Final Exam Study Guide

On which of the following premises does the concept of popular sovereignty depend?

A nation is a people sharing a common culture, language, and history.

Which group was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people?

Africans

Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of missionaries' attempts to forcibly convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Africans and Amerindians merged indigenous rituals and beliefs with Christianity.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Little Ice Age for Eurasian economies?

Agrarian uprisings swept Eurasia because starving peasants were not able to pay high taxes.

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions, while Europeans fought for forty years to force religious conformity.

What do coffee, tea, and cocoa have in common?

All are addictive stimulants that appealed to the new mercantile and professional classes in England.

In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise?

Amsterdam had the most efficient money market, with the lowest interest rates in the world.

Which approach to religion best characterizes Ming Chinese and Mughal rulers in this period?

Both accepted varieties of religious pluralism in their territories.

Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common?

Both changed local ecologies by introducing European animal and plant life to unfamiliar environments.

Which of the following accurately describes the reactions of Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti and the Haitian Declaration of Independence to French "proclamations"?

Both criticized the hypocrisy of French claims to Egyptians and Haitians.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between royal patrons in West Africa and in Europe, Asia, and the Islamic world?

Both encouraged the production of artwork that glorified the rulers' power and achievements.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and the French Revolutions?

Both were instigated in part by complaints of excessive taxation.

Which of the following best explains the rise of Orientalist scholarship?

British imperialists' desire to understand their subject populations

Which of the following brought the Ukraine into Russian control?

Catherine the Great annexed Ukraine after victories over the Ottomans.

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China?

China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.

Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires?

China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires.

How was Tokugawa Japan influenced by China?

Chinese literature, legal thought, and religion had a significant influence on Tokugawa Japan.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What impact did the arrival of corn have in West Africa beginning in the sixteenth century?

Corn contributed the caloric energy needed to transform rain forest into arable land.

How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives?

Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives.

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations?

Enslaved people sometimes dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.

How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world?

Europe became more powerful economically by exporting manufactured goods.

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa?

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring enslaved people to them.

As Africa became increasingly caught up in global economic exchanges during this period, African culture was heavily influenced by European culture.

False

Following the Council of Trent, the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas, India, Japan, and China.

False

In the sixteenth century, the world's most dynamic cultures were in Europe because of their control of the Atlantic trade.

False

Napoleon's invasions repressed attempts to reform society in both Russia and the Ottoman world.

False

The Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals firmly rejected the introduction of European culture and technology during this period.

False

The Napoleonic Code was only applied to French citizens inside the borders of France.

False

The demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was as devastating as the impact of Afro-Eurasian diseases on Amerindians in the sixteenth century.

False

The first anticolonial uprisings in Spanish America were motivated by the example of the French Revolution.

False

The number of Africans sold into captivity in the Atlantic slave trade far exceeded that in the Muslim slave trade.

False

Which of the following accurately identifies one of the reasons why the Spanish monarchs sponsored Christopher Columbus's first voyage?

Ferdinand and Isabella needed to raise money to cover the cost of the wars against Muslims.

Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle?

Foreign trade brought in silver that advanced the economy, which helped the nobility prosper.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare the country to be a constitutional monarchy?

He feared an uprising among the local elites.

What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies?

If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown.

How did European seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in the Americas?

In Asia, European merchants were less dominant and therefore served as intermediaries in long-distance trade.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change?

India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles and an exporter of raw materials.

Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas?

Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?

It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America?

It became a social struggle among Indians, enslaved peoples, mestizos, and whites.

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence?

King George III insisted that the colonists contribute to the crown that protected them, notably in the Seven Years' War.

Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?

Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

Large Russian landowners failed to support the Decembrists for which of the following reasons?

Landowners wanted divine-right monarchy.

Which of the following is an especially destructive example of Crosby's ecological imperialism?

Large herds of cattle and sheep foraged on land that had previously grown corn and squash.

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted?

Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers.

Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the small number of Spanish women in Spain's early colonies?

Mestizos became the most rapidly growing segment of the population in Spanish America.

How did the European missionary presence in the Americas differ from that in East Asia before 1800?

Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.

The work of which admiral and cartographer provided the foundation for important Ottoman gains in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean?

Piri Reis

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint-Domingue?

President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation as he was worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.

In what way might the transporting of British outcasts and convicts to Australia be supported by an Enlightenment concept?

Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform.

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following?

Real science entailed the formulation of hypotheses that could be tested in carefully controlled experiments.

Which of the following was included in the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing?

The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except the Dutch?

The Dutch were Protestant and did not proselytize.

In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development?

The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid Empires.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macau?

The Portuguese used Macau as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt?

The conquest enabled Ottoman leaders to treat their Sunni state as the preeminent Muslim empire.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world?

The decision left the Ottoman economy not completely autonomous, yet not completely tied to the rise and fall of global silver.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Opium Wars?

The increased tax burden on Chinese peasants led to a series of rebellions.

Which of the following undermined the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

Which of the following is an effect of the nomadic horse culture adopted by the Plains Indians?

The status of women declined as societies transitioned to hunting from horticulture.

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

The value of gold rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

In early nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly?

There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?

They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie?

They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the Earth and to present it in useful form.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

What was the major reason why European states wanted to prevent their New World colonies from trading with other states?

They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

By the 1850s, India had changed its exports to Britain from fine textiles to raw cotton.

True

Montesquieu believed that commerce was a cure for the most destructive forms of prejudice.

True

Silver, sugar, and enslaved people were considered the primary items responsible for the increase in global trade in the seventeenth century.

True

The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions inspired by new ideas of freedom to shake the Atlantic world.

True

The movement of the Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing was made possible by the reopening of the Grand Canal.

True

Under the absolutist system of King Louis XIV of France, the king could overrule his jurists and proclaim law.

True

Which of the following was a major long-term consequence of Columbus's voyages?

Two different and previously separated biomes converged.

Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the "social contract"?

When a government becomes tyrannical, people have the right to rebel.

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

a vast internal trade network

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

as healers, consorts, and power brokers in the Forbidden City

In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated consumption of which of the following products by poor people in Western Europe?

coffee, tea, and sugar

Newfound expertise with the compass and astrolabe allowed Portuguese navigators to...

determine latitude.

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

Which of the following altered the Qing balance of power with European governments while forcing them to pay attention to increased European demand to open Chinese ports for trade?

extraordinary technological changes, such as steam-powered naval ships

The Ming dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

kinship and clan networks

What factor contributed most to Mexico's Declaration of Independence in 1821?

loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

Which of the following helped spur global commerce in the seventeenth century?

new institutions such as stock markets and lending houses

What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin?

sophisticated bronzes

Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China?

study guides for civil service examinations

Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy?

the Constitution

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?

the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures

Which group in the Ottoman Empire closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika?

the ulama

What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems?

to create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture