may be selected) Select one or more: a. Antibiotics b. condoms c. An annual flu shot d. Wash hands frequently e. Mixtures of kerosene and sugar.

c and d

A potentially dangerous outbreak of filovirus occurred in laboratory animals in the city of Reston, which is located in: a. Germany b. Congo c. Zaire d. Virginia (USA) e. California (USA)

d

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek perfected a kind of: a. Stethoscope. b. Periscope. c. Kaleidoscope. d. Microscope. e. Sigmoidoscope.

d

Cholera attacks and destroys which part of the body? Select one: a. Nerves b. Lungs c. Heart d. Small intestine e. Toenails

d

Ergot is transmitted Select one: a. from rodents to people by lice. b. from plants to people by old infected grains. c. from person to person via rye bread. d. from plant to plant via pollinating insects and old, infected grains.

d

Gram stain differentially stains bacterial cells based on the presence or absence of which cell feature? Select one: a. Ribosome b. Chromosome c. Flagellum d. Peptidoglycan e. Nucleus

d

Lyme Disease is caused by Select one: a. a virus. b. a parasitic worm. c. a type of bacteria, Rickettsia. d. a type of bacteria, Borrelia.

d

Lyme Disease is vectored by Select one: a. mosquitoes b. deer c. mice d. ticks e. citrus fruit

d

On an annual basis, HIV/AIDS is a disease that recently caused Select one: a. far fewer deaths than malaria. b. fewer deaths than Ebola. c. no deaths since AIDS is rarely fatal. d. more deaths than malaria. e. more deaths than any other disease in human history.

d

Polio is caused by what kind of pathogen? Select one: a. Bacteria b. Prion c. Water d. Virus

d

Polio is primarily transmitted by Select one: a. needle injections or sex b. fleas from rodents c. inhaling the pathogen from the air d. oral ingestion for the pathogen in water

d

Syphilis is caused by a pathogen that is closely related to another pathogen that causes Select one: a. smallpox, rather than the Great Pox. b. yaws, a disease that is not transmitted sexually. c. pinta, which is primarily a skin disease. d. b and c. e. Santa Maria

d

The March of Dimes generated significant research dollars for polio, and was helped by which U.S. President who had polio? Select one: a. George H. W. Bush b. Dwight Eisenhower c. Harry S. Truman d. Franklin D. Roosevelt

d

The first drug treatment for malaria in Europe was (choose one or more): Select one: a. Chloroquine b. Salvarsan c. Green tea d. Quinine e. Penicillin

d

The name Syphilis comes from a poem written in the 16th century by Girolamo Fracastoro. In poem, Syphilis was a(n): a. Scorpion b. Bacteria c. Plague doctor d. Shepherd e. Explorer

d

Today, syphilis, if diagnosed early, can be effectively treated with Select one: a. Salvarsan b. Mercuric chloride c. Lotrimin (clotrimazol) or similar creams d. Penicillin or other antibiotic e. Rehydration therapy

d

Today, syphilis, if diagnosed early, can be effectively treated with Select one: a. Salvarsan b. Mercuric chloride c. Lotrimin (clotrimazol) or similar creams d. Penicillin or other antibiotic e. Rehydration therapy

d

When we refer to microbes, we are talking about Select one: a. only small, single celled organisms called bacteria. b. anything you can't see with the naked eye, both living and inanimate. c. only those microscopic organisms that cause diseases. d. bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and helminths.

d. bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and helminths.

During the early years of syphilis in Europe, it was commonly called Select one: a. The French Disease b. The Italian Disease c. The Christian Disease d. The Spanish disease e. All of the above

e

Once diagnosed with HIV, a person Select one: a. can be treated and cured with newly developed antibiotics. b. can no longer infect other people. c. cannot be treated with drugs and will die of AIDS. d. can be treated and 100% of the time cured with different antiviral drugs. e. can be treated with antivirals so that serious AIDS symptoms can be delayed or do not develop.

e

The virulence of Marburg and Ebola is Select one: a. moderately high - mortality is usually around 25%. b. very low - most infected people don't know they have been infected. c. absent - Ebola is rarely fatal. d. low- most infected people have only mild flu-like symptoms. e. very high - mortality often ranges from 75% to over 90%.

e

What does HIV stand for? Select one: a. Humane Immunization Vitals b. Heartland Innoculum Virus c. Hanta Infective Virus. d. Herpes Infective Variolla. e. Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

e

Which of the following statements about drug resistant bacteria is(are) true? Select one: a. Resistance is the result of evolution. b. Resistance arises more quickly when drugs are not used properly. c. Genes that confer resistance can be exchanged between distantly related bacteria. d. Drug resistance is reversible. e. All of the above.

e

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Microbes? Select one: a. Some Microbes perform beneficial functions for our species. b. Microbes may live in or on our bodies without causing harm. c. Some microbes cannot live in or on our bodies. d. Microbes are generally invisible to the naked eye. e. All microbes are pathogens.

e. All microbes are pathogens.

Development of new antibiotics occurs at a rate that is much faster the rate at which bacteria become resistant. Select one: True False

false

People infected with Plague tend to suffer slow painful deaths that lasts for months or even years. Select one: True False

false

Match the diseases Syphilis TB Flu AIDS Cryptosporidiosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Treponema pallidum HIV Cryptosporidium parvum Influenza virus

syphilis: treponema pallidum tb: mycobtacterium tuberculosis flu: influenza virus AIDS: HIV cryptosporidiosis: cryptosporidium parvum

The pathogens of yaws and syphilis are in the same genus (Treponema). t/f

t