World History II (Test 3)

What was the religion of Frederick William?

Frederick Williams was a devoted Calvinist and followed Calvinism.

Estates General

It was an assembly of representatives from all 3 estates to approve this new tax.

Edict of Nates

- This was a declaration of religious toleration made by Henry Navarre. - This declaration was mostly made for the Huguenots, stating that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities.

Restoration

The period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government.

What was the pressure that Frederick and his sister felt?

The pressure that Frederick and his sister had to endure came from not only the father's side but also the mother's side and the courtiers that each had different set of rules, which was very confusing to Frederick and his sister.

Consider the amount of money and effort that went into the construction of the Palace of Versailles. What does this reveal about the way 17th-century French society viewed its king?

The way the 17th-century French society viewed their king could go one or two ways. For the first way, depending on the society, the people could've been impressed by him. Some people would look at what Louis XIV had accomplished regarding the palace and see it as a beauty and something that they would want to model. In other ways, some would look at it and consider him a greedy thief. Although Louis XIV was living the extravagant life, there was still poor people that lived in France. People who were peasants could've easily used the money that Louis XIV spent on parties, giant feast, and fountains to feed their family and themselves. Regarding how the French viewed their king, they either really admired him or really despised him.

What were Frederick William's ambitions for his son?

There were many ambitions that Frederick William's wanted for his son. The first ambition he wanted was for his son to be smart when it came to money, and to be able to manage it in a efficient way. The second was that he should be bright, happy, and committed when it came to him being a soldier. He must be able to devote to him being a magnificent huntsman. The last ambition Frederick Williams had for his son was that he must be very religious and dedicated to Christianity.

Jacobins

They were people who followed the Jacobin, a radical political organization.

Marie Antoinette

Was the wife of Louis XVI and was always spending.

What did Frederick the great do that made Prussia a leading power?

What Frederick did that made Prussia a leading power was seize Silesia before his Saxon neighbors could get to it. He also fought off border lines for over 20 years with only little help from the Britain on certain occasions.

The Reign of Terror refers to the time when a) Jacobin radicals persecuted all suspected opposition b) King Louis XVI sought to crush the National Assembly c) The Directory hunted down the radical Jacobins d) Peasants revolted against the Directory.

a) Jacobin radicals persecuted all suspected opposition

Base answers on passage: During the greater part of the day the guillotine had been kept busy at its ghastly work... Every aristocrat was a traitor... For two hundred years now the people had sweated, and toiled, and starved to keep a lustful court in lavish extravagance; now the descendants of those who had helped to make these courts brilliant had to hide for their lives. Which event is referred to in this passage? a) Reign of terror b) Tennis Court Oath c) Directory takes power d) Coronation of Louis XVI

a) Reign of terror

The National Assembly was responsible for which of the following: a) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen b) The petition to call up the Estates-General in 1789 c) The establishment of the Directory system of government d) The writing of the Constitution of 1795.

a) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes

He was a supporter of the third estate and a clergyman.

Boyars

Russia's landowning nobles.

Montesquieu

- He devoted himself to the study of political liberty. - He wanted the french people to model the british government. - He wanted the government to have separation of powers so that no individual nor group would gain too much power.

Jean-Paul Marat

1) He was a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution. 2) He was a jacobin and wanted those who supported the king to be executed.

1st Estate

1) Made up of clergy 2) Hate Enlightenment

2nd Estate

1) Made up of rich nobles 2) Held highest offices in government 3) Disagreed with Enlightenment

3rd Estate

1) Peasants, urban lower class 2) had no power to influence government 3) Loved Enlightenment.

Olympe de Gouges

1) She was a french playwright/activist. 2) She wrote a strong response to "A declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" because it did not give the same rights to women that it gave to men.

National assembly

1) That was what the third estate renamed themselves. 2) Along with changing names they wanted to change their jobs and go from doing nothing to passing laws and reforms in the name of french people.

National Convention

1) The Convention came about when the Legislative Assembly, which had found it impossible to work with the king, decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a National Convention to draw up a new constitution with no monarchy. 2) This was made out of fear for their own safety, members of this group finally put an end to the Reign of Terror. 3) The National Convention was the second government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.

English Civil War

1) The English Civil War was all due to the selfishness of Charles I. 2) He offended Parliament by signing the Petition of Rights but not following through with it. 3) Charles offended Puritans by upholding the rituals of the Anglican Church. a) In addition, in 1637, Charles tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book. b) He wanted both his kingdom to follow one religion c) The Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England. 4) Charles I ended up fleeing to north of London where they were loyal to him. 5) The war went from 1642 to 1649 between Royalist/Cavalier (supported Charles I) and the puritans (supported Parliament). 6) The battle was hard to tell but in the end due to the help of Oliver Cromwell, Charles I was captured and sentenced to death.

The Great Fear

1) The great fear was caused all because there were rumors spreading around that the nobles hired outlaws to terrorize the peasants. 2) This rumor caused the "great fear."

Bourgeoisie

1) They were also known as the middle class 2) They were bankers, factory workers, merchants. 3) Believed in Enlightenment. 4) Even though some were very rich, they still had to pay high in taxes.

Louis XVI

1) Was a king during the French Revolution 2) Was executed by his people 3) Was always spending money on different wars

Old Regime

It was a political and social system in France that divided people into three large social classes.

Who was Frederick William?

He was the father of Frederick the Great.

What were the major conflicts in the Thirty Years' War?

- The major conflicts that contributed to the Thirty Years' War was greed and power. - The Thirty Years' War all started with these three theologies within Christianity: The Lutheranism, The Catholicism, and The Calvinism. - Each three theologies wanted to have power over one another causing a war.

Sans-culotte

They were a parisian radical group created by wage-earners and shopkeepers during the French revolution who wanted to have a bigger say in government, the lowering of prices, and an end to food shortages.

Left-wing

They were anti-monarchist.

Ivan the terrible

- Also known as ____________ IV - He was known as ____________ the terrible because after the death of wife, he accused boyars of killing her since in his earlier life they had struggles. - He turned against them and hired his own police force to find any boyars and kill them, their family, and their workers. - The act that really ruined him was when he killed his eldest/able son over a violent quarrel leaving his second son (who was weak) to rule.

Cardinal Richelieu

- Although he was only supposed to be a minister (appointed by King Louis XIII), he slowly began to be seen as the ruler of France. - Since he was King Louis XIII minister, he was able to pursue his ambitions in the political areas. - He took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy by first coming after the Huguenots. - He did that by weaken their rights but at the same time not taking them all away. a) Ex: He believed that Protestantism often served as an excuse for political conspiracies against the catholic king. b) Although he didn't take away their right to worship, he forbade Protestants cities to have walls. because he did not want them to defy the king and to be able to hide behind strong forces. - He also wanted to weaken the nobles power. a) He ordered them to take down fortified castles. b) He also increased the power of government agents who came from the middle class, and since the king relied on these agents, there was less need to use noble officials. - He lastly did his very all to make France the strongest state in Europe. a) He thought that the Hapsburgs were his greatest obstacle, so in order to make France the strongest state, he decided to get involved in the Thirty's Year War.

Right-wing

Supporter of the monarchy and supported the Old Regime.

Skepticism

The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Intendents

They were government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

Charles I

- Charles I was the son of James I, and was not very popular during his reign. - Charles I always needed money, whether it was for war or for the court. - On multiple occasions he would ask the parliaments to grant him money to fund these wars but each time they would say no. - When they would say no, he would send them home, and come up with the money on his own. - This led the Parliament to create the Petition of Right. Parliament stated that if Charles signed this petition then they would grant him money for any needs that he wished for. -Charles I did sign the petition but did not follow through with it. - He dismissed the petition by forcing different fines and fees on the people. - Charles I's morals and his new laws made him one of the most unpopular kings in his kingdom.

Peter the Great

- He is known in history as this because he was one of Russia's greatest reformers. - He also continued the trend of increasing the czar's power.

John Locke

- He was a philosopher who held a different, more positive, view of human nature. - He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. - As reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. - He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government.

Louis XIV

- He was know as the most powerful ruler in French history. - He thought he and the state were one and the same. - He took the throne at the age of four. - Even at the age of four, the nobles were after him due to one of his Cardinals (Cardinal Mazarin's) increased taxation and central government. - Due to multiple assassination attempts on his life, when he took control of the government himself, he weakened the nobles power by excluding them from his counsels. - Although his people were happy that he was dead, he made it seem like France was a force to be reckon with. - He made France rank above all other European nations in art, literature, and statesmanship during his reign. - France was also considered the military leader of Rome.

Voltaire

- He was known as the most brilliant and influential of the philosophers. - He often used satire against his opponents. - He often went after the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government. - His sharp tongue made him enemies at the French court, he was twice sent to prison, and was exiled to England for more than two years. - Even though he made powerful enemies, he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.

Rousseau

- He was passionately committed to individual freedom. - He strongly disagreed with other philosophers and believed that that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness.

Scientific Revolution

- It was a new way of thinking about the natural world. - That way was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

War of the Spanish Succession

- It was a war based off the threat that other countries felt about the increase in the bourbon dynasty's power. - In 1701, England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together to prevent the union of the French and Spanish thrones.

