Final Exam Comm 211 (copied)

What does the First Amendment cover? What does it not cover?

-The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, assembly., the press, and to petition. Freedom of speech does not mean that speakers cannot face repercussions for what they say. -The First Amendment does not include defamatory falsehoods that destroy a person's reputation, threats against the life of the President, and inciting an audience to illegal action when the audience is likely to carry out the action.

acceptance speech traits

-build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker -build enthusiasm for the speaker's topic -establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility

poor listening types

-focusing on delivery and personal experience -jumping to conclusions -listening to hard -not concentrating (spare "brain time")

Different Types of Special Occasion Speeches

-introduction -acceptance -commemorative -presentation

What are the guidelines for your specific purpose statement?

-write as a full infinitive phrase -express as a statement, not as a question -avoid figurative language -limit to one distinct idea -avoid being to vague or general

Steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. attention 2. need 3. satisfaction 4. visualization 5. action

types of speech organization patterns

1. chronological order 2. spatial order 3. causal order 4. problem solution order 5. topical order

bandwagon fallacy

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

When JFK says, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country" he is using what?

Antithesis

As an audience member, is it acceptable to shut down when you realize a speech is over a position w which you disagree? Why or why not?

As an audience member, it is not acceptable to shut down when you realize a speech is over an opinion w which you disagree, as you may not be as informed about the topic as you believe you are, and the speaker's information may cause you to change opinions. Also, it is respectful to still listen to those w opposing opinions, and it can be used to facilitate discussion of the issue.

How is understanding both sides of an issue linked to credibility in a persuasive speech?

Because the speaker will be able to refute the counter argument and speak on both sides of a story

How will being an effective public speaker help you in the workforce?

Being an effective public speaker means that you have the skills to project your ideas to others effectively, which is very useful in the workforce, in all kinds of professions. Additionally, good public speaking skills can be useful in giving presentations at work, or informing employees of an event or task.

At what rate can your brain process speech? At what rate can a human being speak?

Brain processes speech at 400-800 wpm. We can talk at 120-150 wpm.

Why are biased or self-interested sources less credible than unbiased sources?

Careful listeners find evidence from competent, credible sources more persuasive than evidence from lead qualified sources. Above all, they are suspicious of evidence from sources that appear to be biased or self-interested.

Since the US is becoming more and more diverse, is cultural sensitivity becoming more or less important? Explain.

Cultural sensitivity has always been important, but it is becoming more important as the US becomes more diverse.

How do people US feel about eye contact?

Eye contact is associated with truthfulness, intelligence, attitudes, and feelings. Speakers in the US who fail to establish eye contact are perceived as tentative or ill at ease, and may be seen as insincere or dishonest

How is a speaker's diction (word choice) linked to credibility? What type of word choice can be a turn off to the audience?

If a speaker mispronounces or misuses words, or uses language that is harmful to a person or group of people, their credibility can be lowered. During the opposite can boost the speaker's credibility, and ethnocentric speech can definitely be a turn off for the audience

How are body language and credibility linked?

If body language seems "shifty," too nervous, or uncaring, the speaker's credibility will be lowered.

How does ALL CAPS on a visual aid translate to the audience?

If there are too many, even clashing styles of fonts in a visual aid, the visual aid may become visually unappealing in that it is too cluttered, which is not conducive to the audience's understanding of the information.

Why is eye contact still important when using a visual aid?

If you look more at the visual aid than you make eye contact w the audience, you will seem ill prepared

Why is using inclusive language important?

Inclusive language engages audience members

Is the question and answer section of a speech important? How much impact can it have on the audience? What are the risks of question and answer sections?

It is important and is a common part of public speaking. The answer to a question is often the last word an audience hears, leaving a lasting impression. There is no way to predict every question you will receive.

Why is it important to make the time limit for your speech? Are time limits important outside of the speech class?

It is important to make the time of your speech because generally, if you are w/i the appropriate time window, you have the right amount of information for your audience to pay attention to, process, and retain.

Why is it important to practice w a visual aid when you are rehearsing your speech? What can happen if you do not practice w your visual aid?

It is important to practice w a visual aid when rehearsing your speech so that you will get a sufficient understanding of how to best present your visual aid alongside your speech (for example, when transitioning between slides) in a manner that flows.

Is it acceptable to do whatever it takes to persuade your audience, even if it means using overhyped or offensive rhetoric? Is it ethical? Why or why not?

It is not acceptable to do whatever it takes to persuade your audience, even if it means using overhyped or offensive rhetoric. Speaking offensively and hyperbolically is unethical, as it is essentially presenting the audience w a false representation of the serverity of an issue in order to garner support.

Why is government censorship of speech they may deem untruthful or unflattering problematic?

It results in the silencing of citizens' voices.

What groups suffer when free speech is suppressed?

Minority groups and those holding unpopular opinions.

Should you assume all audience members share the same religious beliefs as you? Why or why not?

No, because it displays ethnocentrism, and will lead to the alienation or displacement of audience members. Additionally, speaking about your religion personally when you have assumed all audience members are familiar w it, though they are not, may cause members of your audience to be unaware of what you are talking about, and less understanding of your message.

Is disagreement w a person's ideas enough to justify taking away their right of expression?

No, disagreement w a person's ideas is not enough to justify revoking their right to express themselves.

