FL test 3 b/s
Passage 2 (Questions 6 - 9) Charles Darwin postulated that there are six universal emotions evolutionarily programmed within the human race that are detectable across cultures. There has been debate over whether the ability to express and recognize emotion is an innate or learned ability. To answer this question, researchers developed an experiment to study emotional communication in children.
The types of emotions expressed using facial expressions, their frequency, and the ability of children to accurately detect these emotions was measured. 180 children were chosen to participate in the study. Sixty children from each of the following demographic groups were picked: 3rd generation or higher Americans, 1st generation Asian-Americans, and 1st generation African-Americans. Within each demographic subset, the children were split into three age groups, with half from each group being congenitally blind, and half being sighted. Video cameras were placed in common areas to record the behavior of the children, both in their own homes and at school or daycare. Each child was recorded for 3 hours in a private and public setting each. Scientists with expertise in detecting human emotion via microexpressions viewed the videos and categorized each emotional display, counted frequency, and added an audible beep to the video when the emotion was expressed. The results showed that both blind and sighted children produced the same six universal emotions at similar frequencies. Table 1 shows the frequency of emotion in the different groups in public and private settings. Table 1. The frequency of emotions averaged within age groups of each demographic The sighted study subjects were then asked to participate in the second phase of the experiment. They viewed videos of a randomly selected subset of other subjects, both sighted and blind. They were then asked to label the emotion being expressed in the cult video. The accuracy of responses, in comparison to the analysis of the experts, is recorded in Table 2. fig 2 = accuracy at which subject detect emotion
Passage 3 (Questions 14 - 17) There is a lot of debate over what constitutes appropriate and effective discipline. This leads to several unanswered questions. For example, is a well-behaved student this way due to adapting to the expectations of a teacher, or due to modeling behavior after parents? Similarly, disobedience may be attributed to defiance or a simple misunderstanding of what constitutes acceptable behavior. Despite these variables, prominent disciplining theories share several values: consistency, fairness, and timeliness.
A study team set up a number of tests, intended to be consistent, fair, and timely. The study participants were 6th grade 11 year-olds, all of whom scored within the 40th to 60th percentile range on standardized math tests. Their performance on the tasks was categorized as completed, attempted, or, if a student spent less than a third of the time allotted, not attempted. Each task was administered twice to the same group. Studies 1 and 2 gave students a 10-question test of 1st grade math. The students in Study 1 were promised a small candy reward for completion. The students in Study 2 were told that those who did not complete the test within 5 minutes of silent time would not be allowed any play-time that day, while those who completed the test would be immediately free to play. Studies 3 and 4 gave the students a 25-question test of high-level 6th grade math. The students in Study 3 were promised $20 for completion of the test. The students in Study 4 were told that those who did not complete the test within a half-hour of silent time would not be allowed any play-time that day, while those who completed the test would be immediately free to play. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Percentage of 6th graders that attempted and completed tasks.
In an effort to complete the test given in studies 3 and 4, a student struggling with both content and time may utilize: A. appraisal B. heuristics C. retrieval cues D. spreading activation.
Correct answer: B If a student having trouble with both content and time on a test wanted to complete the test, he would be likely to use a cognitive method that would be speedy, even if not always accurate. Heuristics are mental shortcuts, and thus fit this description. Choice (B) is correct.Choice (A) in psychology refers to stress stimulus, and while the test itself may result in this, it would not be considered a strategic approach.Choice (C) has to do with recalling memory, which would not apply to attempting to get through a difficult math test.Choice (D) has to do with memory storage, and thus would not fit.
Which of the following is best tested in the experiment? A. Weber's law B. Signal detection theory C. Gestalt principles D. Feature detection.
Correct answer: B The experiment uses various confusing or potentially misleading stimuli and tests whether a specific stimulus is detected. This is the very definition of choice (B), signal detection theory.Choice (A) tests the threshold at which a stimulus is detected, which is not the case here.Choice (C) is based on visual cues causing specific types of conceptual or visual recognition, and does not fit.Choice (D) is related exclusively to vision, not smell.
According to the passage, which of the following examples best represents the family socialization process for immigrant families in the United States? A. A boy from Korea is adopted by an American family and grows up bilingual, speaking both Korean and English B. A girl from Russia moves to the United States to attend college and decides to stay in America after graduating C. A father raised in Venezuela reluctantly abandons his traditional family beliefs so he can raise his son according to American values D. A mother who moved from China to America selectively emphasizes traditional Chinese values to her daughter that coincide with
Correct Answer: D As described in the passage, immigrant families will face demands from the majority culture, which they will have to reconcile with their beliefs from their origin culture. Only choice (D) follows this model.Choice (A). A child being adopted and thus raised in a household from the majority culture would not fit.Choice (B). This refers to an individual and fails to mention any family socialization processes.Choice (C). In family socialization, there is a compromise between values, whereas this statement describes the family from the minority culture abandoning its original cultural beliefs altogether.
A person who regularly cooks Brussels sprouts sees them being prepared and immediately senses the sulfur smell even though it is not present. The erroneous sensation is most likely the result of: A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. parallel processing D. observational learning.
Correct answer: A A stimulus causing a secondary stimulus response fits with classical conditioning. The subject is used to smelling sulfur when cooking Brussels sprouts, and thus reacts as though he or she smells it just based on the visual stimulus. Choice (A) is correct.Choice (B). Operant conditioning is related to rewards and punishments, which is not relevant here.Choice (C) is the process of blending different clues to determine what something is, so this would not apply.Choice (D) is more the "how-to" process of learning.
Prior research has shown that whether an individual belongs to an individualist or collectivist society affects how they explain their own and other people's behaviors. Which theory best accounts for these findings? A. Attribution Theory B. Egocentrism C. Ethnocentrism D. Self-concept and Identity
Correct answer: A Attribution theory describes the way a person uses information to develop causal explanations. Therefore, choice (A) would account for how people explain their own and other's behaviors, with culture being one aspect of the process.Choice (B). Egocentrism refers to the inability to take the perspective of another person.Choice (C). Ethnocentrism occurs when individuals compare their own cultural practices with others.Choice (D). Self-concept and identity refers to the way an individual views him or herself.
According to Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, at the time they were entering the study, all of the children most likely would have been able to: A. understand object permanence. B. partake in extensive pretend play. C. understand conservation. D. display theory of mind.
Correct answer: A Children entering the study would have been two years old. According to Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, two-year olds would have been transitioning from the first stage, sensorimotor, to the second stage, preoperational. In the first stage, children explore and manipulate objects, use intentional behavior, and learn about object permanence. Therefore, all children entering this study would be expected to understand object permanence. Choice (A) is correct.Extensive play (B) does not develop according to Piaget until the second stage of development, and thus would most likely be displayed later on in the study. Furthermore, according to Piaget, children do not understand the concept of conservation (C) until the third stage, concrete operations, when the child is between 6 and 12 years old. This is also when Piaget believes theory of mind (D) is developed.
