For Exam 2

Melissa really wants a cookie, but knows she is not supposed to take one; instead, she begins to sing her favorite song to herself. Melissa has developed

attentional regulation.

Marsha watches her mother bathe the new baby. The next morning she gets her doll and a pail of water and bathes her "baby." Marsha is showing

deferred imitation

Prior to having her new baby, Kelsey had one infant who died of SIDS. According to your text, Kelsey's new baby is more likely to develop a(n)

disorganized attachment.

Screaming as your little brother drops a spider into your lap is a(n) _____ response.

emotional

Daniel's mother is going to have a second child. To minimize sibling rivalry, she would be well advised to

encourage Daniel to help with the new baby.

Stacy and Mindy enjoy organized games, play hours of Monopoly, and have become champions at marbles. The girls are engaged in ______ play.

formal

Mark and Tate are playing checkers on the back porch. The boys are engaged in

formal games with rules.

Brooke becomes upset because a stranger mistakes her for a boy. Kohlberg would say that she has developed

gender constancy

Matt's parents have noticed that he has recently wet his pants a few times and started to suck his thumb and talk like a baby, although he is 4 ½ years old. Which of the following has probably happened to Matt?

His mother has just had a baby.

According to Erikson, if infant Ulonda's mother is responsive and sensitive to her needs, Ulonda will develop the virtue of

Hope

Jessica imitates her mother's gestures, speech, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this?

Identification

Which of the following preschool children is most likely to show strong gender-typing?

Jacob, whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls

Based on information from your text, if little Penelope falls off the bench, the first thing she is likely to do is

Look at her mother

Which of the following children is most likely to benefit from high-quality daycare?

None of these; it is impossible to predict which child will benefit the most.

Two children playing in the same area with similar toys, but not attempting to influence one another this type of play would be ________________.

Parallel

On occasion, Marcus, a 7-year-old, awakens abruptly from a deep sleep in a state of panic within an hour after falling asleep. His parents get him quieted down quickly, and he has no memory of the incident in the morning. Martin is probably experiencing

Sleep or night terrors

When Barbara asks her father why she is not allowed to play in the street, he says, "Because I say so, and if you don't do what I say, you will get a spanking." This illustrates the ______________ style of parenting.

authoritarian

Frankie is a second-born son in a family of four. Frankie's gender development will likely

become more like his older brother's.

Danielle knows that she is a girl, but she becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father. "I will, too!" she cries. According to cognitive-developmental theory, she has not yet achieved

gender constancy

Tina realizes that she will never be a boy. According to Kohlberg, she has developed

gender stability.

Gary's dad frowns when Gary picks up his sister's doll and starts to play with it. His dad's reaction is likely to influence Gary's

gender-typing

Anna remembers bringing the same lunch box to school every day. This type of memory would be described as

generic memory

Bart is 10 years of age and is about 40 pounds above his ideal body weight. He is more likely to

have higher blood pressure and cholesterol.

Generalizing from the text, a child raised among the Efe people of Zaire most likely would

have more friends at a younger age than American children.

Martin has been a well-behaved, agreeable toddler. Recently he has become demanding, stubborn, and difficult to deal with. Erikson's explanation for this change in behavior would be that

he has a newfound desire for autonomy.

Anne's father is going to a Halloween party. He comes into her room dressed in a gorilla suit and says, "Hi, sweetheart!" Anne says, "Oh, Daddy, it's you!" Anne's behavior reflects her understanding of

identities.

Ron is 10 years old. We can expect that the speed and efficiency of his brain processes will

increase

Ellen has just run across the street against her parents' wishes. Her parents firmly explain to her that she must not do that again because she could get hurt. Ellen's parents are using _______________ as a form of discipline.

inductive techniques

Four-year-old Marcie would like to hide her little brother's toys in the basement. However, she realizes this will make her brother cry, and she wonders if she will feel bad about this. According to Erikson, Marcie is experiencing the conflict of

initiative versus guilt.

Tommy Jon knocks over another child while running to the street to see a circus parade. Tommy Jon is displaying

instrumental aggression.

As infant Marlie giggles, her mother makes another silly face, causing Marlie to giggle more. This scenario is typical of parents who are high in

interactional synchrony.

Kayla showed clear signs of behavioral inhibition early on. Based on current findings, Kayla's parents should

introduce Kayla to novel situations, but help her with her anxiety.

According to the social interaction model, a parent with a high elaborative style

will help children form richer memories.

Bart has just begun to use prepositions. While riding on the bus, he says to his mother, "A lady is sitting behind you." Bart is probably how old?

5 to 7 years

Juan can hop, go down a staircase with alternating feet without assistance, and can start and stop quickly when he is running. Juan is probably how old?