If a questioner is hostile w you, is it fair to reciprocate the hostility?

No, it will lower your hostility

Are stereotypes a good thing when considering the demographics of an audience?

No, never assume/use stereotypes

Is a persuasive speech a failure if he audience is not strongly in favor of the speaker's position by the end? Why or why not?

No, persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left, or strongly opposed, to right, strongly agree.

If you know what a word means, is it safe to assume all audience members do as well?

No, you cannot assume what is clear to you to be clear to your audience.

How does repetition lead to parallelism?

Parallelism involves the repetition of phrase

Photos of a dehorned rhino would be a visual example of what rhetorical appeal?

Pathos

Are pauses in a speech ever acceptable? Why or why not?

Pauses in a speech are acceptable when they are used to signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink it, and lend dramatic impact to a statement

What does it mean to suspend judgement?

Suspending judgement is pushing aside one's convictions and opposing beliefs to be open to what the speaker feels and has to say.

How will a listener react if they feel attacked at the outset of a persuasive speech?

They will be less likely to respond positively to the speaker's message, or consider what they have to say.

What newspapers are considered credible in the United States?

Time, Atlantic, the New York Times, and the Wall Street Journal

Should you you ever let your audience know you are nervous/glad you have completed your speech?

Whatever you do don't start to gather your notes before you have finished talking, and don't cap off your speech with a remark like "I'm glad its over!" or a sigh of relief.

What should you avoid doing w test when is comes to designing a visual aid?

When designing a visual aid, you should avoid using text that is difficult to read, or too condensed. You should avoid using a font size that is too large or too small.

Why is it a problem that people just wait their turn while in a conversation?

When people simply wait their turn to talk in a conversation, they may never get an opportunity to speak if their turn never arises.

In this day and age, should we still worry about being politically correct when speaking? Why or why not?

Yes, we should still worry about being politically correct when speaking, as to not alienate, or show prejudice against, any member or group w/i the audience. Ethnocentrism, favoritism towards one's own group, also reduces a speaker's credibility.

Is it possible to be credible w one audience but not another? Why?

Yes. Because credibility is an attitude (depending on the audience's frame of reference)

If the audience is totally against/hostile to your position in a persuasive speech should you bring up their objections/why they may not be hostile during your speech? Why or why not?

Yes. Ensure you tailor your presentation appropriately, depending on the audience makeup. Do they know a lot or a little about the issue, do they generally support or oppose the issue?

Even if a speaker is giving a persuasive speech, is it still fair for the audience to question the speaker's credibility and ethics? Why?

Yes. Especially for persuasive speeches, the audience should trust what the speaker is saying

Do you have to agree w someone to like/respect them?

You do not have to agree w a person to like or respect them.

hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

ad hominem fallacy

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or fallacy

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

appeal to tradition fallacy

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

slippery slope fallacy

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

a method of organizations persuasive speeches that seek immediate action

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

acceptance speech

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

speech of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person, group of people, an institution, or an idea

speech of presentation

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

What demographics should you consider when analyzing the audience?

age, religion, racial, ethnic, cultural background, gender and sexual orientation, group membership

You should always speak more slowly and __________than you think you need to.

articulately

What is the first thing that should come out of your mouth when presenting a speech?

attention grabber

What is more difficult? Getting your audience to passively agree w you or actually change their actions?

change their actions

Logos is comprised of ___ and___.

evidence and reasoning

What would be harmed or reduced if you presented a conspiracy theory as a fact in a speech?

harms or reduces a speaker's credibility

What appeal should persuasive speech be built upon?

logos

dialect

manner of speech, accent, based on regional or ethnic/cultural speech patterns

call/appeal to action

persuading the listener to take some kind of action in support of policy, make sure you make your recommendations specific

What type of speech is the crown jewel of public speaking? Why?

persuasive—it's the most elaborate. it's purpose is to actually change people, whether it be their ideals or their actions. you actually have to do sufficient research and planning to be successful w this sort of speech

How many time should should you practice your speech? Should you practice all in one day or spread it out over a number of days?

several times over a number of days

Simile VS Metaphor

simile is comparison using "like" or "as"; metaphor is a comparison without using "like" or "as"

Is it easier to understand complicated information when the speaker speaks quickly or slowly?

slowly

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which people talk (120-180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-500 words a minute)

Should you state your evidence and then explain to the audience what that evidence is meant to proof?

the evidence should be clearly linked to the point it is meant to prove.

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from a current policy is necessary

frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowedge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes, no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

primary purpose of special occasion speech

they aim to fit the special needs of a occasion; they MAY contain information or persuade, but this is not their primary purpose.

Why is it important to establish your credibility w the audience in the introduction?

to show you are qualified to speak on a topic be as tough on your speech as your audience will be;

Are extended metaphors useful in a speech? What speaker made heavy use of metaphors?

yes, Martin Luther King

Why is it important to anticipate areas your audience might not agree w when giving a persuasive speech?

you must anticipate possible objections the audience will raise and answer them in your speech, you cannot convert skeptical listeners unless you deal w the reasons for their skepticism

What should you do if you do not know the answer to a question? What should you not do?

you should give a best guess, or ask anyone in the audience. you should not respond w hostility, or just admit that you don't know and move on.