psychology 201 Chapter 5

somnambulism

(Sleepwalking) Occurs when the person arises and walks around while asleep 2 A disorder that causes sleepers to leave their beds and wander while still remaining asleep; also known as sleepwalking

circadian rhythms

24 hour day to night cycle, influence the pattern of major biological and behavioral functions

manifest content

A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams. 2, In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.

opiates

A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties. 2, A group of highly addictive drugs derived from the poppy plant that are used as pain relievers, anesthetics, and sedatives.

marijuana

A drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive, A plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are usually smoked for their intoxicated effects

meditation

A mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness.

tolerance

A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug. 2, A process in which your body needs more and more of a drug to get the same effect

night terrors

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

sleep apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. 2, A sleep disorder in which people briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night.

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

hypnosis

A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

dependence

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug. 2, A person develps a chemical need for the drug and cannot function without it. (Totally dependent on the drug) 3, A state in which the use of a drug is required for a person to function normally

coma

A state of being unaware of one's surroundings and being unable to react or respond to people, places, or things.

persistent vegetative state (PVS)

A state resulting from absence of brain-wave activity in the cerebral cortex in which the person is unconscious and displays no voluntary movements. 2, someone who is in phase of being unconscious for more than 2 weeks. Eyes are open, no evidence of purposeful awareness, no communication, roving eye movements

ecstasy (MDMA)

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

latent content

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. 2, Freud's term for underlying or hidden content represented in symbols of dreams.

dissociation theory

According to this theory, hypnotized subjects dissociate, or split, various aspects of their behavior and perceptions from the "self" that normally controls these functions. 2, Ernest Hilgard

nightmares

Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.

sleep deprivation

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability 2, 1. Fatigue and subsequent death.

consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

psychoactive drugs

Chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain. 2, Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

insomnia

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep, Chronic problems in getting adequate sleep.

stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 2, - Amphetamine (used to tx ADHD and narcolepsy; causes euphoria, anxiety, vertigo, insomnia, confusion, psychoses, arrhythmias, HTN, nausea, diarrhea. 3, A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.

restless legs syndrome

Dyssomnia, NOS; DIAGNOSIS is prior to sleep uncomfortable shock-like sensations to leg causing person to move, patient is aware of symptoms; TREATMENT is with dopamine agonists 2, feeling of uneasiness and restlessness in the legs after going to bed (sometimes causing insomnia) RLS

sleep state misperception

Occurs when people report insomnia even when they were asleep

polysomnography

PSG 2, Diagnostic test which physiological variables are measured and recorded during sleep. 3, An intensive study of a sleeping person involving simultaneous monitoring and recording of various physiological responses of the sleeper during the course of the night

REM sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep - most dreaming occurs here. 2, Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

deja vu

That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience., That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story. 2, Neural activity is random and dream's are the brains attempt to make sense of it. 3, A theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories

sedative drugs

a drug used to calm a person, reducing stress and excitement, but not to induce sleep. 2 depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

minimally conscious state (MCS)

condition of decreased brain activity with occasional, brief periods of purposeful actions and limited speech comprehension. 2, one stage higher than vegetative stat

problem-solving theory

dreams give people a chance to review and address some of the problems they face during waking hours.

hallucinogenic drugs

drugs that distort perception. 2, Psychoactive drugs that alter consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion, perception, and thought.

jet lag

fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel. 2, A syndrome of fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems caused by air travel across several time zones.

restore and repair hypothesis

idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the days activities. sleep is a necessity

sleep displacement

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

positive sleep state misperception

occurs when individuals regularly overestimate their sleep

preserve and protect hypothesis

suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

social-congnitive theory

theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs