Final Exam EDUC F67 Psychological and Educational Measurement

Stanford Achievement Test SAT 10

One of the most common batteries utilized by school districts across the US it is a norm-referenced exam - most commonly used in terms of the psychometric properties 13 TEST LEVELS divided into three groups Stanford early school achievement - kindergarteners through the first half of first grade Stanford achievement test - second half of first grade through ninth grade Stanford test of academic skills - nine through 12 grade. Measures across total reading, total mathematics, science, language, spelling, social studies, and listening.

Self-Directed Search

One of the most widely used career interest inventories - guides through abilities and interests Several forms over different populations Based on RIASEC data score Holland 71 Ages 15-70

Coopersmith Inventory

The Coopersmith Inventory is a self-esteem measure with three forms, a long and short school form along with an adult form. This measure was developed by Stanley Coopersmith, who believed that self-esteem was closely tied to a person's success in pursuing challenging tasks. Coopersmith also developed the Behavioral Academic Self-Esteem as a test to be completed by someone other than the person taking the Coopersmith Inventory to evaluate their truthfulness in self-reporting their self-esteem.

Addiction Severity Index

(ASI) assesses the impact of the client's use of alcohol or other drugs on the client's medical status, employment or school status, legal status, family and social relationships, and psychiatric status (McLellan et al., 1992). According to Budman (2000), this instrument has become the standard measure of substance abuse in many agencies, with more than 1 million administrations a year in the United States. Research indicates that it yields internally consistent and valid information regarding a client's functioning even when administered in less-than-ideal circumstances, such as inner-city alcohol and drug abuse clinics (Leonhard, Mulvey, Gastfriend, & Schwartz, 2000). The ASI may also be administered in a multimedia version (called the ASI-MV) by virtual interviewers. The ASI-MV provides computer-generated ratings of addiction severity that match (or surpass) those of trained interviewers in terms of reliability and validity (Budman, 2000).

Children's Depression Inventory

(CDI) is a self-report measure of depression for children and adolescents ages 8 to 17 years (Kovacs, 1992). This instrument, which is a downward extension of the BDI, consists of 27 self-report items written at a third-grade reading level. For each item, the child or adolescent chooses the one statement from among three listed that most closely describes his or her thoughts, feelings, or behaviors for the past 2 weeks. T he CDI yields a total score together with scores on five factors: Negative Mood, Interpersonal Problems, Ineffectiveness, Anhedonia (inability to find enjoyment in any activities), and Negative Self-Esteem. One of the most research inventories for adolescents and children

Comprehensive Drinker Profile

(CDP) is a structured intake interview procedure requiring 1 to 2 hours for completion (Marlatt & Miller, 1984). It provides detailed information regarding the history and current status of an individual's drinking problems and related matters. It assesses both consumption and problematic behaviors. Also available are a short form of the CDP, the Brief Drinker Profile; the Follow-Up Drinker Profile, a measure of client progress; and the Collateral Interview Form, an instrument for obtaining information from other people who are close to the client.

Interpersonal Adjective Scales

(IAS), a self-report instrument that assesses the two primary interpersonal dimensions of dominance and nurturance, builds on experience gained with previously developed interpersonal assessment inventories (Wiggins, 1993). The IAS yields scores on eight interpersonal variables that are ordered along the two primary axes of the interpersonal circumplex. It is designed to provide information about how an individual typically behaves in different interpersonal situations. The instrument consists of 64 adjectives that describe interpersonal interactions; respondents use an 8-point Likert scale to rate how accurately each word describes them as individuals. Responses yield octant scores, which are then plotted on the circumplex. The rationale for the circumplex is that personality structure is not made up of independent dimensions but a blending of dimensions LOOK ONE UP

Taylor Johnson Temperament Analysis

(TJTA) consists of 180 items equally divided among nine bipolar scales measuring 18 traits related to interpersonal relationships and personal adjustment (e.g., Nervous-Composed, Depressive-Lighthearted, Responsive-Inhibited, Dominant-Submissive, and Self-Disciplined-Impulsive; used in individual and group settings, and there is a form available for use with adolescents and individuals with lower reading levels. Norms are available for four groups (i.e., adolescent, young adult, general adult, and senior adult).

Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test

(UNIT2) is used for students with unique conditions that would bias results on an aforementioned test of intelligence. For example, students with different cultural or linguistic backgrounds would struggle unfairly in a traditional test. Other conditions for which the UNIT2 is preferable include use with youth who have speech, language, or hearing impairments or who are verbally uncommunicative. The UNIT2 was developed by Drs. Bruce Bracken (former W&M faculty member) and R. Steve McCallum to fill gaps within the intelligence testing arena.

Communicating Results (Feedback Session) Miller 1982

1. Check in with the client 2. Provide structure for the interpretation 3. Review the results 4. Integrate the results 5. Plan for the future 1. Initial step to check in with the client experience with the assessment - process can result in learning attitude and usefulness of the results for the client 2. Re-describe the purpose of the assessment process and how the scores are presented - avoid jargon and be straight forward 3. Examine results with graphs and make sure the environment is set up effectively - don't be condescending 4. Integrate results with client information like job aptitude and interests, academics, or assessment of mental illness 5. Involve client with how assessment results will be applied to short term and long term results - towards the end of the interview ask client to summarize results and what has been talked about

Communicating Results (Feedback Session) Drummond and Jones 2010

1. Describe purpose of the test. 2. Report findings in a manner that client/student can understand. 3. Check in/focus on client/student's thoughts and feelings after getting test results.

Communicating Results (Feedback Session) Results to Parents - Sattler and Hoge 2006

1. Establish rapport. 2. Communicate results. 3. Discuss recommendations—includes a plan of action. 4. Terminate interview.

Drug Abuse Screen Test DAST

10 item yes/no response focused more on drug use than alcohol - free to use online scale includes suggestive action 0 no problem reported 1-2 low level 3-5 moderate level 6-8 substantial level 9-10 severe level

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test AUDIT

10 items on instrument, developed by WHO; asks about frequency of drinking, alcohol dependence & problems caused by alcohol in the past 12 months; scores range from 0-40; a score of 8+ indicates likelihood of harmful alcohol consumption More complex to read through - interview or self report version available chart with standard drink sizes available

Career Assessment Inventory

15 yo + General occupational theme scale This test was commonly considered the "working person's Strong." Previous editions of the SII focused primarily on professional occupations whereas the original Career Assessment Inventory focused on careers that require two or fewer years of postsecondary training. Newer versions include careers with a variety of vocational training backgrounds.

Personality Assessment Inventory

22 full scales 344 items False, slightly true, mostly true, very true response 40-50 minute completion

Wide Range Intelligence Test WRAT4

30 minutes to complete screening to help identify need for further testing of learning or cognitive disabilities 4 subscales and 1 composite - word reading, sentence comprehension, spelling, math computation then composite score is reading composite Ages 5 -74 years and 11 months - based on a stratified national sample of 3000 people Two alternative forms called the blue and green forms Standard scores, percentile ranks, stanine, NCEs, and grade equivalencies

Shipley Institute of Living Scale-Revised

60-item (40 vocabulary, 20 abstract reasoning) intelligence test that takes approximately 20 minutes to administer. IQ and standard scores are obtained based on age-adjusted norms (Zachary, 1986). Correlations in the vicinity of .8 with Wechsler tests are reported in the manual, along with reliabilities of .8 to .9 for internal consistency and .6 to .7 for test-retest. Originally constructed to assess cognitive impairment, this test is now used as a brief screening device for overall intellectual ability.

Otis-Lennon School Ability Test

8th edition (OLSAT8) has seven levels ranging from kindergarten to Grade 12 (Pearson Assessments, 2012d). The test is published in two forms and yields verbal and nonverbal scores based on 36-item subtests and a total IQ score. The test represents a contemporary version of a series of former Otis tests. The OLSAT8 was jointly normed with the Metropolitan Achievement Tests 8 and the Stanford Achievement Tests 10.

Clinical Judgement Model

A counselor's integration of data based on objective and subjective information to reach logical conclusions about a diagnosis for students and clients Decisions for treatment based on intuition and what feels right

Ipsative Assessment

A test that compares one's scores with their prior scores, often used for evaluating outcomes

Battery

A test that includes times of measures in one (e.g., ASVAB)

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

Another less common intelligence assessment is the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II). This test utilizes a dual theoretical model as it pulls from Luria's (1980) neuropsychological theory of intelligence for a total score or the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence. The KABC-II yields scores on five different ability indices, including Simultaneous/Gv, Sequential/Gsm, Planning/Gf, Learning/Glr, and Knowledge/Gc (in CHC model only). The KABC-II also formulates two composite scores that include the Mental Processing Index (Luria's model of intelligence) and Fluid-Crystallized Index (CHC model of intelligence). It also uses a nonverbal option for children whose verbal skills are limited.

SAT, ACT, PSAT

Aptitude Test for higher education

Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire

Assesses ability to cope with difficulties (i.e., lack of readiness, lack of information, inconsistent information) associated with career decisions. Adolescents Young Adults

Career Beliefs Inventory

Assesses beliefs that may relate to career goals; these assumptions may foster or hinder career planning. Agreement scale - strongly disagree to strongly agree Adolescents Young adults Adults Online and Paper Versions- Spanish and French Translations available

Intelligence Testing

Assessments of intelligence are used for education, vocational, and other types of placements Knowing intelligence aid's in decision-making processes method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores General ability to judge, comprehend, and reason well Binet, Spearman

Kauffman Batteries

Based on CHC and Luria's (1980) neuropsychology theory of intelligence. Known as the PASS model, this theory consists of Planning , Attention , Simultaneous , and Successive . Uses deviation IQ scores Versions of the Kaufman Batteries o KAIT (for ages 11-85): 6 or 10 subsets and 6 ability indices o KABC-II (for ages 3-18): 18 subsets and 6 ability indices o KBIT (for ages 4-90): Common in schools—15-30 minutes to administer

Self-Monitoring

Can compliment the assessments used during initial assessment Allows clients to see the relationship between life events and substance use behavior Typically charts the amount of substance consumption and the presence of other people May also record the thoughts or feelings of the client, temptations to drink, actual drinking behavior, and contextual factors

Career Adaptability

Client's readiness to cope with predictable and unpredictable aspects of career selection - Super's Life Span Ability to cope with different developmental changes and the demans associated with that

Clarifying Values

Clients and students make meaning of the values they identify based on their diverse and individualized life experiences. We can't/shouldn't assume to know what a value means to a client. When identifying values, have the client/student describe what the value means to them versus assuming it matches the textbook definition.

Criterion-Referenced

Comparing a person's score to an arbitrary set criteria (e.g., classroom-based test)

Norm-Referenced

Comparing scores of an individual to the scores of a group (e.g., SAT, GRE)

Test of Cognitive Skills

Contemporary version of California Test of Mental Maturity-Short form - Group-test equivalent of Stanford-Binet K-1 Age, Grade stanines, percentiles, and standard score norms available for subtest Combined cognitive skills provides a deviation IQ score

Mixed Model

Daniel Goleman's perspective is that EI is based on an array of competencies and skills that drive one's performance. These competencies include self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, empathy, and motivation. This model is criticized as being a "pop culture approach," or mainstream media portrayal, to understanding EI.

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides a way to classify conditions faced by clients

IS PATH WARM? Juhnke 2007

Immediate Suicide Risk Ideation Substance Abuse Purposefulness Anger Trapped Hopelessness Withdrawing Anxiety Recklessness Mood Change

Wechsler Intelligence Scales

Include: Adults (WAIS-IV; 16-89 years old), Children (WISC-IV; 9-17 years old), and Preschool & Primary Scale (WPPSI-III; 2-7 years old) WAIS-IV and WISC-IV are the most frequently used assessments by psychologists and counselors. Each yields full-scale IQ (FSIQ) and index scores. Deviation IQ:Mean = 100, SD = 15 Includes extensive psychometric testing and evaluation

Career Maturity

Indicates a client's readiness to accomplish a developmental career task, based on Super's Life Span, Life Space Model Refers to the physical , psychological, and social characteristics needed by an individual and their readiness to take on and manage developmental challenges that occur in a given career This concept indicates a student's or client's readiness to accomplish a developmental career task appropriate for their age. It is often used as a metric to determine how motivated a student or client may be to partake in career decision-making.

ICD

International Classification of Diseases, similar to the DSM-V but on the international scale

Narrow Scope (Clinical Assessment) Narrow Assessment / Narrow Inventories

Inventories and checklists that evaluate a specific topic (BDI) Beck Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory Children's Depression Inventory, Hamilton's Depression Inventory, Eating Attitudes Test, Eating Disorders Inventory, Conflict Tactics Scale, Marital Satisfaction Scale

Broad Scope (Clinical Assessment) Broad Inventories / Broad Assessment

Inventories and checklists that evaluate a wide range of issues (MMPI) variety of topics addressed Brief Symptom Inventory or BSI, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Outcome Questionnaire OQ 45 and then System checklist 90-Revised.

Das Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System Das-Naglieri

It contains 13 subtests (only 12 are used in any administration), yielding four scales labeled Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) processing and a full-scale score (M = 100, SD = 15). Internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities are in the vicinity of .90, and the Planning and Attention scales assess concepts not found on traditional intelligence tests.

Trait Model

K. V. Petrides proposed that trait EI is a set of self-perceptions a person holds of their emotional abilities. These EI traits are considered a part of one's personality.

Conner's Rating Scales

LOOK AT LECTURES Conner's Rating Scales is an assessment designed to assess ADHD and related problems in children. (20 min).

Process for Communicating Test Results

Last phase of the assessment or appraisal proves involves a balance of communicating data - balancing the science of data communication with the art of counseling Often times communicated as part of a feedback session

Career Decisions Self-Efficacy Scale

Measures ability to make effective career decisions regarding self-appraisal, occupational information, goal selection, planning, and problem-solving. Confidence scale - strongly confident to Not at all confident Adolescents Young adults Adults

Observation Assessment (Clinical Assessment)

Method involving monitoring the behaviors and actions of another (CBCL)

Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen RAPS4

More effective than CAGE and other screening tools in detecting alcohol dependence 1.During the last year, have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking? 2. During the last year, has a friend or a family member ever told you about things you said or did while you were drinking that you could not remember? 3. During the last year, have you failed to do what was normally expected from you because of drinking? 4. Do you sometimes take a drink when you first get up in the morning?

Timeline Follow-Back

NOT IN TEXTBOOK

Woodcock Johnson

One of the widely used assessments for assessing cognitive abilities Used for ages 2-90 and up Based on Catell-Horn-Carroll theory Represents cognitive ability on four levels Uses deviation IQ scores

Purpose of Career Assessment

Prediction: Results from some assessments can help predict job preferences and performance. Discrimination: Continuously evaluating one's abilities and interests— determine likelihood of success by identifying the groups the client is most like Monitoring: Monitor and detect values important to client Evaluation: Examine how well one's career goals have been met

Clinical Range (Clinical Assessment)

Range of scores that represent the presence of clinical symptoms Symptomology of the client

Conceptualizing Personality

Role-Related Behavior - How a person acts in a particular situation Typical Response - How a person normally responds to their environment (being cheerful, laid back, or upbeat) Psychological Core - Representation of the real person that is often formed at childhood (In a pyramid) Watson ORRRRRRR Traits- Distinguishing characteristics or qualities States- Transitory exhibition of some personality characteristic - temporary behavior tendency Types- General descriptions of people - typologies; MBTI is most well-known

Ability Model

Salovey and Mayer's model of emotional intelligence (EI) focuses on the ability of people to (a) perceive emotions, (b) use emotions, (c) understand emotions, and (d) manage emotions.

SOCRATES

Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale Works well with motivational interviewing helps understand client's stage of change and their willingness to engage in a driven process helps to work with the client and know where they're at in order to help them

Mental Status Exam

Structured procedure for observing and documenting a client mental state. Appearance, Speech, Actions, Mood, Perception, and Thoughts Providing a broad description of a client's mental state when combined with their background information, can help inform a diagnosis Often done at intake into mental facilities Clinical or Diagnostic interview - Structured, Semi-structured, and unstructured

Neuropsychological Assessment (Clinical Assessment)

Study of the brain-behavior relationships- assessments of a variety of cognitive and intellectual abilities

Adult Achievement Test - Tests of Adult Basic Education

Test of basic adult education commonly used Ages 16 and older - not intended for those enrolled in school but instead individuals want to understand and improve basic skills multiple choice and open response - vocabulary, reading language, language mechanics, mathematics, and spelling

Beck Depression Inventory

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) replaced the BDI, which was first published in 1961 (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 2003). The current version reflects DSM-5 criteria for depression more closely than did earlier versions. The BDI-II can be used with clients as young as 13 years of age. The BDI-II includes 21 items that describe symptoms of depression of an affective, cognitive, behavioral, or physiological nature (Beck et al., 2003). Each item uses a 4-point scale of severity ranging from 0 to 3. Clients mark the level of severity for each symptom that best describes how they have been feeling over "the past 2 weeks, including today."

Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale

The Piers-Harris Children Self-Concept Scale is a commonly used measure for children and adolescents ages 7-18 years of age. The scale includes 60 items that provide one total score. It also includes six subscale scores evaluating self-esteem in the following areas: Physical Appearance and Attributes, Freedom from Anxiety, Intellectual and School Status, Behavioral Adjustment, Happiness and Satisfaction, and Popularity

Item Difficulty

The percentage of test takers who correctly answer the item. - prefer 50% but graduate students is a good example of this not always being the case

Broad Clinical Assessment

This form of assessment includes the use of interments that capture information that is not specific to a single topic or construct. Often the information captured is wide-ranging and can be used to identify a concern or track progress in counseling.

Crystallized Intelligence

This form of intelligence comes from the CHC theory of cognitive abilities and deals with an individual's ability to solve problems and make decisions on the basis of acquired knowledge, experiences, and verbal conceptualizations.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

This is one of the best known individually administered intelligence tests and is considered a gold standard to which other intelligence tests compare. It uses the CHC model of intelligence as its theoretical foundation. The test reveals a Full Scale IQ score, Nonverbal and Verbal IQs, and five Factor Indices. This is one of the oldest and best-known intelligence test worldwide Appropriate for individuals between 2 and 85 years old Takes 45-75 minutes to complete • Yields an FSIQ, nonverbal IQ, verbal IQ, and five factor indexes (fluid reasoning, knowledge questionnaire, quantitative reasoning, spatial processing, and memory) • Includes extensive psychometric testing and evaluation • Standardized score:Mean = 100, SD = 15

Beck Anxiety Inventory

This self-report test is designed to help you pinpoint the difference between depression and anxiety. Other instruments didn't adequately discriminate depression from anxiety. Scoring is asking what is wrong with the patient on a scale of 0 to 3 on a 4-point scale out of a list of 21 items. Uses include in determining anxiety in the setting of a clinic or for research.