Geocentric Theory

- It was an earth-centered view of the universe. - It all started during the Middle Ages, when most scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe.

Oliver Cromwell

- Oliver Cromwell was a general in 1644 who was the secret weapon for the Puritans. - In 1645, Oliver Cromwell had a New Model Army that started to beat the Cavaliers, having the Puritans closer and closer to a win. - Finally by 1647, with Oliver Cromwell's help, the puritans managed to have King Charles as a prisoner. - Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans had Charles go on trial where he was found guilty and sentenced to death. - What made this execution so unique was the fact that King Charles was the first king to be involved in a public trial and a public execution. - Oliver Cromwell was put into power after the death of King Charles and got rid of many things like the monarchy and the House of the Lord. - Instead, he replaced those with a commonwealth, and a republic government. - He also wanted to change and fix the damages made in society. - Oliver Cromwell made laws that encouraged morals the were practiced amongst the Puritans and got rid of any interest that encouraged sin, like the theater, sports, and dancing. - Although he was a harsh ruler he allowed different people to follow and practice different religions including Judaism and Christianity. - The only group that were not given these rights were the Catholics.

What events influenced Thomas Hobbes and John Locke to come up with different theories about natural law?

- One event that influenced Thomas Hobbes and John Locke that led them to come up with different theories about natural law was the execution of Charles I. - Thomas Hobbes was alive during the English Civil War and witnessed the execution of his friend Charles I. - After the execution of Charles I, Thomas Hobbes went on to believe that humans were violent and did not have the power or mental capacity to control and make decisions on their own. - Thomas Hobbes believed that the people should always have a leader to make decisions for them since they don't have the ability to make the right choices on their own. - This led to John Locke stepping in, and disagreeing with Hobbes. - Locke believed that people weren't born violent, and that it was taught to them. - He then further explained his theory by saying that all rights belong to people since they were born.

Constitutional Monarchy

A constitutional monarchy was a monarchy where the laws made sure that power of the ruler was limited. This was inspired by William and Mary who promised to acknowledge Parliament as their partner when it came to governing. They made this promise at their coronation.

Scientific Method

A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis.

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.

How did the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 change?

Before 1789, the first and second état always outvoted the third état in Estates-General meetings during the Middle Ages. But this was the year that the third état decided to fight back. Due to the enlightenment, many third état delegates wanted to change this system and wanted everyone to meet together and to have one vote. The third état furthered changed in 1789 by changing their names to the National Assembly, and being allowed to pass laws and make reforms in the name of the french citizens. This was a certain victory for the third état because this was one of the very few steps to ending a absolute monarchy and to a start of having a representative government.

Cabinet

Cabinets are a group of ministers and/or officials. They represented the Parliament's major party.

Where was Frederick headed when he tried to run away?

Frederick tried to run away from the army when he was only 18 years old. Frederick was trying to go to England when he was caught.

Habeas Corpus

Habeas Corpus is a latin word translated into "to have the body." Habeas Corpus was a law passed during Charles II's by Parliament which assured the people freedom. This law was made in 1679, and it gave all prisoners the right to have a written document that ordered the prisoner to be in front of a judge who would tell him/her's charges.

Maximilien Robespierre

He was a Jacobin leader who slowly turned into a dictator. He was a strong believer in reason and under his "reign," he used his power to try his "enemies" in the morning and have them executed by the afternoon. His reign soon ended when some people who worked for him turned on him, and had him executed.

Galileo Galilei

He was an italian scientist who built on the new theories about astronomy.

Jean Baptist Colbert

He was the minister of finance for King Louis XIV.

Why do you think Louis XIV believed he needed to build the Palace of Versailles? Explain what practical and symbolic purposes Versailles might have served.

I think that the reason why Louis XIV believed he needed to build the Palace of Versailles was to show his people and all of Europe the status and the power that he held. The palace of Versailles was a symbol to the people of wealth and how much power Louis XIV had in Europe. The practical purpose that Louis XIV had when it came to making the palace was just to show off to the people and show how much control he had over the economy and what he could do with the money.

Émigré

It is a person who leaves their country due to politics. An example could be when the nobles immediately left France once the peasants started to revolt.

Hermaphrodite

It is when a person or an animal have male and female sex organs. They can also have both male and female sexual features whether it's abnormally or something that you were born with.

Legislative Assembly

It was a french congress that had the power to make laws and approve or disapprove when someone wanted to declare war. They were created in the constitution by 1791.