Which of the following most closely resembles the narrative descriptions collected in the above study? A. A court-reporter's transcription from a domestic abuse trial. B. A teacher's observation notes about a disruptive student in another teacher's class. C. A physician's notes concerning a patient's history of abuse. D. A teenager's diary reflecting on a physical fight with a peer.
Correct answer: B In the study, trained research assistants wrote the narratives regarding the particulars of the aggressive events. Choice (B) provides the best match for a situation resembling a narrative description.A court-reporter's transcription notes (A) would be word-for-word what was said and a physician's notes on a patient's history (C) would not be observational. Finally (D) is a case of the individual involved in the event reflecting upon it, rather than a third-party.
According to drive reduction theory, all of the following processes must be involved in the aggression behaviors observed in study EXCEPT: A. aggressor labeling another individual's acts as hostile. B. motivation on the part of the aggressor to act. C. aggressor engagement in hostile activity. D. satisfaction of aggressor's basic needs.
Correct answer: A Drive reduction theory holds that all behavioral motivation can be attributed to satisfying a biological need. The four underlying principles of drive reduction theory are:1) the actor's drive is essential for a response to occur (B)2) the actor must perceive both the stimulus and response for conditioning to occur (this principle is not listed as an answer choice)3) the actual response must take place in order for conditioning to occur (C), and4) conditioning will occur if the reinforcement satisfied a need (D).Choice (A), the actor labeling another individual's act, is not listed as a requirement for behavioral motivations, and hence is the correct answer.
How might game theory be applied to explain behavior that appears altruistic in nature? A. People will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping. B. We help others who we perceive to be on the same "team" as us C. We help others only after knowing we have a decisive advantage to win D. Helping others confers us a biological advantage as it labels us as "heroic" and thus superior
Correct answer: A Game theory focuses on the rational behavior of interacting people. The theory holds that people are rational beings who act according to their self-interest. Altruism, on the other hand, is the idea of doing a good deed for someone else without any self-motive. Game theory, then, would explain acts of altruism by arguing that people were helping others because it did serve some self-interest, which is choice (A) .
Based on cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following results would be expected regarding participants' ratings of enjoyment and choice group? A. Higher enjoyment ratings of the abacus activity in the High-Choice group when compared to the Low-Choice group B. Higher enjoyment ratings of the abacus activity in the Low-Choice group when compared the High-Choice group C. Higher enjoyment ratings of the abacus activity among individuals who scored lower on measures of Machiavellianism. D. No difference in ratings of enjoyment between High-choice and Low-choice groups.
Correct answer: A Individuals experience cognitive dissonance when their actions and their beliefs do not align. The study was designed for the participant to experience cognitive dissonance between their belief of how boring the abacus activity was and their action of telling an individual that the activity was actually fun. Individuals experience more cognitive dissonance if they believe that is was their choice to act in a deviant behavior (high-choice) as opposed to being coerced to act deviantly by an authority figure (low-choice). A way to absolve such dissonance would be to state in the post-exam questionnaire that the abacus activity was actually quite enjoyable as opposed to the truth -- a waste of 20 minutes. Thus, one can infer that higher enjoyment ratings of the abacus activity would be found in the high-choice group when compared to the low-choice group i.e choice (A).
The passage cites depression as an increasingly prevalent work-related mental illness. Which category of mental illness would depressive disorders fall under? A. Mood disorders B. Anxiety disorders C. Somatoform disorders D. Dissociative disorders
Correct answer: A Mood disorders are illnesses affecting an individual's long term emotional state. Mood disorders are best exemplified by two major illnesses: major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Choice (A) is correct.Choice (B). Anxiety disorders differ from mood disorders in that the underlying issue is not the individual's baseline emotional state, but an irrational fear or worry which may snowball out of control.Choice (C). Somatoform disorders involve circumstances where the physical symptoms an individual is experiencing cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition.Choice (D). Dissociative disorders are classified as conditions in which the building blocks of reality, such as memory, identity, or awareness, are broken down.
In an attempt to decrease the time respondents took to fill out the questionnaires correctly, twins were asked to complete them independently but in the same room and at the same time. With this new policy in place, the time it took respondents to complete the questionnaires decreased by 30%. This is an example of: A. social facilitation. B. groupthink. C. peer pressure. D. social loafing.
Correct answer: A Social facilitation is the phenomenon by which individuals are more likely to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others. This is the technique that is being employed in this question to decrease questionnaire completion time. Choice (A) is correct.Choice (B). Groupthink is the idea that when an individual participates in a group, a consensus is always the most desired result. Because the participants were asked to complete the surveys independently, this would not be relevant.Choice (C). Peer pressure refers to the act of an individual's attitudes and values being highly influenced by the peer group surrounding them. Again, since the participants filled out the study independently, this wouldn't apply.Choice (D). Social loafing is the phenomenon where individuals who work in a group to achieve a task exert less effort than if they were working alone to achieve the same task. Due the independent nature of filling out the study, this wouldn't apply either.
Assuming statistical significance, what can be inferred about the results shown in Table 1? A. The Asian-American group is likely influenced by cultural display rules. B. The African-American group is likely influenced by cultural display rules. C. The Asian-American group most likely is unable to express emotion to the degree of the American group. D. The African-American group most likely is unable to express emotion to the degree of the American group.
Correct answer: A Table 1 shows that Asian-Americans display significantly fewer emotions in the public setting compared to the private setting. Display rules determine how emotions are displayed in public. Asian cultures have collectivistic display rules in which it is believed that emotions should not be shown in public settings. Choice (A) is the only one that fits.The African-American group and the American group show similar values for both private and public settings, and are comparable to one another. This eliminates choices (B) and (D). The Asian-American group had comparable frequencies of emotion expression as the American and African-American groups in the private setting. This proves that they possess the capability to express emotions to the same degree as the American group. Hence choice (C) is wrong.
Which of the following processes best explains why a higher score on the Teaching and Interaction dimension would have a positive impact on a child's expressive vocabulary? A. Modeling B. Top-down processing C. Attachment D. Generalization
Correct answer: A The TI dimension in the study assessed children and teachers' interactions. The interactions can help improve children's scores on the cognitive assessment in a number of ways, including encouraging the children to learn and providing opportunities for learning. This question asks specifically how such interactions may increase a child's expressive vocabulary, meaning how many words they can verbalize. During interactions, teachers are demonstrating language and new vocabulary, and children learn through observing and interacting. This process, a type of observational learning, is called modeling. Choice (A) is correct.Choice (B). Top-down processing is when people form their perceptions by starting with the larger concept or picture and then work their way down to the finer details. That is not relevant here.Choice (C). Attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between a child and the caregiver. It is beyond the scope of this study.Choice (D). Generalization is the process of taking a rule in a given situation and applying it more broadly.
Which of the following parts of the central nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement? A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Medulla D. Pons
Correct answer: A The cerebrum is responsible for integration of sensory input, conscious thought, and all voluntary actions. Thus choice (A) is the correct answer.The cerebellum (B) is mostly responsible for balance and proprioception. The midbrain, medulla (C) , and pons (D) make up the brainstem, which is responsible for controlling the very basic necessities for sustaining life, such as breathing, hunger, and adjusting heart rate.
Based on the data, which of the following rules is likely to generate the highest rate of compliance in a group of 11-year olds? A. A rule that all students must place their backpacks on their desks in order to leave for lunch, or be the last to leave. B. A rule that all students who score perfectly on in-class tests will be given candy when the tests are handed back. C. A rule that all students who are caught chewing gum will be held after class and forced to clean up the classroom. D. A rule that any student on the honor roll all year will be taken on a school day to an amusement park.
Correct answer: A The correct answer will follow the kind of rule used in Study 2, since it had a perfect compliance rate. Study 2 had a simple task and a minor penalty. The only answer choice that fits is choice (A).Choices (B) and (D) aim to discipline by using rewards, not punishment, and hence are more like Studies 1 and 3.Choice (C) does not match any study, since none of the studies deal with breaking of rules, such as no chewing gum.
A non-profit organization is hoping to increase their number of volunteers for events. A psychologist suggests using a technique that follows the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. Which of the following would the psychologist be most likely to suggest? A. People are asked initially to volunteer to complete a small task and then approached later on about volunteering a greater number of hours for events B. People who are already volunteers are encouraged to ask their friends and families to participate in upcoming events and raise awareness. C. Creating a better marketing plan where the non-profit organization partners with a well-liked business within the community. D. Creating a token-economy system within the organization, where volunteers get points for each volunteer activity and
Correct answer: A The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to people's tendency to be more likely to comply with larger requests after first agreeing to complete a smaller request. For example, an individual would be more likely to volunteer for an entire day if they already agreed to volunteer for one hour. Choice (A) matches this technique. The rest may be effective techniques for increasing the number of volunteers, however, they do not follow the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
A child with brain damage was told a disheartening story, threatened by another child, and subjected to a loud noise; he exhibited no emotional displays. The child was able to express positive emotion in appropriate scenarios. Which area of the brain was likely damaged? A. Prefrontal cortex B. Cerebellum C.Pons D. Medulla oblongata.
Correct answer: A The right hemisphere, and specifically the right prefrontal cortex deals with processing and displaying negative emotions. Because the child produced no emotional response to scenarios in which a negative response is expected, it can be inferred that damage was to this hemisphere. Choice (A) is correct.Choice (B). The cerebellum primarily coordinates and regulates muscular activity.Choice (C). The pons is primarily involved with arousal, controlling autonomic functions, and sleep.Choice (D). The medulla oblongata is primarily involved with controlling autonomic functions and coordinated body movements.
Which of the following would be an effective policy for improving the upward mobility of women in male-dominated fields? A. Increased mandatory gender quotas in upper level positions for fields historically male-dominated. B. Increasing women's wages by 5-10% in fields that have been historically male-dominated. C. Volunteer programs that expose women to and encourage them to enter male-dominated fields. D. An increased awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace and harsher penalties for violations.
Correct answer: A Upward mobility is when a person, social group, or class, is moved to a higher position of increased power or status within a society. Historically, in male-dominated fields, women do not enjoy the same status as their male counterparts, often having lower-wages than their similarly employed male peers and with less access to management or higher level positions. Thus, any policy that would enhance the status of women within the field by allowing them access to positions with greater power/status would enhance their social mobility. Choice (A) mandates increased gender quotas for upper level positions, which would theoretically ensure women are in higher positions within the field. Therefore this would be the right answer.Choice (B) allows women to have higher wages, but we still don't know their salary relative to their male counterparts. Furthermore, this would not necessarily enhance women's position within the field.Choice (C) may encourage more women to enter the field, but this does not mean they will enjoy a better status once in the field.Choice (D) . Sexual harassment may be a barrier to upward mobility, but increased awareness of it does not automatically mean women will enjoy higher statuses within the field.
Further research has shown that individuals with psychopathic personality traits are overly concerned with details and have more trouble with big-picture concepts. What method of perception might these individuals primarily use? A. Bottom-up processing B. Top-down processing C. Gestalt principles D. Somatosensation
Correct answer: A When using bottom-up processing, individuals start with the details and then create the bigger picture. Thus individuals overly concerned with details would primarily use bottom-up processing, choice (A).Choice (B). This would be the reverse of bottom-up processing. In top-down processing, an individual would look at the big picture first and then infer the details.Choice (C). Gestalt principles deal with how a mind can infer a complete picture based on incomplete information and is not related to the question.Choice (D). Somatosensation are senses in the body outside the five traditional senses, such as balance, proprioception, and kinesthesia. This is also unrelated to the question.
Based on the study, which of the following would best explain why information was collected on the aggressor's physical characteristics and level of intoxication? A. Height, weight, and level of intoxication were used as control variables. B. The data was used to create the dependent variable. C. Aggressor physical features helped inform motivation categorization. D. Level of intoxication acted as an independent variable..
Correct answer: A While the passage did not explicitly state the researchers' purpose for collecting information on the aggressor's height, weight, and level of intoxication, information was given on the study's methods. The dependent variable was classification of the aggressive act into four different motivation categories. Thus choice (B) is wrong. Furthermore, the passage specifically stated incidents were categorized into the motivation categories based on the aggressive acts observed, and thus not the physical features as mentioned in (C). Finally, gender, not level of intoxication, acted as the independent variable, eliminating choice (D). Based on the description of the study and understanding of the scientific method, it can be assumed that such variables were collected as controls so any differences between genders in motivation was not linked to physical characteristics or level of intoxication. Choice (A) is hence correct.
A sociologist is interested in whether an individual's education levels affects their perception of a teacher who identifies as homosexual. Which of the following is the best study modification to test his theory? A. Expanding the study to include individuals in the surrounding community B. Extending the study longitudinally, so students are tested throughout college C. Using the university's alumni connections to recruit a greater variety of participants D. Compensating participants with a cash reward to incentivize more participants.
Correct answer: A By recruiting individuals from the community, the researcher would have the opportunity to collect data from participants of varying education levels (less than high school, high school, some college, college, professional degree, etc.) Choice (A) is the correct answer.Choice (B). While choice (B) would give a glimpse of how students react over the years, they would still all be considered college graduates or soon-to-be college graduates, and thus wouldn't be of varying education levels at any given point of time.Choice (C). Similarly, using university alumni would mean that all participants would have a college degree at the very least.Choice (D). Compensating participants would do nothing to ensure that participants would be from varying educational levels.
A linguist studied whether babies have decreased fondness for foreign-language phonemes after 6 months. The results showed 8 month-old babies responded to an average 73.2 (95% CI of ±5.7) of the chosen foreign phonemes while 5 month-olds responded to 84.8 (95% CI of ±5.1). These results: A. support the conclusion that there is a significant difference in fondness for foreign phonemes before and after 6 months. B. support the conclusion that 95% of babies show a significant decrease in fondness for foreign phonemes after 6 months. C. support the conclusion that up to 2.5% of 8 month-olds may have more fondness for foreign phonemes than up to 2.5% of 5 month-old. D. do not give enough information to draw an effective conclusion.
Correct answer: A Confidence intervals identify the range in which the true mean for a population will fall based on the findings from the sample. When comparing the mean and confidence interval for two samples, the two means can be said to be statistically distinct if the confidence intervals do not overlap. The two means from the study (5 months old and 8 months old) have confidence intervals which do not overlap, and thus, the means are statistically distinct. Choice (A) is the correct answer.(B) and (C) misrepresent the confidence interval as an incidence rate for this phenomenon, which is incorrect.Choice (D) can be ruled out since (A) is a valid deduction.
How can the two concepts of altruism and inclusive fitness work together to explain an individual's actions? A. The two concepts are wholly distinct, with widely disparate conclusions and therefore cannot be combined. B. Inclusive fitness theory can partially be explained through the concept of altruism. C. Altruism provides a biological explanation within which inclusive theory can operate. D. Altruism describes the type of people that would be most likely to engage in inclusive fitness behaviors..
Correct answer: B Altruism is when an individual acts out of concern for others without regard to their own self-interest. Inclusive fitness theory refers to the idea that an organism improves its own genetic success through altruistic social behavior. Therefore, the two concepts work together to describe why individuals (or animals) may show altruistic behavior. Choice (B) is therefore correct as inclusive fitness theory is partially explained by the concept of altruism.Choice (A) is incorrect as the two concepts do work in unison. Altruism does not include a biological explanation, thus invalidating choice (C) . Finally, altruism does not describe a certain person that would be more likely to engage in inclusive fitness (D) .
Which of the following is an example of an individual using cultural capital to enhance their upward mobility? A. A 25-year-old male who uses his inheritance to fund his political career. B. A 29-year-old female who uses a business degree to further her career. C.A 37-year-old actress who uses her disadvantaged background as motivation to excel in her career. D. A 50-year-old male whose wealthy wife funds his start up business.
Correct answer: B Cultural capital is any non-financial social asset that helps improve an individual's position/status in society. Cultural capital can help a person gain social mobility, where they improve their status/role within a society. Both (A) and (D) involves an individual using financial assets to improve their social standing, which would not be considered cultural capital. Although choice (C) has a person using their background (which could be considered cultural capital) to help them, a disadvantaged background would not be considered an asset. Furthermore, it's not directly being used to further her status, but rather for motivation. Choice (B) is correct as an individual is obtaining education (cultural capital) to improve her status.
According to the passage, which one of the following is an example of an individual facing demands from the cultural majority? A. A juvenile who is pressured by his elders not to get a tattoo B. A crossdresser who is pressured to dress in gender "appropriate" attire C. A new mother who is pressured by her co-workers to breastfeed D. A new resident who is pressured by her neighbors not to paint her house green
Correct answer: B The passage discusses how minority cultures often face demands from the majority culture. Culture refers to a group of people in a society that share common beliefs, customs, and ways of life. Therefore, the right answer will have both an individual belonging to a minority culture (or a smaller set of people who have shared beliefs) receiving some type of demand from a majority culture. Only choice (B) matches our prediction, with crossdressers being the minority group facing pressure to conform to larger societies' views on what is acceptable.Choice (A) brings up differences of opinion between two different age groups, neither of which can be said to be the minority or majority culture.Choice (C) only highlights different levels of experience in one "group", mothers.Choice (D) also fails to delineate a minority and majority group.
f explained as a function of the representativeness heuristic, the participants' tendency to overreport the "heat" of the red sauce could best be described as: A. a product of the fact that red substances which are hot are more easily called to mind. B. a product of the fact that humans consider red substances to conform to the prototypical image of a hot substance. C. those with lower SHU thresholds are less likely to detect the presence of caustic substances. D. a product of the fact that red substances which are not hot tend to appear relatively infrequently in nature..
Correct answer: B The representativeness heuristic is predicated on categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical image of that category. For example, humans are more likely to categorize something as being hot if it is red, due to the fact that the prototypical image of something hot is red. Choices (B) lays this relationship out most clearly and is correct.Choices (A) and (D) appeal to the availability heuristic (comparing to past experience rather than to prototypes). Choices (C) appeals to the base rate fallacy and mistakenly suggests that the participants were individually put through repeated trials.
Which of the following, if true, would weaken the study's conclusion? A. A majority of the participants reported living in a community with a high number of Korean residents B. A majority of the participants reported that their families have lived in the United States for three or four generations C. The focus group financially compensated participants for their time and asked open-ended questions D. The children in the study were more likely than the adults to report values in line with traditional American values
Correct answer: B The study was evaluating the effectiveness of four measures for family socialization among Korean families. While the study was said to include over 200 Korean families, it does not mention how long they have lived in America. Choice (B) brings up the possibility that some (or in this case- the majority) of the families may have lived in America for several generations. If this were true, it would raise the question of whether these individuals would still be referred to as "immigrants" and whether they would still be considered part of the minority culture. After living in the country for several generations, many families would have already assimilated to the majority culture, perhaps biasing the results for the study. Hence (B) is correct.While choice (A) is tempting, just because participants are living in an area with other Korean individuals does not mean they are not facing cultural demands from the majority culture. Whether or not the focus group was paid (C) would be irrelevant. Furthermore, participants in focus studies are often asked open-ended questions so the researchers can make sure to collect all relevant information. Finally whether or not children or adults in families responded differently to the questionnaire (D) is not the focus of the study and would not impact the results.
According to Erikson's theory of identity development, normally developing children tested at the end of the study would have most likely been in which of the following stages? A. Industry and inferiority, when they develop a sense of accomplishment B. Trust versus mistrust, in which they are learning to trust their caretaker C. Initiative and guilt, when they begin to develop peer relationships D. Autonomy and doubt, when they begin to question caretaker motives
Correct answer: C Erikson's theory of personality development involves a series of eight stages from birth to death. Choices (A) through (D) all represent valid life stages and descriptions of them. In the last phase of testing in the study, the children are four years old. According to Erikson, children ages three to five would then be in the third stage, the initiative versus guilt stage, when they begin to develop peer relationships and language to communicate. Choice (C) is correct.Choice (A). The industry and inferiority stage is said to occur when the child is between six and eleven years of age.Choice (B). The trust versus mistrust stage occurs between the ages of birth to one.Choice (D). The autonomy and doubt stage, is said to occur between the ages of one and three years old.
The KOF index is a well-known measure of a country's degree of globalization relative to the other countries of the world. It is measured in three dimensions: economic, social, and political. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be directly relevant to the KOF calculation? A. The number of internet users with access to the worldwide internet network (per 1000 people) B. The sum of arrivals and departures of international tourists as a share of the population C. The magnitude of CO2 emissions per person D. The number of McDonald's restaurants per capita
Correct answer: C Globalization is the phenomenon of the exchange of ideas, information, and culture across borders creating a more homogenous "world" culture. It includes factors such as (A) , (B) , and (D) . However, (C) is neither a contributor to, nor a measure of, the exchange among countries, so it is the best answer.
In a follow-up study, different participants were asked to memorize a complex pattern of shapes and numbers immediately after eating the sauce. In reporting which sauce was the hottest, the proportions were not statistically different for any sauce or participant sensitivity level. Which phenomenon helps to explain this finding? A. Divided attention B. Automatic processing C. Selective attention D. Sensory adaptation.
Correct answer: C In this study, participants are not noticing or giving much thought to a stimulus (heat) which had previously proven to be very noticeable (Table 1). The difference between the study in the passage and the study in the question is that the participants were distracted from the sensation of heat by something else in their environment. Selective attention is defined as focusing one part of the sensory environment while ignoring other stimuli. Choices (C) is the correct answer.
If the researchers were interested in conducting a follow-up study examining differences in environmental and genetic factors surrounding personality, which of the following groups of participants should be recruited? A. Monozygotic twins adopted into the same family B. Trizygotic triplets adopted into different families. C. Monozygotic twins adopted into different families D. Dizygotic twins adopted into different families
Correct answer: C Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material with their siblings whereas dizygotic twins share close to 50%. Twins growing up in the same family experience the same environmental stressors at the same points in their life. Thus, to truly tease out whether personality is affected by genetics or environmental factors, a study of monozygotic twins adopted into different families would be best. Choice (C) is correct.
When researchers altered the topic of the lecture, they found an interesting gender effect. When the lecture contained scientific or math related material, female respondents' retention scores significantly dropped. Which sociological process may help explain these findings? A. Prejudice B. Self-fulfilling prophecy C. Stereotype threat D. Fundamental Attribution Error.
Correct answer: C Stereotype threat is the paradoxical effect where if one is aware of a negative stereotype of their social group, they are more likely to conform to that stereotype. The example in this question is that females are stereotyped to do less well in math than males. Thus, when the subject of the test was switched to math, females suddenly performed worse. Choice (C) is correct.The difference between this and a self-fulfilling prophecy (B) is that the latter usually involves an expectation upon an individual rather than a group. Prejudice (A) is the act of judging an individual based on the social group the individual belongs to. A fundamental attribution error (D) is the tendency for people to judge individuals based on their personal traits than the environmental factors surrounding the event. For example, if an individual performed poorly on a test, one would first assume they were dumb or were too lazy to study for the test. One is less likely to assume that their sister just died and they were preoccupied or that they were sick with the flu and unable to concentrate.
In comparing the data across all four studies, which of the following could be inferred within the confines of the experiment? A. A less difficult task will invariably have a greater percent attempting its completion than a task of significantly higher difficulty. B. A significant reward is more powerful in encouraging action through subsequent uses than through its initial use. C. A punishment may have varying degrees of effectiveness based on the difficulty of the task. D.A minor reward will distort one's perception of ability to be comparatively optimistic.
Correct answer: C Study 2's task was easy enough that punishment was a powerful motivator: 100% of the students attempted and completed the task in both administrations of the test. However, Study 3 had a higher completion rate than Study 4, implying that punishment was not as powerful of a motivator for the higher difficulty task. (C) is the best answer.Choice (A). The second administration in Study 1 had a lower rate of attempt than both administrations of Study 3 and the first administration of Study 4. Hence (A) is wrong.Choice (B) is directly contradicted, as a smaller percentage of students attempted the second administration compared to the first in both Studies 1 and 3.Choice (D). The minor reward would refer to study 1. An increase in comparative optimism makes little sense, since in both administrations it's demonstrated that virtually all students in the category are capable of completing the task.
A 5 year old participant is told by a researcher that she will receive a candy bar if she is able to correctly identify 90% of the emotional cues. What tactic is employed by the researcher? A. Classical conditioning B. Intrinsic motivation C. Extrinsic motivation D. Operant conditioning
Correct answer: C The 5 year old is enticed by a candy bar. This is a form of extrinsic motivation, or external reward. Choice (C) is correct.Classical conditioning (A) and operant conditioning (D) both require repeated behavior. While rewards can come into play in conditioning, the question stem pertains to a single incidence, and not repeated behavior. This eliminates the answer choices related to conditioning. Hence (A) and (D) are both wrong.Intrinsic motivation comes from within self, and thus is not associated with external rewards. Hence choice (B) is incorrect.
Which of the following best explains why workplace-related mental health issues continue to rise? A. Due to the perception of the Monday-Friday work week as flexible and to slow-moving institutional change, over-burdened individuals are receiving increases in time away from work proportional to increasing workplace demands. B. Due to the perception of the Monday-Friday work week as flexible and to fast-moving institutional change, over-burdened individuals have disproportionately little downtime to compensate for rising workplace demands. C. Due to the perception of the Monday-Friday work week as inviolable and to slow-moving institutional change, over-burdened individuals have disproportionately little downtime to compensate for rising workplace demands. D. Due to the perception of the Monday-Friday work week as inviolable and to fast-moving institutional change, over-burdened individuals are receiving increases in time away from work proportional to increasing workplace demands.
Correct answer: C The continuing rise in work-related mental health issues is best described by workers experiencing continually increasing demands in the workplace while not receiving proportional increases in something that would mitigate these elevated stress levels. Choices (A) and (D) can be eliminated on the grounds that increasing mental health issues would not be explained by people receiving time away from work that is proportional to the increased demands they face in the workplace. Choice (B) can be eliminated on the grounds that the logic of the answer choice itself does not follow. If institutional change were fast and the work week was perceived as flexible, individuals would not be experiencing greater stress. Choice (C) is correct.
Which of the following is NOT present in some form in at least one of the four studies? A. Positive reinforcement B. Avoidance reinforcement C. Negative punishment D. Escape reinforcement.
Correct answer: D The correct answer will have some quality not found in any of the studies. Choice (D) is not present in any case because escape reinforcement is based on behavior eliminating an existing negative consequence. The punishments in studies 2 and 4 are results of behavior and didn't exist beforehand. They thus don't fit the description of "existing negative consequence".Choice (A). The rewards in studies 1 and 3 fit this category well.Choice (B). Studies 2 and 4 work with this nicely, as the students actively avoided the potential penalty in both cases.Choice (C). The punishments in studies 2 and 4 are negative punishments because a desired stimulus (play time) is removed after a particular undesired behavior(not completing the test) is exhibited.
Which of the following would best explain the adaptive origins of someone being averse to ingesting Brussels sprouts as a result of their sulfur odor? A. Vegetables have been cooked for a relatively short period within human existence. B. Other plants that release sulfur odors, such as garlic, are consumed far more sparingly than Brussels sprouts. C. A sulfurous odor was indicative of a harmful compound present in a prevalent potential food source. D. Vegetables that do not release sulfur odors usually do not contain harmful compounds..
Correct answer: C The correct answer would present a clear reason as to why someone would be averse to eating Brussels sprouts based on an adaptive reaction. Choice (C) does this, as it would suggest that the chemoreceptors responsible for detecting sulfur would have protected those who were presented with harmful food by indicating danger.Choice (A) would apply to all vegetables, and is thus too general.Choice (B). While garlic may be consumed more sparingly, this information would only help if garlic were not consumed at all, or were known to be poisonous.Choice (D) has the logic mixed up, and as such it does not necessarily imply that vegetables that emit sulfur odors are harmful.
Based on the results of the study, what can be concluded regarding the debate on innate versus learned emotional expression and detection? A. The ability to express and detect emotion is only an innate ability. B. The ability to express and detect emotion is only a learned ability. C. The ability to express and detect emotion is likely innate, but improves with age. D. The ability to express and detect emotion is likely learned, and declines with age.
Correct answer: C The passage stated that blind and sighted children are both able to produce the six universal emotions. This proves that emotional expression has at least a partial innate component, since congenitally blind children could not possibly have learnt these expressions from others. Also, the results in Table 2 show that the ability to detect emotion does improve with age. Choice (C) best encapsulates these two findings.While the study does prove that emotion expression and detection have an innate component, there may also be a learned component to it, especially since emotion detection improves with age. So saying that it is only innate, like in choice (A), would be erroneous. So would be saying that it is only learned, like in choice (B), and choice (D).
After surveying 1,000 people, a sociologist finds a positive correlation between wealth and happiness for individuals living at or below poverty level and a negative relationship for individuals living in households where the family income exceeded $100,000. Based on the results, which of the following is true? A. People who live at or below poverty level are dissatisfied with their lives. B. People who live above poverty level are satisfied with their lives. C. People who live at poverty level report higher satisfaction than people who live below it. D. There is no correlation between wealth and life satisfaction for individuals living above the poverty level
Correct answer: C The question stem talks about two different income groups:- For individuals living at or below the poverty level, those at the poverty level are the happiest. For families earning more than $100,000, those earning closest to $100,000 were the happiest. Choice (C) is the only answer choice that fits one of these two predictions.Choice (A) and (B) . The question stem provides information on the relative levels of happiness associated with individuals as compared to others within the same income group. However, it is not possible to determine the general levels of happiness of everyone in that income group in absolute terms.Choice (D) . This is directly in contradiction to the question stem. There is a negative correlation between income and happiness for families earning above $100,000.
Based on the results of the study, which of the following can be concluded? A. Immigrant families' values vary in distinct and significant ways from American families B. Existing measures are sufficient to study family socialization processes in immigrant families C. Questionnaires can reliably be developed to assess family values in Korean immigrant families D. Dominant cultural values systems will overshadow family values for Korean immigrant families
Correct answer: C The study in the passage focused on evaluating the effectiveness of four measures of Korean family socialization. The authors found three of the four measures to be reliable and recommended them for further use. This means that choice (C) is correct.While the assessments were made to help study family socialization processes in Korean families, the study did not attempt to examine the differences between Korean immigrant families and American families or how values may be change. Therefore (A) and (D) are incorrect. Furthermore, the passage only explores assessments for family socialization processes in Korean families, which would not be applicable to all immigrant families. Thus (B) is also incorrect.
If Machiavellianism were to be categorized under a theory of personality, which of the following theories would provide the best model? A. Psychoanalytic perspective B. Conflict theory C. Trait perspective D. Biological perspective.
Correct answer: C The trait perspective (C) believes that individual personality can be broken into countless stable traits that are ubiquitous across all humans and cultures. Machiavellianism would be considered one of these traits, the tendency of an individual to justify questionable means with the end.
Which of the following best explains how social identity may work in the coercive actions framework? A. If an individual is surrounded by aggressive acts, he too will engage in similar behavior. B. If an individual is labeled as aggressive by society, he will engage in the behavior expected. C. An individual may use aggression to help defend or assert his membership in a social group. D. An individual may use aggression if they want to distance themselves from a label or social group.
Correct answer: C While the passage does not explain how self- identity relates to the coercive actions framework, it is stated that social identity is said to be a motivating factor. Social identity theory states that a person's self-concept is partially determined from their perceived membership in a social group. Thus the answer will have to incorporate the idea of self-concept or group membership. Choice (C) is the only answer choice that incorporates the idea of social identity.Choice (A) makes an environmental argument, which is unrelated to the idea of a social identity.Choice (B) relies on a labeling perspective, which also fails to recognize the individual's own self-concept and membership in a group.Choice (D) stands in opposition to social identity as it involves the individual distancing himself from a group.
If it was found that open communication about sexual orientation by the instructors was effective in making the learning environment less hostile for homosexual students, then which of the following strategies would also most likely be effective? A. A written university policy prohibiting students from rating teachers based on their gender, race, or sexual orientation B. Increased university efforts to hire more administrators that identify as being heterosexual C. Student and teacher groups that promote awareness and provide support for individuals that identify as homosexual D. A mandatory school-wide workshop focused on the importance of treating fellow students with respect.
Correct answer: C If it was found that teachers sharing their own sexual orientation created a more tolerant and open environment, any other policy that promoted awareness and tolerance would likely have the same effect. Choice (C) describes a situation that would encourage not only support, but increased awareness about homosexuality. (C) is correct.The policy proposed in choice (A) would not help, since the results of the study show that individuals are engaging in more implicit (not direct) forms of bias. (B) is most nearly an opposite answer choice. Finally, choice (D) doesn't specifically address tolerance towards homosexual individuals.
If Weber's law applied to SHUs, which of the following must be true in order for all aspects of the experiment in the passage to remain valid? A. The just noticeable difference for SHUs is infinitesimally small B. The just noticeable difference for SHUs is 1500 SHU C. The just noticeable difference for SHUs is >1500 SHU D. The just noticeable difference for SHUs is <1500 SHU
Correct answer: D All of the answer choices are concerned with the just noticeable difference (JND) in SHUs. The only SHU measurements given in the passage are 1000, 2500, and 5000 which are used to separate individuals by sensitivity to capsaicin. Knowing this, it can be said that the JND for SHUs must be smaller than 1500 otherwise the groups are invalidated by the fact that someone could not reasonably be expected to tell the difference between a 1000 SHU and a 2500 SHU sauce. Choice (D) is the correct answer.
While modern America has enjoyed a decline in prejudicial attitudes, some sociologists argue that surveys do not reflect people's true beliefs. Instead, they argue that Goffman's theory of dramaturgy can be applied to modern racism, arguing that overt racism is unacceptable. How might Goffman's theory explain "modern racism"? A. People may not consciously hold prejudicial beliefs, but subconsciously hold such attitudes. B. People are most likely to lie when confronted by a stranger (or researcher) than when asked by a friend. C. People will only convey their true feelings in situations in which they already have a strong sense of self. D. People are hesitant to share their true feelings in public if they know such beliefs are not acceptable.
Correct answer: D Goffman's theory of dramaturgy concerns an individual's sense of self and self-presentation that changes depending on the situation. Goffman distinguished between front stages and back stages. Front stages refers to interactions with society, in which an individual knows his/her behaviors will be openly judged. Back stages refers to the private areas of our lives, where we do not have to "act" but rather can be our true selves. Therefore, since racism is unacceptable in modern society, some sociologists use Goffman's theory to argue that individuals may be managing their self-presentation by denying such beliefs in public, but hold prejudicial beliefs in private. Thus (D) combines Goffman's theory with current views towards racism.