Exploratory Factor Analysis

This statistical approach is used as an initial step to examine how items on a scale relate to different factors on a scale. This approach is commonly applied when a new measure, having just gone through the scale development process, is being evaluated for the first time.

Statistical Decision-Making Model

Use of analytic techniques, such as statistical inferences, probability, and sampling, to form a hypothesis about a diagnosis

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition

WISC-V is by far the most commonly used assessment for intelligence testing in schools. Ages 4 -85 The test includes five primary index scales, including Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed. It also includes a full scale score. The composite scores are interpreted in the following way: 130 and higher (Extremely High), 120-129 (Very High), 110-119 (High Average), 90-109 (Average), 80-89 (Low Average), 70-79 (Very Low), and 69 and below (Extremely Low)

Woodcock-Johnson of Cognitive Abilities

WJ-IV is a less common assessment. This intelligence test is based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence. It produces three cognitive composite scores, including general intellectual ability, brief intellectual ability, and Gf-Gc Composite. It also includes 7-factor scores and six narrow ability and other clinical cluster scores.

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition

Well-known diagnostic test and used to identify further testing if needed. First published in 1959 with the most recent addition in 2007 - evaluates ability to comprehend spoken words in the standard English language Individually administered and norm-referenced designed for ages 2 years 6 months to 90 years old Used with individual with autism, cerebral palsy, and other physical disabilities - 228 items with 4 full colored pictures (takes 10-15 minutes) Non-threatening language "if you want to put your finger on the picture of what I've said"

Key Math Diagnostic Test KEY MATH 3

Widely used evaluation meant to look at mathematical concepts and skills the test is untimed and is administered one on one National Council of Teachers of Mathematics basic skills, operations, and applications Ages 4 years 6 months to 21 years old

Wonderlic Personnel

Wonderlic Personnel Test and Scholastic Level Exam is a brief 12-minute, 50-item, speeded test of mental ability for adults (Wonderlic, 2005). This test is often used to determine if individuals have the capacity to learn and solve problems. extensive history of use in business, and the Scholastic Level Exam is often used in educational settings. Ten forms of this paper-and-pencil intelligence test are available, along with Braille and audiotape editions for persons with disabilities. There are extensive norms. It is administered in business and industry to 2.5 million job applicants each year for the selection and placement of employees. It is available in 14 languages and can be administered on a personal computer.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Aptitude Testing

ability to acquire a specific type of skill or knowledge; aptitude tests are typically used for prediction purposes provides indication of how an individual will perform in the futuredesigned to measure what has already been learned or knowledge or skills that have been attained SAT, ASVAB, WorkKeys, DAT

Achievement Testing

attempts to measure learning that takes place under relatively standardized conditions or as a result of a controlled set of experiences designed to measure what has already been learned or knowledge or skills that have been attained Stanford Achievement Test, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, MAT8, TerraNova

Children's Apperception Test (CAT)

consists of 10 pictures and is designed for use with children ages 3 to 10. Typically, a version using animals in human social settings is used (CAT-A) as it is believed that children can better identify with animals than humans. There is no psychometric information for the CAT.

NEO Personality Inventory

consists of five 48 item scales totaling 240 items 5-point agree-disagree continuum the five domains of Neuroticism (high scores: poor adjustment and emotional distress; low scores: self-confident, free of neurotic conflicts), Extraversion (high scores: sociable, energetic; low scores: reserved, even-paced), Openness (high scores: imaginative, curious; low scores: practical, traditional), Agreeableness (high scores: sympathetic, dependent; low scores: egocentric, antagonistic), and Conscientiousness (high scores: organized, self-controlled; low scores: easygoing, disorganized) as well as on 30 facet subscales. which are designed to assess the Big Five personality factors

Family Assessment Measure

diagnostic tool for therapy that assesses family structure and strengths and weaknesses. It consists of three interrelated forms: a 50-item General Scale that examines general family functioning, a 42-item Dyadic Relationship Scale that examines how a family member perceives his or her relationship with another family member, and a 42-item Self-Rating Scale on which each individual rates his or her own functioning within the family

Survey Batteries

include a collection of tests that measure peoples' knowledge across broad areas of content.

Readiness Tests

include a group of criterion-referenced achievement tests that indicate a minimum level of skill needed to move through grades.

Subject Area Tests

include specific tests to determine appropriateness for placement in advanced coursework or earned credits

Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire

is a 28-item self-report measure that includes five subscales measuring restraint, eating concern, shape concern, weight concern, and global score. This scale is often considered the "gold standard" for evaluating eating disorder psychopathology. It produces a range and severity of eating disorder features.

Dyadic Adjustment Scale

is a 32-item scale that measures the quality of interpersonal adjustment. Couples rate the extent to which they agree with their partner as well as how often they engage in various activities. The instrument takes 5-10 minutes to complete and contains four subscales (Dyadic Consensus, Dyadic Satisfaction, Dyadic Cohesion, Affectional Expression). Although there is general support for the instrument in terms of reliability and validity, norms are dated (i.e., 1976) and involve 218 married White couples in Pennsylvania.

Therapeutic Assessment Model

is focused on using the testing process as an approach to help students and clients learn more about themselves and to engage in self-exploration. This is different from using assessment purely for the purpose of data collection for treatment and diagnosis.