Guillotine

It was a machine that was used to behead people. It was mostly used during the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

It was a period from mid-1793 to mid-1794 that was dictated by Maximilien Robespierre in France. He was the reason why many political figures and regular citizens were executed.

Tennis Court Oath

It's a pledge the 3rd estate made amongst each other stating that they would not betray nor break away from each other until a new constitution was written.

Mary Wollstonecraft

She fought for the right for women to have an education just like men.

Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution was a revolution that got its name for overthrowing King James II. The reason for the revolution was because King James II offended Parliament by being an open Catholic and having Catholics high in office. Parliament persuaded King James II's daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, by telling them that by overthrowing King James II would benefit Protestantism.

Heliocentric Theory

The idea that the earth and the other planets resolve around the sun.

The Constitution of 1795 established a) A Directory of five men to rule the nation b) A constitution and limited monarchy c) Universal manhood suffrage in France. d) A military dictatorship to run France.

a) A Directory of five men to rule the nation

A primary cause of the French Revolution in 1789 was the: a) Increasing dissatisfaction of the Third Estate b) Rise to power of Napolean Bonaparte c) Execution of Louis XVI d) Unhappiness of the First and Second Estates

a) Increasing dissatisfaction of the Third Estate

During the first stage of the French Revolution a) The Estates-General became the National Assembly. b) The Jacobins gained control of the Legislative Assembly. c) The Reign of Terror began in the French countryside d) The Directory took charge of the French government

a) The Estates-General became the National Assembly.

Louis XVI was unable to resolve France's financial crisis during his reign because a) The second Estate was only willing to pay limited taxes b) The First Estate wanted to increase the labor tax c) The peasantry and workers refused to lend money to the monarchy d) The First and Second blocked all taxation reform affecting them.

a) The second Estate was only willing to pay limited taxes

Which idea is described in the following passage: God hath power to create and destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure: to give life or send death; to judge...and to be judged by non...and like the power of Kings. a) Theory of divine right b) Enlightened despotism c) Constitutional monarchy d) Democratic plurality

a) Theory of divine right

The French monarchy prior to 1789 believed in: a) Constitutional democracy b) Absolute rule c) Constitutional monarchy d) Legislative power

b) Absolute rule

The radical Jacobins wanted a a) Limited Monarchy b) Republican form of government c) Return to absolute rule d) Coalition with the Girondists

b) Republican form of government

The Old Regime in France refers to a) The period of the French Revolution b) pre-1789 French society and social structure c) The time prior to the regime of Louis XIV d) When the Directory took power in 1789

b) pre-1789 French society and social structure.

Which is the correct chronological order of the events listed below? 1. The directory takes over in France. 2. Louis XVI calls for an Estates-General 3. The Reign of Terror begins 4. The Tennis Court Oath is taken a) 4, 3, 1, 2 b) 3, 1, 2, 4 c) 2, 4, 3, 1 d) 1, 2, 3, 4,

c) 2, 4, 3, 1

Which headlines best reflects the following statements: 1. Peasants have to pay corvée 2. City workers suffer from hunger 3. The Nobles and Clergy avoid taxes 4. Marie Antoinette buys luxurious gowns a) "France Develops a Market Economy b) "Income Gap Narrows in France" c) Old Regime Benefits the Privileged d) "Economic Equality Grows in France"

c) Old Regime Benefits the Privileged

One important result of the French Revolution was that: a) France enjoyed a lengthy period of peace and prosperity b) The Church was restored to its former role and power in the French government. c) Political power shifted to the bourgeoisie. d) France lost its spirit of nationalism

c) Political power shifted to the bourgeoisie.

Which statement best reflects the sentiments of the author of the poem?: If the High-ups still make trouble Then the devil confound them And since they love gold so much May it melt in their traps That's the sincere wish Of the women who sell fish a) Women who work in fish markets are cruel b) The First Estate in France is treated unjustly c) The wealthy in France deserve to be hated d) Gold is not food to use as bait in fish traps.

c) The wealthy in France deserve to be hated

Base answers on passage: During the greater part of the day the guillotine had been kept busy at its ghastly work... Every aristocrat was a traitor... For two hundred years now the people had sweated, and toiled, and starved to keep a lustful court in lavish extravagance; now the descendants of those who had helped to make these courts brilliant had to hide for their lives. Which generalization best summarizes the views of the author of this passage? a) The common people of the nation deserved to be punished for violating countries laws. b) The goals of fraternity, liberty, and equality were achieved during this period c) The nobility was being punished for bringing benefits to the nation d) Because of past abuses by the nobility, the common people staged a bloody revolt.

d) Because of past abuses by the nobility, the common people staged a bloody revolt.