Using the data collected, which of the following research questions would the authors be able to answer? A. Does the quality of childcare services predict high school graduation rates? B. Do children receiving child-care services have greater cognitive gains than children without? C. Do Canadian schools prepare students as well as American schools? D. Are complications at birth correlated negatively with cognitive ability at age 4?
Correct answer: D Longitudinal studies can be great data sources as they typically collect a lot of information over an extended period of time. This enables future research questions to be asked without the hassle of collecting more data. The longitudinal study in the passage used hospital records to control for child variables which would indicate any complications at birth. Thus, it would be possible to answer the question in choice (D) since scores on school readiness were also collected at age 4.Choice (A) however cannot be answered based on the data collected because no information regarding "graduation rates" has been collected. Scores on cognitive tests do not equate to how the student will necessarily perform academically and no information was collected after the age of 4.Choice (B). Only children who were receiving child-care were included in the study. Thus, we would not be able to make the comparison to children without child-care services.Choice (C). The study only included Canadian children, so we would not be able to answer (C) either.
Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with increasing urbanization? A. Diabetes B. Asthma C. Influenza D. Lyme disease
Correct answer: D Lyme disease is an infectious disease associated with bites from deer ticks. These ticks live in the woods of North America and rarely venture in to urban areas. Thus, this disease is not associated with urbanization, and (D) is the correct answer.Urbanization is associated with decreased physical labor and a more sedentary lifestyle. Both are high risk factors for diabetes, so (A) is incorrect. Urbanization also causes increased pollution and exposure to polluted areas. Thus asthma becomes much more common, and (B) is incorrect. Finally, urbanization also increases the risk for communicable diseases, such as influenza, since people are much more likely to run into another person. (C) is also incorrect.
Which of the following scenarios is most similar to the bias demonstrated in the study's results? A. A principal who refuses to hire an ex-convict because he doesn't want any trouble B. A community protesting the development of homeless shelters because they fear increased robberies C. A teacher who gives preferential treatment to boys because she thinks they need more attention D. A judge who subconsciously dismisses more female than male cases
Correct answer: D Prejudice and bias are often discussed in psychology as being either implicit or more explicit. Explicit bias would involve an individual knowingly making stereotypes or judgments about a group of people. In today's society, psychologists often study more subtle, or implicit, forms of bias. When individuals are exhibiting implicit bias, they are unconsciously stereotyping about a group of people. A teacher, for example, may unknowingly always call more on boys than girls. In the study, the researchers found no differences in how students rated their teachers (which would be considered more explicit forms of bias), but rather the male students scored lower on tests when they viewed a lecture by a male who identified as homosexual. This type of bias would thus be considered implicit. Choices (A), (B), and (C) all involve bias that is more explicit or direct. Only choice (D) involves a more implicit form, and hence is the correct answer.
To investigate whether culture influences communication, a psychologist paired U.S. citizens with either another U.S. citizen or a foreign visitor. Participants were then asked to choose a happy or sad message to convey to their partner through nonverbal communication. Which of the following is the independent variable? A. Country of origin B. Type of message C. Type of nonverbal communication D. Communication partners pairings.
Correct answer: D The question describes a study in which individuals with either the same or different cultural backgrounds are paired and asked to communicate a message through nonverbal communication. The independent variable in the study refers to the variable being manipulated to see if it has an effect on the result. In this study, the communication pairings are being manipulated to see if it has an effect. Thus (D) would be the correct answer.Choice (A) . While the prompt did not specify where the "foreign visitors" were from, this is not the variable being manipulated. All of the "foreign visitors" could be from Canada or a mixture of different countries. Thus (A) would be incorrect.Choice (B) . Participants were allowed to choose which message to convey (either happy or sad) therefore (B) is also incorrect.Choice (C) . There was no mention of changing the type of nonverbal communication, therefore (C) is incorrect as well.
Based on the results of the study, which educational strategy would be most effective in preparing children for preschool? A. Play time where children learn to positively interact with each other B. Computer games focused on teaching letter-recognition C. Structured lessons on numeracy and letter knowledge D. Teachers responding to children's vocalizations
Correct answer: D According to the study, children that attended child-care services that had higher scores on the Teaching and Interaction dimension tended to score better on the cognitive tests at age 4. The passage furthermore stated that this dimension assessed the interactions between the teachers and students. Choice (D) is the only answer choice that brings in the teacher and student interactions. By responding to students' vocalizations, teachers would be opening up a dialogue, which allows opportunity for language learning and other types of knowledge. Choice (A) focuses more on interactions between children, which was not discussed in the study. Choices (B) and (C) focus more on the type of material taught, which would have fallen under the Provision for Learning dimension. This dimension was not shown to have an impact on the children's scores.
Which of the following is an example of parallel processing? A. Two students in a math class learn the material better when presented with visual aids. B. A student consistently approaches problems by first considering the larger context and then examining the smaller details. C. Two students are able to improve the efficiency and quality of their writing by developing a general organizational plan and consistently applying it. D. A student is capable of simultaneously perceiving the color, shape, and motion of a steel ball during a physics experiment.
Correct answer: D Parallel processing refers to one's ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information about objects in the environment. Therefore, we are looking for an answer choice in which a person is observing multiple features of an object. Choice (D) discusses how an individual is simultaneously processing three separate pieces of visual information about an object, the steel ball. Thus choice (D) would be correct.Choice (A) is incorrect as it compares how two different people learn.Choice (B) talks about how one person learns material, which is reminiscent of top-down processing and not parallel processing.Choice (C) again describes how two people approach learning, which is incorrect.
Individuals with psychopathic personalities have difficulty with which of the following social aspects? A. Deindividuation B. Groupthink C. Assimilation D. Socialization
Correct answer: D Socialization is the life-long process in which individuals learn to behave within the accepted limits of social norms. It is stated in the passage that individuals with psychopathic personalities typically behave outside of social norms. Thus, choice (D) is the correct answer.Choice (A). Deindividuation is the social phenomenon in which an individual may lose his or her identity when in a group setting.Choice (B). Groupthink occurs when individuals in a group desire to eliminate conflict and thus conform to the norms of the group when approached with difficult choices.Choice (C). Assimilation refers to the loss of the cultural identity of a minority group when living within a larger, more dominant culture.
A company-wide survey found that employees age 55+ worked an average of 5 hours less per a week than employees age 40-55, and 7 hours less per a week than employees age 25-29. Based on the survey, the company could conclude which of the following about worker's productivity? A. Experience and age allows individuals to become more efficient and thus work less hours. B. Younger individuals work harder to prove their worth to the company and thus produce more. C. As an individual ages, they tend to become less productive. D. No conclusion about the productivity of the workers can be drawn.
Correct answer: D The analysis provided in the question only serves as description data. The question gives averages of the number of hours worked per week by age group, but gives no indication of the worker's productivity or how the hours correlate with productivity. Thus, no conclusion about the productivity of the workers can be made, therefore choice (D) is correct.