Values Clarification

is the act of helping clients learn about the values they believe are important. • Grounded in the theory of person-centered counseling • A number of strategies enable clients to identify and make comparisons among their values. Self-assessment Values exploration activities

WorkKeys

job skills assessment system primarily used in the selection, hiring, training, and retaining of the workforce - cognitive and noncognitive skills If students do well enough (i.e., scores of 3) on each of the three noncognitive scales, they qualify for the National Career Readiness Certificate

Cognitive Abilities Test

make predictions about an individual's ability to perform in future grade levels

Vocational Aptitude Tests

make predictions about one's potential for occupational success

Strong Interest Inventory

most widely used career interest inventories that traces its roots to 1927 by EK strong Highschool students 14 and up This test compares individuals' responses to items with the response patterns of people in different occupations Six general occupational themes, 30 basic interest scales, 244 vocational/occupational scales, and 5 personality style scales similar to self-directed search

Torrance Tests of Creativity

most widely used tests to assess creativity They consist of both nonverbal and verbal forms assessing four creative abilities: fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. The nonverbal form uses drawing activities, and the verbal form involves activities such as generating questions or suggesting alternative uses for an object. Each activity is timed and scored on the first three of the creative abilities. The nonverbal activities are also scored for elaboration. Research has shown adequate score reliability. An interesting 22-year longitudinal validity study showed student scores to be related to accomplishments in adulthood

Nomothetic Idiographic

o Nomothetic interpretation: The practice of establishing norms for the answers given by individuals based on age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, or some other nominal variable. Responses are compared to the normed responses. o Idiographic interpretation: The practice of evaluating unique features of the subject's world view and relationships.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

one of the oldest and most well-researched structured personality assessments This test is used to evaluate individuals for mental health concerns and assist counselors in treatment planning. This scale includes 10 clinical scales. Some examples of these clinical scales include Hypochondriasis, Paranoia, and Depression. This test includes a large number of items that can be time consuming for clients to complete.

ASVAB - Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

part of the ASVAB Career Exploration Program, most widely used aptitude test in the United States More than one fourth of U.S. high school seniors participate in the ASVAB Career Exploration Program sometime during their high school years General Science (GS), Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), Word Knowledge (WK), Paragraph Comprehension (PC), Mathematics Knowledge (MK), Electronics Information (EI), Auto & Shop Information (AS), and Mechanical Comprehension (MC

Miller Analogies Test

published by Pearson Assessments, is a second test used for the selection of graduate students. The test consists of 120 complex analogy items drawn from the subject matter across a number of academic fields (100 items count, and 20 are experimental). It is available in both paper-and-pencil and computer formats and can be taken in various approved centers around the country. Although the test is administered with a 60-minute time limit, it is largely a power test, not a speed test.

Diagnostic Tests

refer to measures that identify general or specific learning disabilities.

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

short scale that provides an alternative to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. This test examines personality style on a continuum of three levels of functioning, including normal, adaptive functioning; abnormal, moderately maladaptive attributes; and clinical disorder. It also uses 15 personality disorder scales and 10 clinical syndrome scales. This scale is also more closely aligned with the DSM-5.

Clinical Assessment

the process of gathering information Key function of a clinical assessment: diagnosis a mental health concern Thus, clinical assessment ties directly into diagnosis and the use of the DSM and ICD. Clinical assessments also help guide decision-making related to treatment. It is common to use clinical assessment to monitor treatment progress. Processes of clinical assessment often answer the questions: Does a client have a mental health concern? If so, what is their diagnosis? In other words, the key function of clinical assessment is to diagnosis mental health concerns. Clinical assessments help to treat clients.

Alcohol Abuse

typically manifests in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work or home, repeated use in dangerous situations, and recurrent legal or social and interpersonal problems as a result Alcohol Dependence- Involves alcohol abuse symptoms along with increased tolerance and withdrawal

Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)

used together with the Career Interest Inventory (CII) to generate educational and career-planning reports for counselors and students Contains eight subtests: Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Perceptual Speed and Accuracy, Mechanical Reasoning, Space Relations, Spelling, and Language Usag

Michigan Alcohol Screening Test MAST

yes/no answers to 24 questions free to use online 0-3=absence of alcohol dependence; 4=possible substance dependence; 5+ = likely alcohol dependence

Response Style Response Bias

• Social desirability: Choosing a socially desirable choice over a true response • Acquiescent: Tendency of a test taker to accept or agree with items regardless of content (answer yes/true for all items) • Non-acquiescent: Tendency of a test taker to reject or disagree with items regardless of content (answer no/false for all items) • Deviance: making unusual or uncommon responses • Extreme: Choosing extreme, rather than middle, ratings • Gambling/Cautiousness: Guessing, or not guessing, when in doubt about an answer

Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory

(DSFI) yields 12 scores and consists of 10 scales with titles such as Information, Experience, Psychological Symptoms, Gender Role Definition, and Sexual Satisfaction . A total score and the client's evaluation of current functioning are also included. The Information subscale consists of 26 true-false items measuring the amount of a client's accurate sexual information. The Experience subscale lists 24 sexual behaviors ranging from kissing on the lips to oral-genital sex. The Sexual Drive subscale measures the frequency of various sexual behaviors, and the Attitude subscale measures the diversity of liberal and conservative attitudes. The entire inventory can be expected to take 45 minutes to 1 hour to complete and was designed to assess individual rather than couple sexual functioning.

CAGE questionnaire CAGE-AID

Assessment is a tool to identify when a substance abuse assessment is needed Interview assessment If a client answers YES to two or more of the questions then a formal assessment is advised. These questions can be built into a biopsychosocial form CAGE: Cut back Annoyed/Angered Guilt Eye-opener "Have you ever felt the need to cut back" "Have you ever felt annoyed/angered when someone asks you about your SU" etc etc etc

TerraNova

Broad based test - meaning the extensive array of batteries K through 12 Subtests reading, English, language arts, math, science, and social studies

RIASEC Codes

General Occupational Themes Interests assessment John Holland to assess interests, preference for works, and where they will find this in the workplace Realistic Investigative (referred to as Intellectual until 1966) Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional

Eco-map

Developed by Ann Hartman and is a major tool for studying the social context of families. It is a paper and pencil simulation; the worker and the clients actually draw a map showing the "major systems that are a part of the family's life and the nature of the family's relationship with the various systems." identify local resources essential to life housing, shopping, malls, work, leisure activites, school watch interactions and identify resources

Draw-A-Person Test

Draw a person (DAP) is the most common form of projective drawing. o Client is asked to draw a picture and then they are asked a series of questions: § Tell me a story about this person. § What is the person doing? § How is the person feeling?