5 years

Elsa, now in Piaget's concrete operational stage, can answer all of the following questions EXCEPT

"What would happen if the sun exploded?"

When Billy is asked "What are you like?" he replies, "I am a good boy with brown hair." Two weeks earlier, Billy did not apply such labels to himself. Approximately how old would you guess Billy to be?

19 to 24 months

Piaget appears to have greatly underestimated the understanding of causality in children. New evidence suggests that children as young as _____ years old showed causal reasoning.

2 1/2

According to research presented in your text, the influence of Barbie dolls on girls' own body images was most striking at ages

5 1/2 - 6 1/2

Generalizing from the text, which of the following infants is likely to show the strongest stranger anxiety?

A 9-month-old Anglo infant from a small family

Generalizing from the text, which father would be most likely to care for his infant child?

A man who alters his work schedule to share domestic chores

Which of the following behavior patterns is INCONSISTENT with Kohlberg's views regarding the acquisition of gender roles?

A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.

Billy sees his father working with power tools. As a consequence, Billy grows up enjoying work with power tools himself, and he perceives this kind of work to be "masculine." The sequence of events is consistent with the ___________________ theory of identification.

Social learning

According to the text, which of the following statements regarding solitary play is TRUE?

Solitary play seems associated with independence and maturity.

Which of the following children is probably the BEST "fit" between temperament and environment?

Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older, bookish parents.

A male rat has been given an injection of testosterone. Which of the following behaviors is likely to INCREASE as a consequence?

Aggressive behaviors

Four-year-old Sarah tells her mother, "I told the wind to blow, so it made my kite fly." This is an example of

Animism

According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of mothers whose babies show a disorganized attachment?

Apathetic

Each morning, Shanna and her mother have a battle of wills because Shanna insists on pouring her own cereal and milk into the bowl at breakfast. According to Erikson, which crisis is Shanna trying to resolve?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Four-year-old Ramona has just returned from a trip to a children's museum. While at the museum, she viewed some antique cars, listened to some music from 1930, and built a house out of clay. Generalizing from the text, which activity will she be able to recall the best?

building the house

Margaret, who is 4, is upset because her older sister, Leslie, "has more candy." Actually, each girl has one caramel, but Leslie has stretched hers into a long string while Margaret's is still a small cube. This shows Margaret's inability to use

Conservation

Brian is shown a picture with two cows and four horses in it. When he is asked if there are more horses or animals in the picture, Brian replies that there are more animals. Brian is demonstrating the classification ability of

class inclusion.

According to your text, which word will be the easiest for little Nathan to learn through fast mapping?

Eagle

Alex is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it. When his mother walks into the room, he says, "Mommy, do you like this song?" although she cannot hear the music. Alex's question indicates that Alex is

Egocentric

Which two aspects of preoperational thought are most responsible for children failing Piaget's conservation tasks?

Egocentrism and animism

Rich spends a considerable amount of his playtime making things out of blocks, coloring and painting, and making art projects. Rich is engaged in ______ play.

constructive

Little Benjamin is building a castle with his blocks. He is engaged in

constructive play

Tanya has recently developed the ability to draw shapes such as circles and squares. She can also button large buttons. What skills has she developed?

Fine motor

Brittany, at age 5, is thinner than she was a year ago; she has gained only 4 pounds even though she has grown 2 inches. Which of the following statements is probably TRUE?

Her growth pattern is normal for her age.

Linda has been caught throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Her parents wish to stop this behavior through punishment. To be most effective, it would be best to have which of the following people administer the punishment?

Her mother, who is usually nurturing and affectionate toward Linda

On the first day of class, Sophie was asked to tell the class about her summer vacation. Which type of retrieval was Sophie using?

Recall

Daniel, who is not quite 3 years old, takes his mother's hand when crossing the parking lot at the entrance to the public swimming pool. A few minutes later, at the pool, he dashes away from her, although the last time they were there she warned him not to. Daniel is in the process of developing

Self-regulation

Betsy's baby does not cry when the baby is left alone in a strange room, nor does the baby approach Betsy when she returns to the room. Which of the following statements is most likely to accurately describe Betsy's behavior as a mother?

She is often angry at the baby.

At 2 months old, Linda screams with rage while her mother warms her bottle. Knowing about temperament, how would you expect Linda to respond to frustration as a 2-year-old?

She will probably become furious.

Felicia picks up all the toys she has been playing with whenever her mom tells her to, but often forgets to pick them up when her mom is not around. We would describe Felicia's compliance as

Situational

Losses in the density of gray matter for developing children result in

decreased intelligence scores

Miranda and her uncle see an interesting new car drive by. Later, after the car has gone, her uncle asks if she remembers the neat thing they saw minutes before. Miranda says, "Yes, we saw a car." Miranda is demonstrating

Symbolic function

New parents Willy and Bernice have both spent their lives being short-tempered. They spend a great deal of their time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness. Which of the following statements about temperament might be alarming to Willy and Bernice as they think about having children?

Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics.

John and Mary are the parents of a normally aggressive 2-year-old. What can John and Mary expect over the next 3 years regarding future levels of aggression in their child?

The level of aggression will gradually decline, especially with inductive parenting techniques.

A young child is alone in a room, trying to put together a difficult puzzle. The child says out loud, "Maybe if you look for the pieces with the flat side first, it will be easier to finish the outside part." This pattern of private speech is most consistent with ______________ view of the function of this kind of speech.

Vygotsky's

Andy, age 3, took an hour-long test that yielded an overall IQ score as well as separate verbal and performance scores. The test he took was most likely the

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI).

Which of the following is true regarding sibling relationships during early childhood?

Younger siblings' level of social adjustment is more significant in sibling relationships than older siblings' level of social adjustment.

Geoff knows he is supposed to wait until after dinner to eat a cookie, but when his mother goes upstairs he sneaks into the kitchen and grabs one. Later that night Geoff feels bad and tells his mom what he did. Apparently, Geoff is developing

a conscience

Dick and Karen's infant son, Jeremy, appears to show signs of contentment, interest, and distress. Jeremy is probably

a newborn

Dan begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be

ambivalent.

Florence is in bed with the flu. Florence has

an acute medical condition.

Adrianne, a middle schooler, is very concerned with how she looks. According to your text, Adrianne may be at risk for developing

anorexia nervosa.

Mr. Rogers is a kindergarten teacher. He observes that some of the children in his class use private speech more than others. Of the following, Mr. Rogers is MOST likely to say that the children who engage in private speech

are more sociable than the other children

Unfortunately, infant Isabella's mother is addicted to heroin. As a result, Isabella receives little or no affection in her mother's care. Currently Isabella is behind her peers in nearly all facets of development, despite no underlying medical causes. Isabella appears to be suffering from

nonorganic failure to thrive

The child who would develop theory-of-mind best would be

one with excellent language skills.

A young child may have difficulty answering questions accurately about a specific instance of abuse, even though the child accurately remembers a(n) _________ of abuse.

pattern

Little Vincent holds up his mother's broom and says, "With this sword, I am really a knight!" Vincent is engaged in

pretend play

According to research on gender differences, differences in activity levels between boys and girls begins

prior to birth

Kelly, age 3, frequently goes to the beach with her mother. One night, when her father comes home from work, he asks Kelly what she did that day at the beach. Which of the following is Kelly most likely to talk about?

putting her head underwater for the first time

John is shown a group of objects. The objects are then covered, and he is asked to list all that he remembers. This is a test of

recall

Nia's little sister has repeatedly knocked down a tower of blocks Nia has carefully constructed. Finally, Nia teases her little sister until she cries. Nia is displaying

relational aggression.

Mike is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks and trains. He is developing a gender

role

Tommy and Raul are rolling around on the ground in what looks like a wrestling match, but both boys are laughing and having fun. The boys are engaged in

rough-and-tumble play.

Even though the music stopped playing when Mom turned off the car, Reginald can still hear the last couple of notes. These leftover notes are stored in Reginald's ____ memory.

sensory

According to your text, if young Quinn sees his mother smiling, he is most likely to believe

she got the new purse she wanted.

When describing herself at age 4, Alicia tells you she can climb trees. If you asked her to describe herself again at age 8, she would probably tell you

she is athletic.

When presented initially with a new rattle, infant Isiah grimaces, then slowly reaches for the new toy. Isiah would most likely be described as

slow-to-warm-up.

If Mary-Kate's preschool teacher wants her to share her toys with Lila, her teacher should

tell Mary-Kate to take turns with Lila playing with her toys.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations in which he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

Reagan is 4 years old. At this time she is experiencing the most rapid brain development in

the frontal areas

Geoffrey is 6 months of age, has attentive parents, and has learned

to cry harder when ignored.

Nick was feeling angry at his little brother, and at about the same time, Nick's little brother came down with a bad case of the stomach flu. Nick was worried that his anger caused his brother to get sick. According to Piaget, Nick is demonstrating _____________ reasoning.

transductive

A child is told that Bob is older than Sally, and Sally is older than Fred. When asked, "Who is older, Bob or Fred?" the child replies, "Bob." This child is demonstrating __________ ability.

transitive inference

Emmett, at 4 months of age, smiles, signaling that he wants to be picked up. According to Tronick's mutual-regulation model, if his mother fails to pick him up, Emmett will probably

try another way of getting her attention, like crying.

At preschool, Tommy plays with trucks and Mary plays with dolls. They are

undergoing gender-typing.