Which of the following would potentially explain the failure of a person seeing Brussels sprouts being unable to identify a present sulfur odor? A. The person is very familiar with the smell of Brussels sprouts, but can tell that the smell entering the room is not the genuine smell of Brussels sprouts. B. The person had previously been given only situations in which a present smell correctly matched the food that was being prepared. C. The person is familiar with the smell of sulphur, but has not cooked or been around cooking Brussels sprouts in many years. D. The person sees sulfur as a dangerous smell, but the Brussels sprouts presence averts a fearful reaction, and thus does not consider the smell sulfur..
Correct answer: D The correct answer would present a clear reason why a person would detect the scent, but psychologically process it as something that isn't sulfur. Choice (D) does this, as the association of sulfur with a "fear" reaction keeps it from registering.Choice (A) would make it more likely for a person to discern sulfur, since the scent won't be mistaken for Brussels sproutsChoice (B) would not have a significant effect. Brussels sprouts do give off a sulfurous odor, so the fact is that the odors had matched. (B) would only be likely to affect a scenario in which either the odor or stimuli was not present.Choice (C) would increase the likelihood that the person would identify sulfur, since the potentially misleading association is decreased.
The results of this study best support which of the following theories of personality? A. Psychoanalytic perspective B. Humanistic perspective C. Social cognitive perspective D. Biological perspective.
Correct answer: D The study shows that monozygotic twins were statistically more likely than dizygotic twins to share common personality traits. Due to the fact that monozygotic twins share more common DNA than dizygotic twins, this finding would lend credence to the biological perspective, choice (D).Choice (A). The psychoanalytic perspective focuses on an individual's childhood, subconscious development, and sexual instincts.Choice (B). The humanistic perspective states that personality and human nature follows a hierarchy of needs in which the most basic needs, such as food and water, are at the bottom, whereas philosophical needs, such as self-realization, are at the pinnacle.Choice (C). The social cognitive perspective centers around the idea that personality is something that can be learned through observation and social interaction.
Sensory information for taste is perceived by chemoreceptors in the tongue and projected to the brainstem. Before being routed to the cortex, through which of the following structures must the sensory information for taste pass? A. Inferior colliculus B. Hippocampus C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus
Correct answer: D The thalamus is the brain's sensory relay station responsible for sorting sensory stimuli before routing to the target areas in the cortex. Choice (D) is correct.
Which of the following best explains the role of spreading activation in explaining the results in Table 1? A. Activation of the semantic network for danger leads to the activation of the network around the color red which leads to activation of the network around heat. B. Humans have developed an evolutionary understanding that bright coloration in vegetation is an advertisement of a defense mechanism. C. The colors green and orange are not connected to semantic networks relating to the inherent danger levels of food. D. The color red activates the semantic network for temperature-related heat, which activates the semantic network for spice-related heat.
Correct answer: D spreading activation in memory retrieval as well as the application of this knowledge to the results in Table 1 which showed that people were very prone to falsely reporting the red sauce as the hottest. Spreading activation would explain this phenomenon if activation of the semantic network for the color red leads to the activation of networks pertaining to the heat or spiciness of food. Choice (D) is the only option which correctly identifies the role of the color red in initiating activation of the semantic networks about the concept of heat and thus, it is the correct answer.
A 39-year-old woman is diagnosed with otosclerosis, an ear disorder in which excessive bony growth develops around the stapes. As a result of the otosclerosis, the woman has developed a mild to moderate hearing loss. Which part of the woman's ear has been affected? A. Outer B. Middle C. Inner D. Cochlea.
Correct answer:B This question requires an understanding of the anatomy of the ear. The ear is composed of three different sections, the outer, middle, and inner ear. The middle ear is an air filled cavity that has the ossicles bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes). The question stated the woman's stapes bone was affected, therefore, the disorder would be affecting the middle ear, choice(B) .
In the last 50 years, a growing number of parents have elected to place their children in child-care. While the majority of research has found that child-care services can have a beneficial impact on a child's cognitive and language development, the differences in the quality of care between services has been less studied. Researchers conducted a longitudinal study of Canadian children to examine the associations between the quality of childcare and children's school readiness, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and numeracy knowledge at age 4.
Families with children two years old that attended child-care on a regular basis (at least 10 hrs/week) were invited to join. The final cohort had 257 families. Parental interviews and child-care quality assessments were given when the children were 2, 3, and 4 years old. A single cognitive assessment of the child was collected when the child was four years old. The researchers scheduled visits with the child-care services each year to measure the quality of care provided. Previous research had identified two factors as important in assessing quality; namely the Teaching and Interactions (TI) dimension and the Provisions for Learning (PL) dimension. The TI dimension assessed the overall quality of the interactions between caretakers and children, taking into account the warmth, richness, and appropriateness of the interactions. The PL dimension focused more on the material given, including the children's access to and use of learning materials. Maternal, child, and family characteristics collected from hospital records and parental interviews were used as control variables. The researchers found that higher ratings of TI dimensions had a positive association with numeracy, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and school readiness at 4 years. No association, however, was identified between children's scores on cognitive tests at age 4 and schools' measures on the PL dimension.
Passage 5 (Questions 22 - 26) Family plays a crucial role in shaping a person's value system and beliefs. This process, referred to as family socialization, has been shown to vary across cultures. The dominant culture where the family lives is believed to influence and reinforce parenting goals, values, practices, and parent-child interactions. Thus, for families whose original culture identity is different from the mainstream culture, family socialization will be multi-faceted.
In the United States, non-Western immigrant families are often cultural minorities. Therefore, these families face majority cultural demands to assimilate into the community that may conflict with their original culture's values. The family socialization process for immigrant families may therefore involve a compromise between the beliefs of the family's original culture and that of the new dominant culture. One barrier that has been identified to understanding the family socialization process within immigrant families is the lack of assessment material. In order to gain a better understanding of how immigrant families may be influenced by the dominant culture, researchers must first have reliable measures to assess the family socialization process in the immigrant family's original culture. A group of researchers examined four newly developed measures for Korean family socialization to determine which question items best represented traditional Korean family values. The measures were developed based on an earlier focus group where Korean families were questioned about their parenting practices and societal beliefs. The questionnaires developed were then given to parents and children in over two hundred Korean families living in the United States. After analyzing the reliability, content and construct validity of the measures, the researchers recommended three of the four measures for future use.
Passage 4 (Questions 18 - 21) Prejudice and discriminatory behaviors against gay and lesbian college students is well documented. Individuals who identify themselves as homosexual are at a much higher risk of experiencing fear in their learning environment and alienation from their peers.
Researchers have looked for solutions to help minimize prejudicial attitudes and behaviors toward homosexual individuals. One proposed solution is for more homosexual lecturers to voluntarily divulge their own sexual orientation. However, by divulging their sexual orientation, teachers may be vulnerable to the same bias. Since student ratings and student performance are important to a lecturer's career, student bias might discourage instructors from openly divulging their orientation. Researchers led an investigation to examine how students' knowledge of an instructor's sexual orientation impacted instructor-peer interactions. The study included 93 female and 59 male undergraduates. Participants were split into four groups. Each group watched the same lecture on the same subject given by either a straight male, straight female, homosexual male, or homosexual female instructor. The students were then asked to rate the instructor's performance and their learning experience. Lastly, each participant completed a short test evaluating lecture retention.