Metropolitan Achievement Tests MAT8

Evaluate student's knowledge of a broad range of subjects - multiple choice and open ended questions For kindergarten through 12 Subtests - reading, language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies

California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

For use with relatively well-adjusted individuals and assesses an individual's strength and positive personality attributes "Folk concepts" sociability, tolerance, and responsibility 434 items and 30 scales; normed on standardized sample of 3,000 men and 3,000 women 20 folk scales organized in 4 separate clusters/classes 45-60 minutes to complete self-reported Class I is designed to assess interpersonal adequacy of poise, self-assurance, and ascendancy and contains seven scales titled Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability, Social Presence, Self-Acceptance, Independence, and Empathy; Class II contains measures of socialization, responsibility, and character with seven scales titled Responsibility, Socialization, Self-Control, Good Impression, Communality, Well-Being, and Tolerance; Class III contains scales measuring intellectual and academic themes useful in educational counseling. The three scales in this cluster are titled Achievement via Conformance, Achievement via Independence, and Intellectual Efficiency. Class IV contains a mixed group of three scales that do not fit well together or are not highly related to scales in the other three clusters. They include Psychological Mindedness, Flexibility, and Femininity-Masculinity.

Feedback Sessions

Formal or informal, single session or as a part of ongoing counseling Place where client and counselor review assessment information/data in the context or other known variables

Generalizability Theory

Generalizbility theory (or G Theory) is the statistical theory behind our evaluation of the reliability or dependability of the scores on a measure or test. Generalizability is the extent to which the findings from a quantitative study with a particular sample can also be applied the target population that the sample represents (Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2007). If a study cannot generalize to the population due to errors in sampling, then the findings may be mute. A generalizable study is one that minimizes potential measurement error resulting from an insufficient sampling process. When developing a measure or evaluating how one was developed, it is important to consider for whom the study is generalizable. Imagine a measure that was developed on only high school students. It is likely the results that influenced the development of the scale were impacted by this sample. Thus, the scale make not be appropriate with older adults. It is important to keep generalizability of a study in mind when evaluating a measure.

Group vs. Individual Administration

Group intelligence test characteristics o Can be administered in large groups o Typically use multiple choice, true-false, or other selected response o Uniformity and objectivity of scoring is important. o Useful for screening: § Determining need for in-depth testing § Estimating intelligence for academic or vocational purposes § Estimating intelligence score for research studies § Typically used for screening and placement o Primarily used for education, military, business, and government settings Cognitive Abilities Tests Test of Cognitive Skills Otis-Lemon School Ability Test Shipley Institute of Living Scale—Revised Wonderlic Personnel Test and Scholastic Level Exam Multidimensional Aptitude Battery Individual intelligence test characteristics o Administered to a single individual o Examiner must be specially trained o Have set limits o Require examiners to observe qualitative aspects of test taker's performance Example individual intelligence tests Stanford-Binet Wechsler Scales Kaufman Batteries Das Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System Woodcock Johnson Slosson Intelligence Test UNIT*

Campbell Career Skills - Campbell Interest and Skill Survey

Help people understand their interest and skills map into the occupational world Most appropriate for people going to college or who plan to attend college 6 point scale strongly like to strongly dislike

Kuder Career Planning System

Individuals (parents or students) or State/ District purchase VIDEOS IN MODULE 5 IM LAZY

Iowa Test of Educational Development

Intended to measure basic educational skills needed to progress satisfactorily or needed to progress through school Kindergarten through eighth grade subtests - vocabulary, reading comprehension, math, spelling, grammar, word analysis, For earlier grades- listening For younger grades- social studies and social content areas

Interest and Values Testing

Interests are the things that people like to do—what they find joy and pleasure in doing. • Values are things that people find to be of meaning. • Interests and values have applications within career counseling along with other types of work that counselors perform with students and clients. Strong interest inventory, Campbell Interest and Skill Survey, Self-Directed Search, O*Net Interest Profiler

Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI)

Inventory (AUI) is a comprehensive self-report inventory that assesses patterns of behavior, attitudes, and symptoms pertaining to the use of alcohol for individuals 16 years and older (Horn, Wanberg, & Foster, 1986). Most people complete the AUI, which requires a sixth-grade reading level, within 35 to 60 minutes. It contains 24 scales based on 228 items organized at three levels: 17 primary scales, 6 second-order scales, and 1 general alcohol use scale. The scales evaluate alcohol usage in terms of benefits, styles, consequences, and concerns. It is most appropriate for individuals who enter a treatment program as a result of alcohol dependence or abuse. It can be used to establish a treatment plan for a person with alcohol-related issues.

Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement

Is a companion instrument to the WJ cognitive abilities test - comprehensive assessment to measure intellectual and cognitive abilities 22 different tests when both are combined- 12 on the standard battery Reading tests - word identification ,reading fluency, passage comprehension Oral language test - story recall and understanding directions Written language test - spelling, reading fluency, reading samples Mathematics test- calculation math fluency and applied problems Ages 2 to 95

Family Environment Scale (FES)

It consists of three forms that assess the client's perception of the family as it is (the Real Form), as he or she would prefer it to be (the Ideal Form), and as he or she would expect it to react to new situations (the Expectation Form). The three 90-item inventories yield standard scores for 10 scales with titles such as Cohesion, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active Recreational Orientation, Moral-Religious Emphasis, Expressiveness, and Control. Any of the three forms can be used alone or in combination with various family members to allow the counselor to explore differences between spouses' perceptions and between parents' and children's perceptions as a means of identifying family treatment issues. There is also a children's pictorial version (CVFES). The 10 scales are grouped into three underlying domains: the relationship domain, the personal growth domain, and the system maintenance domain. The assumption behind all of the social climate scales is that environments, and in this case families, have unique personalities that can be measured in the same way as individual personalities can. Norms are based on a group of 1,432 nondistressed and 788 distressed families.

MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)

MBTI Personality for leadership, couples and marriage, evaluations, and individual exploration developed in 1940s Based on typology of Carl Jung - on preferences 4 categories making 16 personality types • Extraversion (E) versus Introversion (I) o Where does one prefer to focus their energy? § E= Directs energy to the outside world (people, things, and situations) § I= Directs energy to their inner world (ideas, emotions, information, and beliefs) • Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N) o How does one prefer to process or acquire information? § S= Facts, objectiveness, use of five senses to know what is real § N= Looks beyond the five senses to acquire information, looks at new ways of doing things, tries to anticipate what isn't obvious • Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F) o How does one prefer to make decisions? § T= Makes decisions based on logic and objective analysis § F= Makes decisions based on values and subjective evaluation • Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P) o How does one prefer to organize one's life? § J= Living in a planned, stabile, and organized way § P= Living in a spontaneous and flexible way

Personality Assessment

Personality inventories: Commonly used assessments to measure and identify personality o Both broad and specific types of assessments • Four methods of personality inventory development: o Theoretical method: Items developed to measure theoretical constructs o Criterion group method: Starts with a small sample of a given group (criterion) and compared to a control group o Factor-analytic method: Statistical analysis used to examine inter-correlation between the items on the scale o Logical or content method: Items developed based on their logical relationship to the construct represents "reasonably stable patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behavior that distinguish one person from another" - DOESN'T CHANGE measure one's affect realm and describe the facets of a person's characteristics that remain stable throughout adulthood.

House-Tree-Person

Projective Personality Assessment ask a child/adolescent to draw a house tree and person on separate the House is supposed to represent feelings about home life and family Tree pull out feelings about inner strengths and weakness Person is self-concept

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

Projective test which consists of 40 sentence fragments. Most of the sentence fragments are written in the first person, such as "My mother . . ." or "What bothers me most is. . . ." There are three forms: one for high school, one for college, and one for adults. It is expected that attitudes, traits, and emotions will be expressed in the responses. Responses are compared with sample answers in the manual (Rotter et al., 1992) and scored on a continuum of 6 to 0, from unhealthy or maladjusted through neutral to healthy or positive responses (higher scores suggest greater maladjustment). Thus, a single overall adjustment score is produced that makes this particular form useful as a gross screening instrument.

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

Self -Reported factor-analytic method personality inventory 4,5000 trait names condensed to list 171 terms that seemed to cover all of the human characteristics on the longer list. He then asked college students to rate their acquaintances on these terms and, through factor analysis, arrived at 16 primary factors that were developed into the 16 scales. The adult edition now contains 185 items. High and low scores on each of the scales represent opposite characteristics. The Scales: Practical versus Imaginative, Trusting versus Suspicious, Concrete versus Abstract, Shy versus Socially Bold, Relaxed versus Tense. Separate-sex and combined-sex norms are available for adults, college students, and high school juniors and seniors. Scores are given in terms of stens—standard scores with a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2.0. Scores below 4 (10th percentile) are considered low, and scores above 7 (90th percentile) are considered high. Because the scales are bipolar, both high and low scores can be interpreted as representing a particular characteristic

CRAFFT

Semi-structured screening process of adolescents (ages 12-21) Often used as a part of universal screening - medical office The most researched adolescent substance abuse screening device Involves a series of questions

Theories of Intelligence

Spearman's G factor - 1904 two factor theory of intelligence g factor (general) and specific factor. Specific feed into general factors Thurston's primary ability - multifactor so there is seven primary mental abilities- verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial ability, memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning Vernon 1950 hierarchy - spearman's g factor, then two broad abilities verbal -educational ability and practical- mechanical ability, then specific abilities, and then domains Higher order factor - consider to concile the two previous theories Guilford's structure of intellect Complex and comprehensive model 180 different intellectual abilities 3 Dimensions- Operations - rules of logic or mental procedures Contents - Particular kinds of knowledge Products- results from the interaction of operations and contents Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Theory Fluid intelligence - adaptability and flexibility in solving new problems (ability to learn and behave intelligently) Crystallized intelligence - ability to solve problems and make decisions based on acquired knowledge, experiences, and verbal conceptualizations (results from experimental and cultural learning) Horn extended it into a two strata model based on the first strata Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Three Stratum Model General intelligence, broad abilities, and narrow abilities Most empirically validated model of intelligence Triarchic Theory of intelligence Developed by Robert Sternberg, the triarchic theory of intelligence assumes intelligences are based on how well one processes information. • Three types of intelligence exist: o Componential: Internal component or mechanisms (e.g., executive functioning, performance, knowledge acquisition) o Experiential: Develops from experiences and behaviors o Contextual: One's actions towards the environment (e.g., selecting, adapting, and influencing one's environment) • These intelligences indicate how internal ability shapes an external environment. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Musical:Performance and composition of music Bodily-Kinesthetic:Control of body movements Logical-Mathematic:Problem-solving ability Linguistic:Use of language o Spatial:Ability to work with 3D objects Interpersonal:Interaction and understanding of others Intrapersonal:Self-awareness Naturalistic:Knowledge and understanding of nature

Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory

The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3rd edition (SASSI-3) was designed as a screening instrument for detecting adults who may be suffering from substance abuse, especially those who may be defensive or who may deny problems It is a brief paper-and-pencil instrument that can be completed in 15 minutes and hand-scored within a few minutes. It can also be administered by computer or audio recording. According to a survey of 350 addiction counselors, the SASSI is used more often and considered to be more important than any other substance abuse screening instrument (Juhnke, Vacc, & Curtis, 2003).

Tennessee Self-Concept Scale

The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale can be used with children and adults. The instrument provides two summary scores that include a measure of total self-concept and a measure of conflict. The instrument includes six subscale scores that include: Physical, Moral, Personal, Family, Social, and Academic/Work. The scale also includes three validity scores that evaluate inconsistent responses and faking.

Item Discrimination

The determination of how well an item can discriminate/differentiate among test takers who differ on the construct being measured by a test. People who know the information being tested for get it right and those who don't don't.

Percentile Rank

The ranking of a score that is as much or more than a specific percentage of a normed group

Flynn Effect

This is the observed rise of IQ scores over time, which has resulted in norms being less used for interpretation purposes. This effect was documented by James R. Flynn (1984) in a study on IQ score increases in samples of successive versions of Stanford-Binet and Wechsler intelligence tests. The findings from the study identified a 13.8-point increase in IQ scores from 1932 to 1978 which results in a 0.3-point increase per year or around 3 points per decade. These results were supported in a 2009 study examining IQ score gains between 1972 and 2006 for the Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Flynn, 2009).

Projective Tests

Unstructured tasks for examinee to complete for which the responses are expected to reflect needs, experiences, inner states, and thought processes • Projective assessments: require examinees to answer questions related to ambiguous stimuli using open-ended responses oBased heavily on psychodynamic theory of personality oEmphasizes the importance of the unconscious § Stimuli prompts the unconscious thoughts. • Includes visual, verbal, and drawing techniques • Verbal projective techniques: Methods that involve verbal stimuli and response • Stimuli and response can be verbal or written • Client needs mastery of language • Verbal projective questions: o If you could be anything you wanted, what would you be? o If you had three wishes, what would you wish for? o If you had a magic wand, what would you change about your life? • Sentence completion tasks: Verbal projection test in which clients are presented with a list of sentence stems with a blank space at the end o Client responses provide insight into their self-image, developmental characteristics, interpersonal reactions, needs, and perceived threats. o Open-ended, free response, engaging for client, can be a part of clinical interview, can address special needs • Projective drawings: Oldest category of projective tests • Often used with younger clients • Thought to collect nonverbal cues and symbolic messages about client's self-concept, motivations, concerns, attitudes, and desires • Draw a person (DAP) is the most common form of projective drawing. o Client is asked to draw a picture and then they are asked a series of questions: § Tell me a story about this person. § What is the person doing? § How is the person feeling? PROJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS response to stimuli reflects personality - unstructured up to client storytelling cards, pictures, and sentence completion tasks Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test Draw a Person House-Tree-Person

O*Net

Very popular system that completely free and funded through tax dollars Career exploration (including new feature for veterans called my next move) Interest Inventory

Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment

can be used as screening devices to identify possible ADHD problems among a number of other behavioral problems. These instruments can be helpful in identifying children in need of further evaluation; however, they should not be relied on as a basis for diagnosing ADHD (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000).

Clinical Assessment of Depression CAD

is a 50-item self-report instrument that is sensitive to symptoms of depression across the lifespan. It uses three validity scales to evaluate for inconsistency, negative impression, and infrequency, a feature that makes it unique compared to other measures of depression. The CAD has a total score, symptom scales, and critical item clusters. It was developed by former William & Mary faculty member Dr. Bruce Bracken and his colleague Dr. Karen Howell.

Eating Disorder Inventory

is a 91-item self-report measure that captures information across 12 primary scales including drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, personal alienation, interpersonal insecurity, interpersonal alienation, interoceptive deficits, emotional dysregulation, perfectionism, asceticism, and maturity fears. Scores are calculated into six composites, one that is eating-disorder specific (i.e., eating disorder risk) and five that are general integrative psychological constructs (i.e., ineffectiveness, interpersonal problems, affective problems, overcontrol, general psychological maladjustment).

Genogram

is a map that provides a graphic representation of a family structure and is usually associated with Bowen's family system theory. This visual tool is useful in counseling interventions to understand an individual, couple, or family in relation to a broader family structure and its sociocultural context. A genogram involves the collection of demographic information for approximately three generations of a family and organizes the information into a kind of family tree. Family should be broadly defined to include members that have played a major role in family life for a client. Members might include those of a nuclear family, extended family, or other kinship not necessarily related by blood or traditional marriage definitions. The genogram should contain the names, ages, and gender of all family members, along with information about major events such as births, deaths, marriages and partnerships, divorces, adoptions, and conflicts. As the information is collected, it allows family relationship problems to be seen in the context of the developmental cycle for the whole family in addition to the situation of the individual who is presenting the problem. By examining the relational structure—including family composition, sibling constellations, and unusual family configurations—the counselor can hypothesize certain roles or relationships that can then be checked by eliciting further information. Repetitive patterns of functioning and relationships often occur across generations, and by recognizing these patterns, counselors can help family members to alter them.

Career Testing

is a multifaceted assessment process in which counselors assess an individual's aptitudes, achievements, interests, values, and personalities through testing and interviewing Career plays a large role in one's life, and career development is an ongoing process Assessing careers involves assessing both the process (attitudes and cognitive readiness) and the content (interests, values, and abilities Both quantitative and qualitative assessments can be useful Career assessment can be used for: Prediction: Results from some assessments can help predict job preferences and performance. Discrimination: Continuously evaluating one's abilities and interests— determine likelihood of success by identifying the groups the client is most like Monitoring: Monitor and detect values important to client Evaluation: Examine how well one's career goals have been met

Marital Satisfaction Inventory

is a self-report inventory designed to assess couples' interactions and the extent of couples' distress (Snyder, 1997). Scores are obtained on 13 subscales (e.g., Affective Communication, Problem-Solving Communication, Disagreement About Finances, Sexual Dissatisfaction, Conflict Over Child-Rearing) and a Global Distress scale, which measures general unhappiness and uncertain commitment in the partnership. A Social Desirability scale (conventionalization) and an Inconsistency scale are included as a check on the response set of the test taker, and an Aggression scale has been added. The scales contain 9 to 19 true-false items per scale. In the revised version, items were changed to be appropriate for both traditional and nontraditional couples, and the inventory was restandardized on a larger and more representative sample of couples.

Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale

is a semi-structured interview process (or interviewer-administered scale) that evaluates the nature and severity of an individual's set of preoccupations and rituals connected to an eating disorder. The scale has 16 items that help evaluate the severity of symptom impairment, desire for change, global severity, and global change over time.

Eating Attitudes Test

is a widely used 26-item screening tool to identify possible eating disorder risk. The measure is scored on three subscales that include dieting, bulimia, and oral control. Research has found that the scale is effective at differentiating when an eating disorder exists and when one doesn't.

Learning and Study Strategies Inventory

is the most widely used learning inventory on college campuses (B. Murray, 1998). The 77-item inventory contains 10 seven- or eight-item scales. Five of the scales assess personal factors related to academic achievement (Attitudes, Motivation, Time Management, Anxiety, and Concentration) Five assess cognitive factors (Information Processing, Selecting Main Ideas, Study Aids, Self Testing, and Test Strategies; Weinstein, Palmer, & Schulte, 1987, 1997). The inventory is available in both secondary school and college forms, and alpha reliabilities are reported in the .7 to .8 range (Weinstein, 1987). The LASSI is also available in a computer-administered and computer-scored format.